JCPP advances最新文献

{"title":"Effectiveness of a blended online behavioral parent training program for Vietnamese parents of children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial with 3-month follow-up.","authors":"Tran Thanh Nam, Nguyen Thi Tram Anh, Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung, Le Thi Lam, Le Thi Thuy Hang","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70150","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Behavioral parent training (BPT) is an evidence-based intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, evidence from low- and middle-income Asian countries remains scarce. This randomized controlled trial evaluated a culturally adapted blended BPT program for Vietnamese parents of elementary school-aged children with ADHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-six parents of children (6-11 years) with a clinician-confirmed DSM-5 diagnosis of ADHD were randomized to a blended BPT program (<i>n</i> = 43) or treatment as usual plus psychoeducational materials (<i>n</i> = 43). The intervention comprised six weekly 2-h online group sessions, each followed within the same week by a 1-h individual home-based support session, and 12 weekly support telephone calls across a 3-month maintenance period. Parenting skills (Parenting Skills Assessment Scale), parent-rated child ADHD symptoms (Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale), and parenting stress were assessed at baseline (T1), post-intervention (T2), and 3-month follow-up (T3). The analyses included 80 participants with complete data (intervention, <i>n</i> = 37; control, <i>n</i> = 43).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parenting skills improved substantially in the intervention group relative to the control group (group × time interaction: <i>F</i> (2, 156) = 20.75, <i>p</i> < .001, partial <i>η</i> ^<i>2</i>  = 0.21; baseline-adjusted between-group <i>d</i> = 1.28 at follow-up). Parent-rated ADHD symptoms decreased significantly within the intervention group (T1→T3: -4.14 points, <i>p</i> < .001), but the baseline-adjusted between-group differences were small and not statistically significant (T2: <i>p</i> = .057; T3: <i>p</i> = .075; adjusted <i>d</i> ≈ 0.28-0.30). Parenting stress declined similarly in both groups. Exploratory mediation analyses indicated a significant indirect effect on follow-up ADHD symptoms through improved parenting skills (<i>ab</i> = -1.86, 95% bootstrap CI [-4.01, -0.37]).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The culturally adapted blended BPT program was feasible and produced large, sustained improvements in parenting skills among Vietnamese parents. The effects on parent-rated ADHD symptoms were small and require confirmation in adequately powered trials.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Thai Clinical Trials Registry, TCTR20260212003 (retrospectively registered on February 12, 2026). Registration number: TCTR20260212003. Available at: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20260212003.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70150"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13400807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148594898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shared genetics between ADHD and reading/language abilities: Genome-wide correlations, stratified enrichment, cross-trait association, and mendelian randomization.","authors":"Jinzhu Zhao, Shi Huang, Wei Liu, Feng Wang, Hong Qian, Xiaolin Hu","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70148","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and language/reading difficulties frequently co-occur. The extent of shared genetic architecture remains incompletely defined. We investigated genome-wide overlap between ADHD and four core skills: word reading, nonword reading, spelling, and phoneme awareness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We integrated genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium for ADHD (38,691 cases; 186,843 controls) and from the GenLang Consortium for language-related traits (<i>n</i> = 13,633-33,959). We performed linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) to estimate genetic correlations and stratified LDSC to identify enriched genomic annotations. Cross-trait meta-analyses were conducted using MTAG and CPASSOC to identify cross-trait association signals. Mendelian randomization (MR) was applied to assess potential directional relationships.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genome-wide genetic correlations were negative and significant between ADHD and each reading- and language-related trait (word reading rg = -0.35, <i>p</i> = 1.35 × 10^-16; nonword reading rg = -0.28, <i>p</i> = 2.15 × 10^-9; spelling rg = -0.38, <i>p</i> = 1.03 × 10^-15; phoneme awareness rg = -0.28, <i>p</i> = 2.64 × 10^-6). Partitioned heritability analysis using S-LDSC showed significant enrichment after Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction (BH-FDR), concentrated in conserved or constrained annotations such as Genomic Evolutionary Rate Profiling and phastCons. Cross-trait analyses (MTAG and CPASSOC) identified loci associated with ADHD and each skill, 6 for word reading, 7 for spelling, 7 for phoneme awareness, and 4 suggestive loci for nonword reading (dual-method <i>p</i> < 5 × 10^-6); several map near neurodevelopmental genes including DCC, MEF2C, and ST3GAL3. Bidirectional MR findings were consistent with a potential directional contribution of ADHD genetic liability to poorer reading/language performance, with no clear evidence supporting the reverse direction under standard MR assumptions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADHD and language/reading abilities share a substantial polygenic overlap with convergent signals in neuronal regulatory annotations. These genome-wide findings support a transdiagnostic framework linking attention and literacy-related skills, while indicating that causal and clinical interpretations should remain cautious given the modest effect sizes and limited variance captured by current GWAS resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70148"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148498462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of social and emotional wellbeing and mental health outcomes in first nations children: A systematic review.","authors":"Maddison O'Gradey-Lee, Emma McDermott, Lizel-Antoinette Bertie, Clinton Schultz, Jennifer L Hudson","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70147","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a critical lack of reliable, high-quality epidemiological data on mental health