Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)最新文献

{"title":"Mind the brain age: How segmentation and template selection reshape structural connectomes.","authors":"Carlo Ferritto, Giulia Lioi, Pierre-Yves Jonin, Julie Coloigner","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/IMAG.a.1384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diffusion-weighted MRI samples the directional diffusion of water in vivo, and tractography uses this information to reconstruct brain fiber pathways. Mapping streamlines to an anatomical parcellation yields structural connectomes. However, in older adults, where white matter alterations and atrophy are common, the choice of reference template and tissue segmentation could be particularly consequential for obtaining accurate, interpretable structural connectomes. Using a conventional pipeline, we evaluated how these two factors, the normalization template and the segmentation used to constrain anatomically guided tractography, affect connectome estimates in cognitively healthy elderly participants. These methodological choices produced systematic and significant differences in network topology and their relationships with clinically relevant variables across standard connectome measures, particularly in patients with white matter hyperintensities. Age-appropriate normalization and lesion-aware anatomically constrained tractography yielded networks with more plausible anatomy and more consistent relationships with cognition and imaging measures, whereas unconstrained tracking inflated density without improving interpretability. These findings demonstrate that structural connectome outcomes are contingent upon template and segmentation selection. We, therefore, advocate for explicit reporting of these methodological parameters and recommend the use of age-appropriate templates combined with white matter lesion-aware segmentation incorporating anatomically informed constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain network differences in second language learning depend on individual competencies.","authors":"Nicole H Skieresz, Sandy C Marca, Micah M Murray, Thomas P Reber, Nicolas Rothen","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/IMAG.a.1379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Integrating new words into an existing semantic network is a core challenge of second language (L2) acquisition. We investigated how evidence-based learning strategies and individual performance relate to the neurocognitive dynamics of vocabulary learning. Eighty-three adults proficient in German or French learned 48 Finnish (L2) nouns over 14 days using a mobile app that systematically varied retrieval practice, corrective feedback, multisensory learning, and distributed learning. Before and after training, EEG was recorded during a translation recognition task designed to elicit the N400, an index of semantic integration. Vocabulary accuracy increased from 0.41% pre-learning to 75.5% post-learning (<i>d_z</i> = 3.96), and the N400 incongruity effect increased significantly, <i>F</i>(1, 75) = 99.52, <i>p</i> < .001, η<i>²_g</i> = .32, reflecting successful integration of new L2 words into the mental lexicon. High performers showed larger N400 responses, consistent with more differentiated semantic processing. In addition, performance group differences emerged in event-related potential (ERP) template-map preponderance (i.e., the proportion of epoch time points assigned to a given template map), indicating differences in processing dynamics and network configurations. Despite systematic manipulation of learning strategies, no single approach yielded consistent behavioral or neural advantages, suggesting that overall exposure and cumulative practice, rather than any specific strategy, may have been primary contributors to the observed learning gains. ERP template-map analyses further revealed that learning not only increased neural responses but also shifted map preponderance within the N400 window as a function of Session and Congruency, indicating a qualitative reorganization of semantic processing. These findings suggest that vocabulary learning success is more closely related to the degree of semantic integration than to any single instructional strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen extraction fraction mapping between normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment in older adults using quantitative BOLD.","authors":"Linh N N Le, Gregory J Wheeler, Nicholas P Blockley, Evan Fletcher, Youngkyoo Jung, Sarah E T Farias, Brandon Gavett, Charles DeCarli, Audrey P Fan","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1378","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) represents the proportion of oxygen utilized by the brain from the blood and is a sensitive biomarker in understanding the vascular interplay between oxygen supply and demand. Alterations in OEF are increasingly recognized in normal aging and the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment. Here, we aimed to assess regional OEF MRI in older adults and investigate its relationship with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal aging using a Variational Bayesian quantitative BOLD (qBOLD) framework. The qBOLD model leverages a biophysical relationship between OEF, deoxygenated blood volume (DBV), and the reversible transverse relaxation rate (R₂ ^') to extract parameter values from asymmetric spin echo (ASE) MRI scans. The reliability of these parameter estimates was enhanced by Variational Bayesian inference, which incorporates prior distributions that we optimized in numerical simulation. We then