Modifiable protective factors for mental health resilience in the offspring of depressed parents: A high-risk longitudinal cohort spanning adolescence and adulthood

JCPP advances Pub Date : 2024-05-18 DOI:10.1002/jcv2.12240

Eglė Padaigaitė-Gulbinienė, Gemma Hammerton, Victoria Powell, Frances Rice, Stephan Collishaw

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Abstract

Background

Several protective factors have been identified for mental health (MH) resilience in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. However, it is unclear if these effects persist into adulthood.

Methods

Depressed parents and their offspring (N = 188) from the Early Prediction of Adolescent Depression study were assessed four times (mean offspring ages 12.39, 13.77, 14.82, and 23.41). Mental health resilience was examined using residual scores (better-than-expected mood-, behaviour-, or anxiety-related MH at mean age 23 given risk exposure), and categorically as sustained good MH across adolescence and young adulthood.

Results

Only 9.2% of young adults demonstrated sustained good MH. Parents of resilient individuals showed lower comorbidity (anxiety, antisocial behaviour and harmful drinking) and higher depression remission. Considering adolescent protective factors, weak evidence was observed of associations of mood-resilience with adolescent peer-relationship quality (β = −0.20, 95%CI:−0.36, −0.04); friendship quality (β = −0.14, 95%CI:−0.31, 0.02); risk adjustment (β = −0.16, 95%CI:-0.34, 0.03) and dysfunctional attitudes (β = 0.18, 95%CI:0.01, 0.35). There was weak evidence of behavioural-resilience association with parent positive expressed emotion (β = −0.15, 95%CI:−0.31, 0.02) and offspring exercise (β = −0.37, 95%CI:−0.77, 0.03). No adolescent protective factors showed an association with anxiety-resilience. For sustained good MH, there was weak evidence of an association with inhibitory control (OR = 0.39, 95%CI:0.14, 1.07). Strong evidence was observed for associations between young adult-reported peer relationship quality and mood-resilience (β = −0.35, 95%CI:−0.53, −0.17), behavioural-resilience (β = −0.33, 95%CI:−0.51, −0.14) and anxiety-resilience (β = −0.34, 95%CI:−0.53, −0.14), while weak evidence was observed of an association of social activities with anxiety-resilience (β = −0.51, 95%CI:−0.97, −0.06).

Conclusions

We found limited evidence for the long-lasting effects of adolescent protective factors on adult MH resilience. Social factors remained protective into young adulthood, while family factors did not. Early preventative intervention might not be sufficient to maintain good long-term MH, and young people will likely require more prolonged support.

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抑郁症父母后代心理健康复原力的可调节保护因素：跨越青春期和成年期的高风险纵向队列

父母患有抑郁症的青少年后代的心理健康（MH）恢复能力有几个保护性因素。对青少年抑郁早期预测研究（Early Prediction of Adolescent Depression）中的抑郁父母及其后代（188 人）进行了四次评估（后代的平均年龄分别为 12.39、13.77、14.82 和 23.41 岁）。心理健康复原力采用残差分数（在面临风险的情况下，平均年龄为 23 岁时，与情绪、行为或焦虑相关的心理健康复原力优于预期）进行检测，并分类为整个青春期和青年期持续良好的心理健康复原力。抗逆能力强的人的父母表现出较低的合并症（焦虑、反社会行为和有害饮酒）和较高的抑郁症缓解率。考虑到青少年的保护因素，观察到情绪复原力与青少年同伴关系质量（β = -0.20，95%CI：-0.36，-0.04）、友谊质量（β = -0.14，95%CI：-0.31，0.02）、风险调整（β = -0.16，95%CI：-0.34，0.03）和功能失调态度（β = 0.18，95%CI：0.01，0.35）相关的微弱证据。行为复原力与父母积极表达情绪（β=-0.15，95%CI：-0.31，0.02）和后代运动（β=-0.37，95%CI：-0.77，0.03）之间的关联证据不足。没有任何青少年保护因素与焦虑-复原力相关。就持续良好的心理健康而言，有微弱证据表明与抑制控制有关（OR = 0.39，95%CI：0.14，1.07）。有强有力的证据表明，青少年报告的同伴关系质量与情绪复原力（β = -0.35，95%CI:-0.53, -0.17）、行为复原力（β = -0.33，95%CI:-0.51, -0.14）和焦虑复原力（β = -0.我们发现，青少年保护性因素对成人 MH 复原力的长期影响证据有限。社会因素在成年后仍具有保护作用，而家庭因素则没有。早期预防性干预可能不足以保持长期良好的心理健康状态，年轻人可能需要更长期的支持。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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JCPP advances

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13 weeks