Frontiers in toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Exposure to deltamethrin leads to gill liver damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disorders of Japanese flounder (<i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i>).","authors":"Bingbu Li, Guixing Wang, Xinyu Zheng, Mingyang Liu, Yucong Yang, Yuqin Ren, Yitong Zhang, Yufeng Liu, Zhongwei He, Jiangong Ren, Hailong Wan, Wei Cao, Yufen Wang, Xiaoyan Zhang, Jilun Hou","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1560192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1560192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to kill animal parasites in aquaculture. However, increasing evidence suggests that deltamethrin affects the health of aquatic animals by causing tissue damage and even death.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the damage caused by deltamethrin to the gill and liver tissues, as well as its effects on oxidative stress and immune metabolism, were studied in <i>Paralichthys olivaceus</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a positive correlation between the residual levels of deltamethrin (Del) and the exposure concentrations, with the highest residue detected in the 0.28 μg/L concentration group (0.0684 mg/kg at 7 days). Then, we observed different degrees of damage to the gill and liver tissues of the Paralichthys olivaceus, including swelling, apical fusion, shedding of gill secondary lamellae, liver cell necrosis, and nuclear vacuolization, by observing tissue sections. Lysozyme enzyme activity increased, whereas catalase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities decreased. The liver transcriptome results of the control and high-concentration (0.28 μg/L) groups showed that there were 697 differentially expressed genes, including 390 upregulated and 307 downregulated genes. These differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in oxidation-reduction, ferroptosis, steroid biosynthesis, and apoptosis pathways.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In summary, we found that deltamethrin induces oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in <i>P. olivaceus</i> and leads to inflammation. However, the fish body resists such damage through a complex regulatory network. These experimental results provide a theoretical reference for the safe use of deltamethrin in <i>P. olivaceus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1560192"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12041085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a feasible fast-track testing method for developmental neurotoxicity studies: alternative model for risk assessment of micro- and nanoplastics.","authors":"Xian Wu, TinChung Leung, Dereje D Jima, Majemite Iyangbe, John Bang","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1567225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1567225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are widespread environmental pollutants that pose significant health risks. They originate from industrial processes, consumer products, and environmental degradation, inducing oxidative stress through cellular dysfunctions such as membrane interaction, internalization, mitochondrial damage, inflammation, metal ion leaching, and impaired antioxidant defense. Despite increasing evidence of their toxicity-particularly developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and mitochondrial impairment-our understanding remains limited due to the high costs of animal studies, which reduce the overall size of experimental data. This underscores the urgent need for alternative test methods that are cost-effective, rapid, and translational. This review examines new approach methodologies (NAMs) for DNT assessment, addressing the ethical, financial, and translational limitations of animal models. NAMs integrate three complementary non-animal models that enhance conventional testing. First, zebrafish models provide organismal insights into behavioral and neurodevelopmental outcomes at minimal cost. Second, neuronal organoids replicate human-specific neurodevelopmental processes in a 3D system, offering mechanistic insights. Lastly, human cell lines enable high-throughput screening, integrating findings from zebrafish and organoid studies. Establishing a new paradigm for DNT testing is crucial for faster and more efficient toxicity and risk assessments, ultimately protecting public health. Standardizing and gaining regulatory acceptance for NAMs will improve predictive accuracy and broaden their application in environmental toxicology. Advancing these methodologies is essential to addressing the risks of MNP exposure while promoting ethical and sustainable research practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1567225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12037614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute cannabis intoxication among the paediatric population.","authors":"Ginevra Malta, Giuseppe Davide Albano, Gianluca Lavanco, Anna Brancato, Carla Cannizzaro, Antonina Argo, Simona Contorno, Fulvio Plescia, Stefania Zerbo","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1558721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1558721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This narrative review synthesizes the toxicological, clinical and medico-legal aspects of paediatric cannabis intoxication. By providing a comprehensive overview, it aims to inform future research, guide policymaking, and enhance clinical and toxicological practice in addressing this growing public health concern. The pharmacokinetics of cannabinoid ingestion in children are significantly influenced by the immaturity of their gastrointestinal tract and metabolic enzyme systems, resulting in altered oral bioavailability. Clinical data indicate that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-related effects in paediatricpaediatric patients typically emerge within 2 hours of ingestion, with more severe symptoms developing within 4 hours. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) undergoes significant developmental changes, with marked differences in cannabinoid receptor expression and distribution across fetal, neonatal, and adult brains. During neurodevelopment, CB1 receptors exhibit unique expression patterns, including transient localization in brainstem regions critical for neurovegetative functions. These developmental dynamics likely explain children's heightened sensitivity to THC's neurological and neurovegetative effects, often resulting in more severe outcomes compared to adults. The reliable detection of cannabinoids involves integrating screening methods with confirmatory analytical techniques. Urine immunoassay testing is widely considered an helpful toolto assess a previous exposure, becoming positive within 3-4 h of ingestion. However, this method is prone to false positives. Plasma THC concentration, when measured close to the event, offers valuable insights into the quantity ingested and the correlation between exposure and clinical outcomes in the impairment window. Hair analysis, while useful for distinguishing between acute and chronic use, is susceptible to various biases. The rising incidence of acute cannabis intoxication in children underscores the urgent need for targeted public health interventions and stricter regulatory frameworks. Preventive measures such as child-resistant packaging, public education campaigns, and cannabis use screening during pregnancy are essential to mitigate risks. Clinicians should consider THC exposure in the differential diagnosis of children presenting with unexplained neurological, immune, or metabolic symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1558721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12034656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: \"Unravelling micro-/nano-plastics toxicity profiling: can we link associated effects to intrinsic characteristics?\"","authors":"Sebastian Beggel, Valentina Helen Pauna, Vanessa Modesto, Marisa Sárria Pereira de Passos","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1605402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1605402","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1605402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12034682/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144060478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lupin poisoning: a review.","authors":"Meye Bloothooft, Pien Cremers, Sükriye Güven, Stijn J Stoutjesdijk, Mara Jiron, Mark Wessel, Marcel A G Van Der Heyden","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1547535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1547535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lupin beans are the seeds of plants from the Fabaceae family. These beans are rich in protein and used for human consumption for several millennia. Their popularity is still increasing. Some species produce beans with high alkaloid contents, specifically of spartaine and lupanine. Without proper processing, consuming these beans can result in lupin poisoning that causes anticholinergic syndrome. We systematically analyzed all case reports describing lupin poisoning in humans in order to define most observed clinical findings, treatment options and outcome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We screened Pubmed and Google scholar for human case reports on lupin poisoning. Obtained full-text papers in any language were screened for eligibility. Demographics, time-to-symptoms, treatment and outcome were analyzed. Symptoms were categorized using the ICD11 classification.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-seven case reports describing 33 patients were obtained. Poisoning occurred in all age groups and sexes equally. Most frequent symptoms were bilateral mydriasis (n = 25), xerostomia (n = 25), blurred vision (n = 17), lightheadedness (n = 14), weakness (n = 11). Onset of symptoms was typically within 60 min. In most cases no treatment was required, and symptoms resolved within 24 h after which patients were discharged. Two of four children in the cohort required ICU admission and one died.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Lupin poisoning is rare and requires most often a conservative clinical approach. However, in children the effects are more severe than in adults. Frequency of lupin poisoning may rise due to increased popularity of the beans as an alternative protein source.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1547535"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12014556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promising protective potential of MiR-103a-3p against polystyrene microplastic neurotoxicity in rats.","authors":"Leila Mohammadi, Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad, Mina Goudarzi, Vahid Khodashenas, Roya Khoshravesh, Mehrdad Roghani","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1560980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1560980","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Microplastics are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with potential neurotoxic effects that can impair learning and memory. MicroRNAs are essential regulators of a number of physiological and pathological processes, but detailed information on the impact of miRNAs on the neurotoxic effects of microplastics is lacking. <b>Methods:</b> In the present study, polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) were administered orally and miR-103a-3p was injected intracerebroventricularly as a treatment for PS-MPs-induced neurotoxicity. <b>Results and Discussion:</b> Performance in the novel object discrimination Y-maze and Barnes maze tests indicated that miR-103a-3p mitigates the deleterious effects of PS-MPs on learning and memory. Oxidative stress, pyroptosis, apoptosis and inflammation induced by PS-MPs were modulated after miR- 103a-3p injection by reducing malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, nitrite, caspase 3, caspase 1, TNFα, and NLRP3 levels in hippocampal tissue. Our results also showed that miR-103a-3p can reverse the impact of PS-MPs on astrocytic reaction and SIRT1 and BDNF levels. MiR-103a-3p alleviated PS-MPs-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress through reducing the levels of PERK, CHOP and GRP78. These findings imply that miR-103a-3p exerts a neuroprotective influence against cognitive deficits induced by exposure to PS-MPs. This is achieved by reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1560980"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144022536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing humanized 3D tumor modeling using an open access xeno-free medium.","authors":"Atena Malakpour-Permlid, Manuel Marcos Rodriguez, Kinga Zór, Anja Boisen, Stina Oredsson","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1529360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1529360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite limitations like poor mimicry of the human cell microenvironment, contamination risks, and