applied this model to a cohort of older adults (N = 70) from the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC) at the University of California, Davis, including 58 cognitively normal (CN) and 12 amnestic mild cognitive impaired (MCI) participants. Our findings revealed a trend of elevated OEF across many cortical brain regions in the MCI group. Additionally, we identified regional positive associations between OEF and age in the MCI group, significantly in the left inferior parietal region ( <math><mrow><mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.88</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.23</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.75</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0004</mn></mrow> </math> ). Furthermore, the relationship between OEF and episodic memory in the right parahippocampal region differed significantly between two diagnostic groups (negative for CN and positive for MCI) ( <math><mrow><mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.09</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.02</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.77</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0004</mn></mrow> </math> ). This work adopts a novel qBOLD MRI framework for studying OEF changes in cognitive impairment as a potential biomarker for monitoring pathophysiology in aging and dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13626017/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of the left intraparietal sulcus in the comprehension of action intensity described in sentences.","authors":"Hiroshi Shibata, Kosaku Takahashi, Mitsuki Niida, Kenji Ogawa","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1371","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1371","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>From an embodied cognition perspective, semantic processing is assumed to involve sensorimotor representations. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate whether comprehension of action intensity described in sentences is associated with neural representations shared with action execution, particularly those related to grip force. In the execution task, participants gripped their right hand with either high or low force. In the language task, participants evaluated the action intensity described in the sentences. We examined four regions of interest (ROIs): the left primary somatosensory cortex, left primary motor cortex, left dorsal premotor cortex, and the left intraparietal sulcus (LIPS). Multivoxel pattern analysis was used to assess whether intensity information could be decoded within and across tasks. In the execution task, intensity differences were reliably decoded from multivoxel activity patterns across all four regions. In the language task, significant decoding of intensity was observed only in the LIPS. Cross-classification between the execution and language tasks did not reach significance in the primary analysis across the four regions and was associated with low effect sizes. However, exploratory analyses using smaller ROIs revealed significant cross-decoding and moderate effect sizes in the LIPS. These findings suggest that the comprehension of action intensity is associated with higher-level intensity-related representations rather than with neural representations that are closely tied to low-level motor execution. Overall, the results do not support strong embodied accounts, which assume the direct reinstatement of low-level motor execution processes during language comprehension. However, these findings suggest that partially shared higher-level representations of intensity may exist between action execution and language processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13618355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic DWI detects respiratory modulation of brain parenchymal hydrodynamics.","authors":"Jianing Zhang, Elodie Foster, Adam M Wright, Xiaopeng Zhou, Qiuting Wen","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1369","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain parenchyma and its exchange with interstitial fluid (ISF) are essential for maintaining homeostasis and clearing interstitial waste. However, the physiological forces driving parenchymal hydrodynamics remain unclear. Cardiac pulsation alone may be insufficient to drive parenchymal flow, while respiration has emerged as an additional contributor. To date, however, most respiration-related studies have focused on the ventricular system and spinal canal, leaving its influence on parenchymal hydrodynamics-the site of waste production-largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated whether parenchymal hydrodynamics are coupled with respiration during normal breathing, and how this coupling compares with that driven by cardiac pulsation. We used dynamic diffusion-weighted imaging (dynDWI) with a b-value of 150 s/mm² to capture incoherent fluid motion, quantified using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Respiration and cardiac signals were simultaneously recorded using a respiratory belt and finger photoplethysmography (PPG). Temporal coupling strength and time delay between parenchymal hydrodynamics and physiological signals were assessed using TRACC-PHYSIO (Time-domain Resolution-Aligned Cross-Correlation) for physiological coupling. We found that temporal ADC fluctuations in the parenchyma were coupled to respiration, with a latency of 0.7 seconds, and exhibited a gray-to-white matter propagation pattern. Spatial coupling patterns differed between respiration and cardiac pulsation: respiration coupling