and/or social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB) outcomes for First Nations children, partly, due to the limited availability of culturally valid assessment tools. This review aims to assess the cultural validity of mental health and SEWB assessment tools used with First Nations children aged 4-12 years in Australia, and identify gaps, strengths, and opportunities for reform that enhance cultural safety, and self-determination in assessment practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search of five electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, Informit, and CINAHL) identified English-language studies (1980-2025) assessing mental health or SEWB in Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children aged 4-12 years. Data on assessment tools were extracted and their cultural validity analysed using the First Nations Cultural Validity Assessment Tool. Tools were classified, as bespoke, culturally adapted or generic, using the CBSPATSISP definitions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This review examined the cultural validity across 10 studies, including 11 unique tools and 16 assessments of cultural validity. Three tools were bespoke, eight culturally adapted, and five generic. Over three quarters of tools used to assess SEWB or mental health in First Nations children had poor or limited cultural validity. Two bespoke SEWB tools were identified, although none specifically targeted mental health.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Culturally valid assessment tools for First Nations children remain limited, with research predominantly relying on inappropriate measures. Improving the measurement of mental health and SEWB outcomes requires a shift towards First Nations-led, co-designed tools grounded in Indigenous knowledges, strengths, and cultural frameworks. The evidence base was limited by reliance on published academic sources, which may have missed community-used assessment tools, a focus on cultural validity rather than broader study quality, and limited psychometric reporting for some First Nations-specific measures.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>PROSPERO (CRD42024542866). 13 May 2024. www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024542866.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70147"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13376799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in associations between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and physical activity across childhood and adolescence and among males and females in a representative UK birth cohort.","authors":"Amandine Sénéquier, Stamatina Iliodromiti, Jessica Agnew-Blais","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70146","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit higher physical activity (PA) levels than peers without ADHD. It remains unclear how this association evolves across developmental stages and differs between sexes. This study explores associations between ADHD symptoms and PA levels in childhood and adolescence, focusing on sex differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data from the Millennium Cohort Study at ages 7 (<i>n</i> = 14,043), 11 (<i>n</i> = 13,469), 14 (<i>n</i> = 11,872) and 17 (<i>n</i> = 10,757) were included. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was objectively measured using accelerometers at ages 7 and 14, and PA by parent- and self-reporting at ages 7, 11 and 14. ADHD symptoms were assessed by the ADHD subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at all ages. Multiple linear regressions and mixed-effects regression models estimated associations between PA and SDQ ADHD scores adjusting for confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MVPA was associated with higher SDQ ADHD scores at age 7 (<i>b</i> = 0.009, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, age 14 (<i>b</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.004). MVPA and SDQ ADHD scores were associated among males at ages 7 (<i>b</i> = 0.008, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and 14 (<i>b</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.007), but among girls at age 7 only (<i>b</i> = 0.011, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Age 7 MVPA was associated with higher ADHD symptoms at ages 11 (<i>b</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and 17 (<i>b</i> = 0.004, <i>p</i> = 0.031), however age 14 MVPA was not associated with ADHD symptoms at age 17. Higher reported PA levels at ages 7, 11 and 14 were associated with lower SDQ ADHD scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Young people with higher objectively-measured PA levels exhibited higher ADHD symptoms, although this association was stronger in males. By adolescence, PA and SDQ ADHD scores were less strongly associated, and no longer significantly associated among adolescent females. Subjectively-measured PA showed the inverse association with ADHD symptoms, emphasising the importance of mode of PA measurement.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70146"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13357859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148439377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the toll of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage on adolescent mental health in three UK cohorts.","authors":"Caitlyn Rawers, Orla McBride, Jamie Murphy, Eoin McElroy","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70131","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood is robustly associated with adolescent mental health difficulties, yet this relationship is changing over time due to contextual and conceptual differences in these constructs. Consistent SEP and mental health data from different cohorts are required to understand changes over time, which is uncommon. This study used retrospectively harmonised data from three UK birth cohorts to investigate the changing relationship between SEP and mental health between the 1970s and 2000s.