Infectious diseases (London, England)最新文献

{"title":"Tonsillectomies are associated with an increased risk of meningococcal carriage.","authors":"Iris Kristinsdottir, Asgeir Haraldsson, Valtyr Thors","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2354310","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2354310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> is a commensal organism with the potential to cause life-threatening disease. Colonisation is most common in adolescence and young adulthood. Various social factors have been associated with an increased risk of meningococcal carriage, but less is known about host factors that may influence the carriage status. Tonsillectomies have been shown to alter the pharyngeal microflora. This study assessed whether a history of tonsillectomy affects the risk of meningococcal colonisation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 15- to 16-year-old adolescents and 18- to 20-year-old young adults. Conventional culture methods and qPCR were used to detect meningococci. 16S qPCR was done to assess bacterial abundance in the samples. Data on history of tonsillectomies were collected from a central national database and the national university hospital.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 722 samples were collected; 197 from adolescents and 525 from young adults. Thirty-five participants were colonised with meningococci (4.8%). Eighty-eight participants had undergone a tonsillectomy, of which 10 (11.4%) carried meningococci, compared to 4% of those that had not. Prior tonsillectomy was associated with a threefold increased risk of meningococcal colonisation (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.44-6.70, <i>p</i> = 0.004). Tonsillectomies remained a risk factor after adjusting for age, sex, recent antibiotic use and meningococcal vaccinations (aOR 2.49, 95% CI 1.13-5.48, <i>p</i> = 0.024).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A history of tonsillectomy is associated with an increased risk of meningococcal colonisation. More studies are needed to shed light on the effects of tonsillectomies on the pharyngeal microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"653-656"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140960767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylaxis and treatment of HIV infection in pregnancy, Swedish guidelines 2024.","authors":"Lars Navér, Jan Albert, Christina Carlander, Magnus Gisslén, Kristina Pettersson, Sandra Soeria-Atmadja, Anders Sönnerborg, Katarina Westling, Aylin Yilmaz, Karin Pettersson","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2360029","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2360029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In May 2024, the Swedish Reference Group on Antiviral Therapy updated the guidelines on management of HIV infection in pregnancy. The most important recommendations and revisions were: (i) ART during pregnancy should be started as early as possible and continue after delivery; (ii) Suppressive ART should normally not be modified; (iii) The treatment target of HIV RNA <20 copies/ml remains; (iv) Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF is the first-line drug combination also in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy; (v) There is no evidence of an increased risk of neural tube defects associated with dolutegravir; (vi) Mode of delivery for women with effective ART and HIV RNA <200 copies/ml should follow standard obstetric procedures; (vii) Caesarean section is recommended if HIV RNA ≥200 copies/ml; (viii) Scalp electrode, foetal blood sampling and/or vacuum delivery should be used on strict indications, but does not necessitate intensified infant prophylaxis; (ix) Management and mode of delivery in case of premature or full-term rupture of membranes should follow standard obstetric procedures; (x) Recommended infant antiretroviral prophylaxis has been updated; (xi) The duration of infant antiretroviral prophylaxis (gestational age ≥35 weeks and mother on effective ART and HIV RNA <200 copies/ml) has been changed from 4 to 2 weeks; (xii) Infants born to women with HIV RNA ≥200 copies/ml should receive 4 weeks of combination prophylaxis; (xiii) Fertility evaluation and assisted reproduction should be offered to women on suppressive ART according to the same principles as for other women; (xiv) Women living with HIV should still be advised against breastfeeding; (xv) Women who nevertheless opt to breastfeed should be offered intensified support and follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"657-668"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141163014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into avian influenza A(H5N1) events: epidemiological patterns and genetic analysis.","authors":"Francesco Branda, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Chiara Romano, Marco Casu, Daria Sanna, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Massimo Ciccozzi, Fabio Scarpa","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2369152","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2369152","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"678-681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of sexual transmission of mpox: a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis of approaches.","authors":"Sara Paparini, Isabelle Whelan, Chikondi Mwendera, Rosalie Hayes, Ismael Maatouk, Rosamund Lewis, Mateo Prochazka Nunez, Antons Mozalevskis, Teodora Wi, Chloe Orkin","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2364801","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2364801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ongoing multi-country mpox outbreak in previously unaffected countries is primarily affecting sexual networks of men who have sex with men. Evidence is needed on the effectiveness of recommended preventive interventions. To inform WHO guidelines, a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis were conducted on mpox preventive behavioural interventions to reduce: (i) sexual acquisition; (ii) onward sexual transmission from confirmed/probable cases; and (iii) utility of asymptomatic testing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane and WHO trial databases, grey literature and conferences were searched for English-language primary research published since 1 January 2022. A reviewer team performed screening, data extraction and bias assessment. A qualitative thematic synthesis explored views and experiences of engagement in prevention in individuals at increased risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 16 studies: 1 on contact-tracing, 2 on sexual behaviour, and 13 on asymptomatic testing. Although MPXV was detected in varying proportions of samples (0.17%-6.5%), the testing studies provide insufficient evidence to fully evaluate this strategy. For the qualitative evidence synthesis, four studies evaluated the experiences of most affected communities. Preferences about preventive interventions were shaped by: mpox information; the diversity of sexual practices; accessibility and quality of mpox testing and care; and perceived cost to wellbeing.