was stronger in gray and white matter than in the perivascular subarachnoid space (PVSAS) and lateral ventricles (LV), whereas cardiac coupling predominated in the PVSAS and LV. Rebinning dynDWI into respiration cycles revealed parenchymal ADC peaked during inhalation and reached a minimum during exhalation. Together, these findings suggest that respiration contributes to driving parenchymal hydrodynamics and fluid-driving forces vary spatially across brain regions, with respiration and cardiac pulsation playing complementary roles in regulating brain fluid dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13613705/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149066573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural integration of affective prosodic and semantic cues in non-literal forms of speech understanding.","authors":"Adrien Wittmann, Leonardo Ceravolo, Audrey Mayr, Didier Grandjean","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1377","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1377","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotions in speech are conveyed through both semantics and prosody-voice 'melody', yet how listeners integrate these cues in the brain remains unclear. We investigated non-literal forms of speech, such as irony and sarcasm, where understanding beyond literal meaning relies on the dynamic interplay between affective prosodic and semantic cues, alongside the theory of mind (ToM). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants listened to short dialogues between two characters, which varied in prosody and semantics to convey either literal or non-literal meanings. Behaviorally, semantics and prosody interacted in shaping participants' evaluations, although the data suggest a prosody dominance effect. Non-literal speech engaged a distributed network, including the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, temporal speech regions, and ToM areas, with ROI analyses revealing heterogeneous prosody-semantics integration profiles across regions and tasks. Taken together, our data clarify the behavioral and neural underpinnings of the integration of prosody and semantics in non-literal speech and open new avenues in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602132/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Getting blood from a stone: Improving brain-behavior inferences without brain data.","authors":"David Halpern, Todd Gureckis","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1361","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the cognitive neuroscience literature has come under criticism for containing many low-powered studies, limiting the ability to make reliable statistical inferences. Typically, the suggestion for increasing power is to collect more data with neural signals. However, many studies in cognitive neuroscience use parameters estimated from behavioral data in order to make inferences about neural signals (such as fMRI BOLD signal). In this paper, we explore how cognitive neuroscientists can learn more about their neuroimaging signal by collecting data on <i>behavior alone</i> and using alternative estimators designed to leverage this information. We demonstrate through simulation and mathematical derivations that knowing more about the marginal distribution of behavior can improve inferences about the mapping between cognitive processes and neural data. We analyze the magnitude of this benefit, finding that it depends on the desired estimand and several underlying study parameters. While in many cases the absolute gains in precision can be modest, our results demonstrate that, in realistic settings, additional behavioral data can lead to the same improvement in the precision of inferences more cheaply and easily than collecting additional data from subjects in a neuroimaging study. This means that when conducting a neuroimaging study, researchers now have another knob to turn in a design analysis: the number of subjects collected in the scanner and the number of behavioral subjects collected outside the scanner (in the laboratory or online).</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interoception network in the rat brain.","authors":"Fatimah M Alkaabi, Xiaokai Wang, Zhongming Liu","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1334","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The brain is never truly at rest. Even in the absence of external stimuli, the central nervous system continuously monitors and regulates visceral organs. However, it remains unclear to what extent this interoceptive signaling shapes the brain's resting state networks. Here, we tested the hypothesis that resting-state functional connectivity is actively sustained by visceral inputs. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 34 anesthetized rats, we identified a cohesive \"interoception network\" characterized by dense, reciprocal functional connectivity among the dorsal vagal complex, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, insula, and cingulate cortex. The topology of this network was not static but dynamically coupled to the physiological state. Functional integration was robust in the digestive (fed) phase but significantly attenuated in the inter-digestive (fasted) phase. The network relied on the integrity of the vagus nerve. When vagal signaling was eliminated by bilateral cervical vagotomy, the network effectively disintegrated. These findings demonstrate that resting-state functional connectivity is not an intrinsic property of the isolated brain but an embodied phenomenon that relies on continuous neural signaling between the brain and viscera.