Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports最新文献

{"title":"Language Markers of Dementia and Their Role in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: Exploring Grammatical and Syntactic Competence via Sentence Repetition.","authors":"Maria Kaltsa, Anthoula Tsolaki, Ioulietta Lazarou, Ilias Mittas, Mairi Papageorgiou, Despina Papadopoulou, Ianthi Maria Tsimpli, Magda Tsolaki","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230204","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Earlier research focuses primarily on the cognitive changes due to Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, little is known with regard to changes in language competence across the lifespan.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study aims to investigate the decline of language skills at the grammatical and syntactic levels due to changes in cognitive function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We administered the Litmus Sentence Repetition Task (SRT) to 150 native speakers of Greek who fall into five groups: 1) young healthy speakers, 2) cognitively intact elder healthy speakers, 3) speakers with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), 4) speakers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); and 5) speakers with AD dementia at the mild/moderate stages. All participants underwent a physical and neurological examination and cognitive screening with a standardized neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive status comprehensively and evaluate aspects like working memory, executive function, attention and memory to appropriately classify them.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data analysis revealed that the SRT had high discriminatory value in the development of AD; specifically, both accuracy and grammaticality indices were related to cognitive decline. Additionally, syntax significantly affected the performance of speakers with structures such as clitics being particularly challenging and in most structures the performance of speakers with MCI drops significantly compared to speakers with SCI.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Linguistic indices revealed subtle early signs of cognitive decline that can be helpful in the early detection of AD, thus facilitating the clinical process offering support to language-based assessment tools such as sentence repetition, a non-invasive type of assessment to evaluate symptoms of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"1115-1132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Atypical Case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome Presenting with Cacosmia and Amyloid Positivity.","authors":"Alfredo Gabriele Nanni, Daniele Urso, Martina Caccamo, Valentina Gnoni, Alessia Giugno, Chiara Zecca, Maria Teresa Dell'Abate, Davide Vilella, Roberto De Blasi, Giancarlo Logroscino","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230173","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This report presents a challenging case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), a rare and rapidly progressing neurological disorder. The patient exhibited diverse and progressive neuro-psychiatric symptoms, including memory impairment, behavioral changes, and hallucinations associated with cacosmia. The diagnosis of CJD is complicated due to its variable clinical presentation, limited awareness, and the need for tissue pathology confirmation. Diagnostic tests, particularly brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, played crucial roles in the evaluation. The MRI revealed characteristic cortical ribboning patterns. CSF analysis initially suggested Alzheimer's disease pathology continuum. Repeated Real-time-quaking-induced assay testing (RT-QuIC) confirmed the diagnosis despite an initial negative result. This case underscores the significance of contemplating CJD in individuals exhibiting rapidly progressive dementia, even in the presence of atypical clinical features. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing that an initial negative result from the RT-QuIC test should not preclude consideration of CJD, particularly when characteristic MRI findings are present.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"1105-1110"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11491933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct and Overlapping Metabolites Associated with Visual Impairment and Cognitive Impairment.","authors":"Wenyi Hu, Tiancheng Chu, Huan Liao, Wei Wang, Jason Ha, Katerina Kiburg, Xiayin Zhang, Xianwen Shang, Yu Huang, Xueli Zhang, Shulin Tang, Yijun Hu, Honghua Yu, Xiaohong Yang, Mingguang He, Zhuoting Zhu","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230154","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Previous studies found that visual impairment (VI) is associated with higher risk of cognitive impairment, but the molecular basis of these conditions is unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We aim to compare the metabolite associations of VI and cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study population with comprehensive measurements was derived from the UK Biobank study. Visual acuity worse than 0.3 logMAR units were defined as VI. Failure in one or more of the four cognitive tests was defined as cognitive impairment. A panel of 249 metabolites was measured using a nuclear magnetic resonance metabolites profiling platform. Logistic regression models were applied to compare metabolite associations with VI and cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>23,775 participants with complete data on visual acuity, cognitive tests and metabolomics, and without a history of neurological disorders at baseline were included. After adjusting for confounding factors, VI was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (odds ratio[OR] = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27-1.74, <i>p</i> < 0.001). After multiple testing correction (<i>p</i> < 9×10^-4), five metabolites including the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) (OR = 1.18[1.10-1.27]), ratio of omega-3 to total FAs (OR = 0.84[0.77-0.91]), ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to total FAs (OR = 0.86[0.80-0.94]), DHA (OR = 0.85[0.78-0.92]), and omega-3 FAs (OR = 0.84[0.77-0.91]) were uniquely associated with VI. Glycoprotein acetyls (OR = 1.06[1.03-1.10]) and alanine (OR = 0.95[0.92-0.98]) were exclusively associated with cognitive impairment. Albumin was identified as the common metabolite shared by the two phenotypes (OR = 0.90[0.85-0.95] for VI, and 0.95[0.92-0.98]) for cognitive impairment).