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Mental health and SEP data from three UK birth cohorts (British Cohort Study [BCS70], Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC], Millennium Cohort Study [MCS]) were harmonised and tested for measurement invariance. Latent factors reflecting internalising, behavioural, and ADHD symptoms, were examined as distal outcomes of SEP latent classes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Partial scalar invariance was supported with multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Although the structure of the SEP latent classes differed considerably across cohorts, the most disadvantaged class in each cohort experienced greater levels of mental health difficulties. In the ALSPAC, only behavioural symptoms were significantly predicted by disadvantaged class membership; in both the BCS70 and MCS, all symptom domains were significant. The strongest association between the most disadvantaged class and mental health symptoms was observed in the MCS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study assessed the relationship between SEP and mental health using a novel methodological approach to harmonise and compare cohort data. Findings indicate that mental health may be more strongly related to socioeconomic disadvantage in recent cohorts, despite differences in the structure of SEP. Future research should utilise harmonisation to understand time trends in prevalent societal issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70131"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13355002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148427085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School absence and mental health service referral: Cohort study of a South London data linkage.","authors":"Sophie Epstein, Zoë Firth, Alice Wickersham, Hitesh Shetty, Amelia Jewell, Rina Dutta, Craig Morgan, Tamsin Ford, Richard D Hayes, Johnny Downs","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The longitudinal relationship between school absence and mental health has important policy implications; if school absence predicts later mental health problems, it could be used to identify young people at increased risk and enable further assessment, prevention, and early intervention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed an existing data linkage between the National Pupil Database and healthcare records representing a sample of 47,926 young people aged 11-15 in the UK. We used logistic regression to examine the longitudinal association between persistent school absence (defined by the Government Department for Education in England as missing more than 10% of available school sessions) and later contact with secondary care mental health services. We also compared the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the >10% absence threshold to alternative thresholds for predicting adverse mental health outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the currently applied threshold of >10%, persistent school absence was associated with 2.77 (95% CI 2.33-3.30, girls) and 1.58 (95% CI 1.29-1.95, boys) times the odds of accepted referral to secondary care mental health services in the following year, after adjustment for sociodemographic and educational factors. The absolute risk difference for girls was 4.7% (95% CI 3.9-5.4) and for boys, 2.8% (95% CI 2.1-3.4). Compared to other thresholds, the >10% absence threshold provided a good balance between sensitivity (40.5%), positive predictive value (5.5%), and identifying a manageable proportion of young people as high risk (18%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The longitudinal relationship between school absence and later secondary care mental health service contact suggests that school absence may be a useful marker for educators to identify children in need of support. The >10% absence threshold used in education policy in England may also serve as a useful marker of later mental health risk in other national policy contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70144"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13351592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148427013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdiagnostic profiles of socio-affective functioning in adolescents at-risk of poor mental health.","authors":"Alex Lloyd, Duncan Astle, Tom Chin-Han Wu, Nikolaus Steinbeis, Ritika Chokhani, Laura Lucas, Pasco Fearon, Essi Viding","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70137","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescence is a developmental period during which many mental health problems emerge or worsen. Recently, there has been a shift towards identifying risk factors that predict psychopathology across a range of diagnostic boundaries-known as 'transdiagnostic' approaches. There are several social and emotional risk factors for specific mental health diagnoses that have been well-characterised. Yet, there is limited understanding about how these socio-affective risk factors map onto <i>transdiagnostic</i> symptoms. We identified profiles of socio-affective functioning in early adolescence and how these profiles are associated with transdiagnostic symptoms of mental health problems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Adolescents at heightened risk of general psychopathology aged 12-14 (<i>N</i> = 559, <i>M</i> _age = 13.26, SD_age = 0.72, 58.14% female) were recruited as part of a mental health trial. Participants completed questionnaire and task-based measures assessing emotion functioning (emotion perception, emotion regulation, and interoception), social relationships (with peers and family members), and mental health. Using a simple artificial neural network that projects a high-dimensional input to a 2D topology we were able to map differences in questionnaire- and task-based socio-affective profiles. Clustering was then used to identify zones within that 2D topology, indicating relatively homogenous profiles. Associations between these zones and transdiagnostic mental health symptoms were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified three reliable clusters of socio-affective functioning from the questionnaire measures and four clusters from the task-based measures. There were significant differences between questionnaire clusters on general psychopathology and p-free internalising symptoms, whereas there were only significant differences between task clusters on general psychopathology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study demonstrated the potential of data-driven methods to derive profiles of socio-affective functioning that are associated with transdiagnostic mental health problems. Through identifying socio-affective mechanisms that characterise these clusters, these findings can be used to identify active ingredients for future intervention development to prevent the onset and worsening of mental health problems in adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70137"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transdiagnostic and symptom-domain associations between mental illnesses and future self-connectedness versus future self-valence.","authors":"Yi Yang, Ingrid Obsuth, Jean-Louis van Gelder, Denis Ribeaud, Manuel Eisner, Xinxin Zhu, Aja Louise