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13602131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous real-time imaging of upper cervical cerebrospinal fluid and vascular dynamics using ultrafast inflow-weighted EPI.","authors":"Amir H Shaker, Amir H G Arani, Bryn A Martin, Aristeidis Sotiras, Cihat Eldeniz, Helia Hosseini, Joshua S Shimony, David D Limbrick, Jennifer M Strahle, Arash Nazeri","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1374","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1374","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation is tightly coupled to cerebral blood flow under the fixed-volume constraint of the cranial vault, with cardiac pulsations and respiration acting as dominant physiological drivers. Disruption of these flow dynamics has been implicated in various neurological disorders, motivating the need for imaging methods that capture CSF and vascular flow simultaneously and in real time. Conventional phase contrast MRI (PC-MRI) provides quantitative CSF velocity measurements but relies on cardiac gating and velocity encoding, which limit temporal resolution, dynamic range, and sensitivity to non-cardiac fluctuations. Here, we implement a single-slice ultrafast inflow-weighted echo-planar imaging (EPI), in which signal intensity reflects the replacement of saturated spins by freshly inflowing, unsaturated water molecules, yielding higher signal with higher flow velocity. This allows simultaneous assessment of arterial inflow, venous outflow, and CSF motion at high temporal resolution. Ultrafast EPI was acquired at the C2-C3 spinal level, enabling real-time imaging of CSF flow dynamics in the cervical spinal canal alongside arterial and venous blood flow in major cervical vessels (frame rate: 21.7 Hz). Furthermore, intrinsic arterial signal fluctuations were leveraged as a timing reference to reconstruct cardiac-resolved CSF dynamics for individual cardiac cycles without external physiological recordings. Frequency-domain analysis revealed distinct spectral signatures in CSF flow compared with neurovascular flow, including broadened cardiac peaks and enhanced respiratory modulation, particularly within the ventral spinal canal. In contrast, dorsal CSF showed increased power within the cardiac frequency band, higher coherence with cervical vasculature at the cardiac frequency, and reduced non-cardiac contributions. Time-domain analysis showed strong correlation between CSF flow waveforms derived from ultrafast EPI and PC-MRI. Beyond ensemble-averaged waveforms, ultrafast EPI enabled beat-to-beat analysis, revealing substantial cycle-to-cycle variability in CSF flow that is not captured by time-averaged gated approaches. Together, these findings establish ultrafast EPI as a rapid, complementary framework to PC-MRI, enabling real-time neurofluid imaging with integrated time- and frequency-domain characterization of CSF and neurovascular flow dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13600270/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149042375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-resolved hemodynamic responses to sentence-level speech perception, production, and self-monitoring.","authors":"Teng Ieng Leong, Aotong Li, Jian Hwee Ang, Barry Lee Reynolds, Yan Tian, Cheok Teng Leong, Chi Un Choi, Martin I Sereno, Defeng Li, Victoria Lai Cheng Lei, Ruey-Song Huang","doi":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1375","DOIUrl":"10.1162/IMAG.a.1375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been widely used to explore the neural mechanisms underlying speech processing. However, the intertwining of perception and production that exists in real-world scenarios remains underexplored due to challenges such as gradient noise and head motion artifacts from speaking. Previous research has often employed sparse-sampling designs, pausing image acquisition intermittently to present auditory stimuli or record overt speech. While this approach mitigates some challenges, it cannot capture continuous brain activity during speech processing and does not separate the mixed hemodynamic responses to external and self-generated speech occurring in succession. We overcame these limitations and continuously scanned 31 participants as they listened to and recited English sentences. Through independent component analysis (ICA), we decomposed each functional scan into spatially independent components (ICs), identifying task-related ICs with activations predominantly located in the superior temporal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and orofacial sensorimotor cortex. These ICs demonstrated time-resolved hemodynamic responses corresponding to distinct stages of speech perception, planning, and production. A linear subtraction between the IC time courses from the listening-reciting (perception-to-production) and listening (perception-only) tasks further revealed a secondary hemodynamic response to self-generated speech in the superior temporal cortex. Furthermore, we established precise temporal relationships between overt speech output and the peak, rise, and fall of hemodynamic responses for each independent component. Together, we present a methodological framework that can inform future fMRI studies on naturalistic tasks involving the perception of external auditory stimuli and monitoring of self-generated sounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":73341,"journal":{"name":"Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13595370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149026978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}