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We identified distinct and overlapping metabolites associated with VI and cognitive impairment, unveiling their distinct metabolic profiles and potential common pathophysiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"1093-1104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11491940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracranial Drain-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Two Sporadic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Patients.","authors":"Dimitri Renard, Birama Sangare, Ansma Youssouf, Eric Thouvenot","doi":"10.3233/ADR-240086","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-240086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p> Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are often associated. Amyloid accumulation within leptomeningeal and small/median-sized cerebral blood vessels in CAA results in vessel fragility, leading to spontaneous leptomeningeal bleeding, lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cerebral microbleeds. CAA is also associated with non-traumatic subdural hematoma. The role of CAA-related vessel fragility in hemorrhagic complications after trauma, brain surgery, and intracranial drain insertion in CAA is unknown. We present two sporadic CAA patients with intracranial drain-related ICH, probably due to different underlying mechanisms, related to indirect and direct CAA-associated vessel fragility.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"1089-1092"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11491937/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142482416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Crosstalk Between Amyloid-β, Retina, and Sleep for the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Isaiah-Lorenzo De Guia, Shaun Eslick, Sharon L Naismith, Swathi Kanduri, Tejal M Shah, Ralph N Martins","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230150","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which is characterised by progressive memory loss and accumulation of hallmark markers amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the diseased brain. The current gold standard diagnostic methods have limitations of being invasive, costly, and not easily accessible. Thus, there is a need for new avenues, such as imaging the retina for early AD diagnosis. Sleep disruption is symptomatically frequent across preclinical and AD subjects. As circadian activity, such as the sleep-wake cycle, is linked to the retina, analysis of their association may be useful additions for achieving predictive AD diagnosis. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of human retina studies concerning the deposition of Aβ, the role of the retina in sleep-wake cycle, the disruption of sleep in AD, and to gather evidence for the associations between Aβ, the retina, and sleep. Understanding the mechanisms behind the associations between Aβ, retina, and sleep could assist in the interpretation of retinal changes accurately in AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"1009-1021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coexisting Logopenic Variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia with Amyloid Pathology and Early Parkinsonism.","authors":"Martina Caccamo, Daniele Urso, Alfredo Gabriele Nanni, Valentina Gnoni, Alessia Giugno, Alessandra Vitulli, Davide Vilella, Chiara Zecca, Maria Teresa Dell'Abate, Antonio Anastasia, Roberto De Blasi, Alessandro Introna, Giancarlo Logroscino","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230168","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The presence of parkinsonism features in primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a subject of ongoing research. These features are usually more pronounced in the advanced stages of the disease, particularly in the non-fluent/agrammatic subtype, and are exceptionally rare in the logopenic variant (lvPPA). Here we report a case of a 63-year-old man presenting as language impairment, predominantly naming and word-finding difficulties, emerged alongside a left-sided internal tremor. Neurological examination revealed bilateral, left-side predominant rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor. Notably, anosmia and constipation were present. Language assessments showed preserved single-word comprehension, object knowledge, and a minimal apraxia of speech, as well as sentence repetition issues. Neuroimaging and biomarker analysis supported a diagnosis of primary progressive logopenic aphasia with amyloid pathology co-existing with prominent and early parkinsonism. This case underlines the intricate relationship between language disorders, parkinsonism, and amyloid pathology in lvPPA.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"1023-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Movement Disorders: Comparison of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen in Parkinson's Disease and Lewy Body Dementia.","authors":"Rónán O'Caoimh, Mary J Foley, Suzanne Timmons, D William Molloy","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230207","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is recommended by the Movement Disorder Society for cognitive testing in movement disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) and lewy body dementia. Few studies have compared cognitive screening instruments in these diseases, which overlap clinically.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the MoCA and Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Q<i>mci)</i> screen in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients attending memory and movement disorder clinics associated with a university hospital had the MoCA and Q<i>mci</i> screen performed and diagnostic accuracy compared with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Duration and severity of movement disorders was assessed using the Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 133 assessments were available, median age 74±5. Median education was 11±4 years and 65% were male. Median total UPDRS score was 37±26. Median Q<i>mci</i> screen was 51±27, median MoCA was 19±10. There were statistically significant differences in test scores between those with subjective symptoms but normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The Q<i>mci</i> screen had significantly greater accuracy differentiating normal cognition from MCI versus the MoCA (AUC 0.90 versus 0.72, <i>p</i> = 0.01). Both instruments had similar accuracy in identifying cognitive impairment and separating MCI from dementia. The median administration time for the Q<i>mci</i> screen and MoCA were 5.19 and 9.24 minutes (<i>p</i> < 0.001), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both the MoCA and Q<i>mci</i> screen have good to excellent accuracy in a population with movement disorders experiencing cognitive symptoms. The Q<i>mci</i> screen was significantly more accurate for those with early symptoms and had a shorter administration time.