Murray","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70143","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Future time perspective dimensions have been linked to various mental illnesses. Given the tendency for mental illnesses to co-occur, it is necessary to disentangle associations between future-oriented constructs and shared versus symptom-domain-specific psychopathology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After conducting a factor analysis to establish an optimal factor structure of the psychopathology data from Wave 8 of the Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood study (<i>N</i> = 1180; <i>M</i> _age ≈ 20), this study examined the associations between mental illness dimensions and two future time perspective components: future self-connectedness and future self-valence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An S-1 bifactor specification was selected for primary interpretation. Both future time perspective components were negatively associated with internalising, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, psychosis-like dimensions, and substance use, alongside a S-1 aggression factor.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest transdiagnostic relevance of self-connectedness and future self-valence but should be considered preliminary given single-item measurement and limited construct coverage. Replication with more comprehensive measures is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70143"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339054/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148407228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common cause versus dynamic mutualism: Insights into ADHD's common comorbidities.","authors":"Zheyue Peng, Ashley L Watts","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70142","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcv2.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contemporary classification systems differ in their conceptualization of ADHD as either an externalizing or neurodevelopmental condition, with both perspectives promoting the common cause model as an explanation of ADHD's comorbidity. An alternative theory, dynamic mutualism, proposes that ADHD's comorbidity emerges through reciprocal interactions among symptoms over time, as opposed to a common cause.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We tested the common cause and the dynamic mutualism theories in explaining the associations between aspects of ADHD (i.e., ADHD, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, cognitive disengagement) and the neurodevelopmental and externalizing spectra across four waves of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study data (<i>n</i> = 11,878 youths aged 9-10 at baseline; 48% female).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results largely supported the common cause theory in explaining the developmental links between ADHD and both the externalizing and neurodevelopmental spectra. Findings varied across ADHD subdimensions, although not substantially, with hyperactivity/impulsivity more closely linked to the externalizing spectrum and cognitive disengagement more closely linked to the neurodevelopmental spectrum.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADHD is best conceptualized as a disorder that bridges both the externalizing and neurodevelopmental domains, rather than fitting exclusively within either category. Given the assessment structure of the ABCD Study, there was more support for the common cause model compared with dynamic mutualism.</p>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":" ","pages":"e70142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13339281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148407213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in patterns of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication use in US children","authors":"Jennie E. Ryan,&nbsp;Alexander Weigard,&nbsp;Sean Esteban McCabe,&nbsp;Timothy E. Wilens,&nbsp;Philip T. Veliz","doi":"10.1002/jcv2.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication patterns is crucial for optimizing treatment outcomes. There are limited data on racial, ethnic, gender and socioeconomic treatment differences across longitudinal national samples.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Secondary data analysis of baseline through 3rd-year follow-up (2016–2020) data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) (<i>N</i> = 11,875). Data were collected from 21 US sites, to reflect national demographic diversity. Complete case panel included 9708 children aged 9/10 at baseline and 12/13 at 3rd-year follow up. Sociodemographic factors (sex, race, ethnicity, household income), ADHD medication use (stimulants and non-stimulants), and ADHD severity were examined.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>By the 3rd-year follow-up, 13% of children used ADHD medications. Females were more likely to never have received medications compared to males (92% vs. 82%, odds ratio [OR] 2.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05–2.67, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Females exhibited lower mean ADHD severity scores, though the difference diminished over time. Asian (95% vs. 87%, OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.41–5.38, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and Hispanic children (90% vs. 86%, OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.17–1.64, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) were more likely to have never received medications compared to White and non-Hispanic children. Black children were more likely to discontinue medications (9% vs. 5%, OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.45–2.33, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) compared to White children, although this was not significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Children in lower income households were more likely to have clinically significant ADHD but less likely to receive and remain on medications compared to those from higher income households.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Significant differences exist in ADHD medication use patterns among US children based on sex, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Addressing these differences is essential to ensure equitable access to treatment.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":73542,"journal":{"name":"JCPP advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jcv2.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148221938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}