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to prevent the sexual transmission of mpox remains scarce. Limited qualitative evidence on values and preferences provides insight into factors influencing intervention acceptability. Given global and local inequities in access to vaccines and treatment, further research is needed to establish the effectiveness of additional interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"589-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11229790/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141494522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal mucosal immunity is unimportant for polio eradication: the failure of oral polio vaccination.","authors":"T Jacob John, Dhanya Dharmapalan, Norbert Hirschhorn","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2367742","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2367742","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To explore if intestinal immunity induced by infection with live viruses in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is essential, necessary or even helpful in interrupting transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV) for global polio eradication.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed the biology of virus-host interactions in WPV infection and its alterations by OPV-induced immunity for direct evidence of the usefulness of intestinal immunity. We also explored indirect evidence by way of the effect of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on the biology and on transmission dynamics of WPV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Immunity, systemic and intestinal, induced by infection with WPV or vaccine viruses, does not prevent re-infection with WPV or vaccine viruses respectively, when exposed. Such re-infected hosts shed virus in the throat and in faeces and are sources of further transmission. Immunity protects against polio paralysis-hence reinfection always remain asymptommatic and silent.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vaccine virus-induced intestinal immunity is not necessary for polio eradication. The continued and intensive vaccination efforts using OPV under the assumption of its superiority over IPV have resulted in the well-known undesirable effects, namely vaccine associated paralytic polio and the emergence of de-attenuated circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, in addition to the delay in completing global WPV eradication.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"669-677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning from the impact of misinformation and past infodemics: advancing public health through transparency, trust, and community engagement.","authors":"Tristan T Timbrook, Andrea M Prinzi","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2361071","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2361071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"682-683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141176458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First clinical reports of acute hantavirus and dengue infections among pregnant women in the Caribbean.","authors":"Kirk Osmond Douglas, Marquita Gittens-St Hilaire","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2348631","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2348631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hantavirus and dengue virus infections lead to diseases causing economic and public health concerns. Acute hantavirus infections can lead to similar clinical haemorrhagic signs as other endemic diseases including dengue and leptospirosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using a retrospective case analysis of pregnant dengue and hantavirus disease patients with clinical reports and compatible clinical laboratory information during pregnancy, we report the first evidence of dengue and hantavirus infections and a case of dual dengue and hantavirus infection among pregnant women in the Caribbean. Laboratory testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) for DENV and for hantavirus infection pseudotype focus reduction neutralisation tests (pFRNT), ELISA and immunochromatographic (ICG) strips.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four pregnant cases with acute DENV infections were identified; however, only one out of the four cases (25%) had a detailed medical record to permit abstraction of clinical data. Six hantavirus infected pregnant cases were identified with gestation periods ranged from 36 to 39 weeks; none of the reported patients exhibited previous pregnancy complications prior to hospitalisation and infection. Acute liver damage was observed in three of the six cases (AST readings) who were subsequently diagnosed with hepatitis in pregnancy and variable clinical outcomes were observed with term and pre-term deliveries.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Whilst hantavirus infection in pregnancy is rare, consideration should be given to differential diagnosis with fever, kidney involvement, liver involvement, haemorrhagic symptoms and thrombocytopenia in endemic areas with clinically similar diseases such as dengue and leptospirosis.HighlightsFirst recorded case of hantavirus and dengue co-infection in a pregnant woman.First detailed report of clinical hantavirus infection in pregnant women in the Caribbean.First published report of clinical dengue infection in pregnant woman in the Caribbean.Possible complications of pregnancy following hantavirus infection.Pre-term birth and low birth weights.Clinical course of hantavirus infection in a Caribbean population.