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"971-980"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305847/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Cerebral Hypoperfusion and Poor Collaterals with Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Severe Vertebrobasilar Artery Stenosis.","authors":"Weiyi Zhang, Weilun Fu, Yumei Zhang","doi":"10.3233/ADR-240007","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-240007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effect of stenosis of vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) on cognitive function is elusive.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate association of cerebral hypoperfusion and poor collaterals with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in severe VBA stenosis patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We consecutively enrolled patients with severe VBA stenosis confirmed by digital subtraction angiography who underwent computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) and cognitive assessments. Patients were divided into poor or good collaterals groups according to the collateral circulation status, and were grouped into different perfusion groups according to CTP. Cognitive function was measured by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Clock Drawing Test, Stroop Color Word Test, Trail Making Test, Digital Span Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Boston Naming Test scales. The association of cerebral perfusion and collaterals with VCI were explored.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 88 eligible patients, VCI occurred in 51 (57.9%) patients experienced. Poor collateral was present in 73 (83.0%) patients, and hypoperfusion in 64 (72.7%). Compared with normal perfusion patients, the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval for VCI was 12.5 (3.7-42.4) for overall hypoperfusion, 31.0 (7.1-135.5) for multiple site hypoperfusion, 3.3 (1.0-10.5) for poor collaterals, and 0.1 (0-0.6) for presence of posterior communicating artery (PcoA) compensated for posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and basilar artery (BA). Additionally, decreased scores of cognitive function tests occurred in patients with decompensated perfusion or poor collaterals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hypoperfusion and poor collaterals were positively associated with cognitive impairment in patients with severe VBA. However, PcoA compensated for the PCA and BA had a protective role in cognitive impairment development.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"999-1007"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation of the Inflammatory Landscape in the Brain and Bone Marrow of the APP/PS1 Mouse.","authors":"Kishore Chittimalli, Stephen Adkins, Sanjay Arora, Jagdish Singh, Yagna P R Jarajapu","doi":"10.3233/ADR-240024","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-240024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The APP/PS1 mouse model recapitulates pathology of human Alzheimer's disease (AD). While amyloid-β peptide deposition and neurodegeneration are features of AD, the pathology may involve inflammation and impaired vascular regeneration.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated inflammatory environments in the brain and bone marrow (BM), and the impact on brain microvascular density.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BM and frontal cortex from male nine-month-old APP/PS1 or the control C57Bl6/j mice were studied. Vascular density and inflammatory cells were evaluated in the sections of frontal cortex by immunohistochemistry. Different subsets of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (BM) and monocyte-macrophages were characterized by flow cytometry and by clonogenic assays. Myelopoietic or inflammatory factors were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR or by western blotting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CD34⁺ or CD31⁺ vascular structures were lower (<i>p</i> < 0.01, <i>n</i> = 6) in the frontal cortex that was associated with decreased number of Lin^-Sca-1⁺cKit⁺ vasculogenic progenitor cells in the BM and circulation (<i>p</i> < 0.02, <i>n</i> = 6) compared to the control. Multipotent progenitor cells MPP4, common lymphoid, common myeloid and myeloid progenitor cells were higher in the APP/PS1-BM compared to the control, which agreed with increased numbers of monocytes and pro-inflammatory macrophages. The expression of pro-myelopoietic factors and alarmins was higher in the APP/PS1 BM-HSPCs or in the BM-supernatants compared to the control. Frontal cortices of APP/PS1 mice showed higher number of pro-inflammatory macrophages (CD11b⁺F4/80⁺ or CD80⁺) and microglia (OX42⁺Iba1⁺).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings show that AD pathology in APP/PS1 mice is associated with upregulated myelopoiesis, which contributes to the brain inflammation and decreased vascularity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"981-998"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Heterogeneity in Alzheimer's Disease: A Possible New Amnesic Phenotype.","authors":"Carlo Abbate, Alessia Gallucci, Pietro Davide Trimarchi, Emanuela Piacquadio, Giulia Caramanti, Anna Parma, Giorgio Giulio Fumagalli, Silvia Inglese, Paola Maria Rita Parisi, Federica Tartarone, Fabrizio Giunco","doi":"10.3233/ADR-230196","DOIUrl":"10.3233/ADR-230196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We rediscovered a phenotype of AD known in the early 1900s as presbyophrenia, but then forgotten, and renamed as confabulation-misidentification phenotype. The phenotype includes diencephalic amnesia whose prototype is Korsakoff syndrome. The main features are anterograde and retrograde amnesia with marked disorientation and confabulation, executive impairments, reduced insight and attention deficits, misidentification, minor hallucination and other delusions, behavioral disturbances, and early anxiety. In this article, we summarize what we have discovered about the new phenotype and what is still missing to confirm this diencephalic variant of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":73594,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports","volume":"8 1","pages":"959-969"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11305845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141903833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}