{"title":"Autophagy: When to strike?","authors":"Shadi Zahedi, Jean M Mulcahy Levy","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.2.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.2.008","url":null,"abstract":"In cancer, autophagy seems to have a dual role in tumor cell survival and death. During early stages of tumorigenesis, autophagy can limit tumor growth, however, in advanced cancers it may facilitate tumor progression as a protective mechanism against various stress conditions [1]. Given that tumors are frequently exposed to environmental stresses such as nutrient deprivation, low PH and hypoxic conditions, inhibiting autophagy appears to be a promising target for therapy. In fact, we and others have shown that targeting this pathway in combination with existing therapies can improve therapeutic outcome in some cancers [2–6].","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"13-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7250464/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37979687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brennan D Johnson, Werner J Geldenhuys, Lori A Hazlehurst
{"title":"The Role of ERO1α in Modulating Cancer Progression and Immune Escape.","authors":"Brennan D Johnson, Werner J Geldenhuys, Lori A Hazlehurst","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.2.023","DOIUrl":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.2.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1 alpha (ERO1α) was originally shown to be an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein undergoing oxidative cycles in concert with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) to promote proper protein folding and to maintain homeostasis within the ER. ERO1α belongs to the flavoprotein family containing a flavin adenine dinucleotide utilized in transferring of electrons during oxidation-reduction cycles. This family is used to maintain redox potentials and protein homeostasis within the ER. ERO1α's location and function has since been shown to exist beyond the ER. Originally thought to exist solely in the ER, it has since been found to exist in the golgi apparatus, as well as in exosomes purified from patient samples. Besides aiding in protein folding of transmembrane and secretory proteins in conjunction with PDI, ERO1α is also known for formation of <i>de novo</i> disulfide bridges. Public databases, such as the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Protein Atlas, reveal ERO1α as a poor prognostic marker in multiple disease settings. Recent evidence indicates that ERO1α expression in tumor cells is a critical determinant of metastasis. However, the impact of increased ERO1α expression in tumor cells extends into the tumor microenvironment. Secretory proteins requiring ERO1α expression for proper folding have been implicated as being involved in immune escape through promotion of upregulation of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and stimulation of polymorphonuclear myeloid derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC's) via secretion of granulocytic colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Hereby, ERO1α plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and potentially immune escape; making ERO1α an emerging attractive putative target for the treatment of cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"2 3","pages":"103-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7894644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25392379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"pMB FLASH - Status and Perspectives of Combining Proton Minibeam with FLASH Radiotherapy","authors":"Judith Reindl and Stefanie Girst","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"Proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) is an external beam radiotherapy method with reduced side effects by taking advantage of spatial fractionation in the normal tissue. Due to scattering, the delivered small beams widen in the tissue ensuring a homogeneous dose distribution in the tumor. In this review, the physical and biological principles regarding dose distribution and healing effects are explained. In the last decade, several preclinical studies have been conducted addressing normal tissue sparing and tumor control in-vitro and in-vivo, using human skin tissue and mouse or rat models. The major results acquired in these studies are summarized. A further newly emerging therapy method is FLASH radiotherapy, i.e. the treatment using ultra-high dose rates. The possibility of combining these methods in proton minibeam FLASH therapy (pMB FLASH) is worked out. Additionally, technical feasibility and limitations will be discussed by looking at simulations as well as preclinical studies and also pointing out new ways of delivering the desired tumor dose, such as interlacing. We will also highlight the opportunities that emerge regarding high dose radiation, hypofractionation and the combination with immunotherapy.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44394762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR NK Cells Emerging Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer","authors":"S. Deshmukh","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69669481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irum Ghafoor, Haroon Hafeez, Farhat Naz, M. Abubakar, A. Jamshed
{"title":"Prevalence of Symptom Clusters in Cancer Patients at First Presentation in Palliative Care Clinic as per Different Disease Groups","authors":"Irum Ghafoor, Haroon Hafeez, Farhat Naz, M. Abubakar, A. Jamshed","doi":"10.33696/cancerimmunol.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/cancerimmunol.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cancer has its own disease burden and patients usually suffer from symptom clusters when they are referred for palliative treatment. Identification of symptom cluster trajectories will help clinician to take into account measures that can optimize quality of life of palliative patients. Therefore the aim of this paper is to determine the overall prevalence of symptoms and symptoms clusters in different disease groups according to etiology at the time of first visit to Palliative care clinic by using HIS Palliative First Assessment note indicating Edmonton symptom scale.","PeriodicalId":73633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer immunology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69669463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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