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"564-574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141066261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pooling of samples to optimise SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swabs and gargle lavage self-samples for covid-19 diagnostics and surveillance.","authors":"Ondrej Bouska, Vladimira Koudelakova, Sona Gurska, Katerina Kubanova, Rastislav Slavkovsky, Hana Jaworek, Jana Vrbkova, Petr Dzubak, Marian Hajduch","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2333438","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2333438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Testing of pooled samples is an effective strategy for increasing testing capacity while saving resources and time. This study aimed to validate pooled testing and gather real-life data on its use for Covid-19 surveillance with a gargle lavage (GL) self-sampling strategy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two-stage pooled testing with pools of 6 and 12 samples was used for preventive testing of an asymptomatic population and Covid-19 surveillance in Czech schools. Both GL and nasopharyngeal swabs were used for sampling.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 61,111 samples were tested. The use of pooled testing for large-scale Covid-19 surveillance reduced consumable costs by almost 75% and increased testing capacity up to 3.8-fold compared to standard methods. RT-PCR experiments revealed a minimal loss of sensitivity (0-2.2%) when using pooled samples, enabling the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genes with Ct values >35. The minor loss of sensitivity was counterbalanced by a significantly increased throughput and the ability to substantially increase testing frequencies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pooled testing is considerably more cost-effective and less time-consuming than standard testing for large-scale Covid-19 surveillance even when the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is fluctuating. Gargle lavage self-sampling is a non-invasive technique suitable for sample collection without a healthcare worker's assistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"531-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140320049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosis of external ventricular drainage related infections with real-time 16S PCR and third-generation 16S sequencing.","authors":"Johan Widén, Jakob Morén, Paula Mölling, Anna Fagerström, Per Enblad, Britt-Marie Eriksson, Elisabeth Ronne-Engström, Martin Sundqvist, Gabriel Westman","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2331260","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2331260","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Investigate the performance of real-time 16S PCR and third-generation 16S sequencing in the diagnosis of external ventricular drain related infections (EVDRI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subjects with suspected EVDRI were prospectively included at Uppsala University Hospital. Subjects were included into three groups: subjects with negative CSF culture with and without antibiotic treatment and subjects with positive CSF culture, respectively. CSF was analysed with real-time 16S PCR and third-generation 16S sequencing. Real-time 16S PCR positivity/negativity and number of 16S sequence reads were compared between groups. For culture positive subjects, species identification in third-generation sequencing and routine culture was compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>84 subjects were included. There were 18, 44 and 22 subjects in the three groups. Real-time PCR was positive in 17 of 22 subjects in the culture positive group and negative in 61 of the 62 subjects in the two culture negative groups. The sensitivity and specificity for real-time 16S PCR compared to culture was estimated to 77% and 98%, respectively. Species identification in 16S sequencing and culture was concordant in 20 of 22 subjects. The number of 16S sequence reads were significantly higher in the culture positive group than in both culture negative groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). There was no significant difference in number of 16S sequences between the two culture negative groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Real-time 16S PCR predict culture results with sufficient reliability. Third-generation 16S sequencing could enhance sensitivity and species identification in diagnostics of EVD-related infections. False negative culture results appear to be uncommon in patients with suspected EVDRI.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"521-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140289835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Severe skin and soft tissue infection in cohort patients admitted in a teaching hospital in Belgium: identification of risk factors for surgery.","authors":"J C Yombi, A Munting, A Lentini, D Putineanu, D Castanares-Zapatero, H Yildiz","doi":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2327518","DOIUrl":"10.1080/23744235.2024.2327518","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are associated with significant mortality if not promptly diagnosed and surgically treated.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aims to compare patients with severe skin and soft tissue infection treated with or without a surgical intervention and to identify risk factors that can predict the need for early surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Demographics, clinical, laboratory, Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) and imaging results were retrospectively collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 91 non-NSTI (group 1), 26 NSTI who were operated (group 2) and eight suspected NSTI who were not operated (group 3). In the multivariate analysis, skin necrosis, tachycardia, CRP value and hyperglycemia were predictive for surgery. A performance analysis revealed AUC of 0.65 (95%CI: 0.52-0.78) as to the LRINEC score for the use of surgery. The AUC for a predictive model associating four variables (heart rate, skin necrosis, CRP and glycemia at admission) was 0.71 (95%CI: 0.59-0.84). In terms of outcome, the median length of stay (LOS) was statistically higher in group 2 vs. group 1 (seven days (5-15) vs. 34 days (20-42), <i>p</i> < .001) and in group 2 vs. group 3 (34 days (20-42) vs. 14 days (11-19), <i>p</i> = .005). The overall in-hospital mortality at 30 days was 3.2% and did not statistically differ between the three groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the LRINEC score performed well in predicting surgery, the AUC of a model combining four predictive variables (glycemia, skin necrosis, CRP and heart rate) was superior. Further research is needed to validate this model.</p>","PeriodicalId":73372,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases (London, England)","volume":" ","pages":"511-520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140112344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}