batch-to-batch variation, cell culture media with animal-derived components such as fetal bovine serum (FBS) have been used <i>in vitro</i> for decades. Moreover, a few reports have used animal-product-free media in advanced high throughput three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic <i>in vivo</i> conditions. To address these challenges, we combined a high throughput 3D model with an open access, FBS-free chemically-defined medium, Oredsson Universal Replacement (OUR) medium, to create a more realistic 3D <i>in vitro</i> drug screening system. To reach this goal, we report the gradual adaptation procedure of three cell lines: human HeLa cervical cancer cells, human MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from FBS-supplemented medium to OUR medium, while closely monitoring cell attachment, proliferation, and morphology. Our data based on cell morphology studies with phase contrast and real-time live imaging demonstrates a successful adaptation of cells to proliferate in OUR medium showing sustained growth kinetics and maintaining population doubling time. The morphological analysis demonstrates that HeLa and MCF-7 cells displayed altered cell morphology, with a more spread-out cytoplasm and significantly lower circularity index, while CAFs remained unaffected when grown in OUR medium. 3D fiber scaffolds facilitated efficient cell distribution and ingrowth when grown in OUR medium, where cells expand and infiltrate into the depths of 3D scaffolds. Drug toxicity evaluation of the widely used anti-cancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) revealed that cells grown in 3D cultures with OUR medium showed significantly lower sensitivity to PTX, which was consistent with the FBS-supplemented medium. We believe this study opens the way and encourages the scientific community to use animal product-free cell culture medium formulations for research and toxicity testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1529360"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11979229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects of <i>Lepidium sativum</i> seed fixed oil on Wistar albino rats in acute and subacute toxicity models.","authors":"Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie, Kaleab Asres, Wondwossen Ergete, Samual Woldekidan, Sileshi Degu, Abiy Abebe, Worku Gemechu, Derso Furgasa, Girma Seyoum","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1535597","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1535597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>L. sativum</i> L. (family Brassicaceae) is a versatile herbal medicine in Ethiopia. The seed extract is widely employed in traditional medicine, whilst the seed oil is used as edible oil. However, there are no available studies conducted on the safety of the fixed oil of <i>L. sativum</i> seed in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of the oil in Wistar albino rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Acute and subacute toxicity studies were conducted in Wistar albino rats. A single oral dose of <i>L</i>. <i>sativum</i> seed oil was administered, and the animals were followed for 14 days. The subacute oral dose toxicity study was conducted in rats of both sexes by repeated 28-day toxicity test as per OECD guidelines. Body weight was measured weekly, and observations of the animals were made regularly throughout the study period. Organ weight, histopathology, hematology, and clinical chemistry data were collected on the 29^th day. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means of the comparison groups and the results were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and significance was determined at the P-value of <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, the LD₅₀ of the fixed oil of <i>L. sativum</i> was found to be 2818.32 mg/kg. According to the World Health Organization, the oil is classified as slightly hazardous at a single oral dose administration. In the subacute toxicity study, rats treated with the oil showed significant changes behavioral indices such as piloerection, lethargy, and tremor. In addition, gross pathology of organs, body weight, biochemical, and hematological parameters were deranged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the present study demonstrated that the fixed oil of <i>L. sativum</i> has toxic effects. Therefore, it is highly essential to create awareness among the Ethiopian public who use the seeds for medicinal purposes and/or consume the oil as edible oil about the possible health hazards that they may pose.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1535597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11969224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling marine microplastic emissions in Life Cycle Assessment: characterization factors for biodegradable polymers and their application in a textile case study.","authors":"Felicitas Pellengahr, Elena Corella-Puertas, Valérie Mattelin, Nadim Saadi, Francesca Bertella, Anne-Marie Boulay, Yvonne van der Meer","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>With the continuous increase of plastics production, it is imperative to carefully examine their environmental profile through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, current LCA modeling is not considering the potential impacts of plastic emissions on the biosphere. To integrate plastic emissions into LCA, characterization factors are needed that commonly consist of three elements: a fate factor, an exposure factor, and an effect factor. In this context, fate factors quantify the distribution and longevity of plastics in the environment. Research on these fate factors is still limited, especially for biodegradable polymers. Hence, the main objective of this research was to determine the fate factors of biodegradable polymers [poly (lactic acid), poly (butylene succinate), and poly (ε-caprolactam)] based on primary experimental data for the marine environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The validity of former research is tested by comparing the degradation evolution of i. macro- and microplastic particles, ii. two different grades of the polymer, and iii. different temperature levels. The degradation data are obtained by monitoring the oxygen consumption over a period of six months in natural seawater. The determined degradation rates are combined with sedimentation, resuspension, and deep burial rates to obtain fate factors. These fate factors are used to develop polymer-specific characterization factors. The resulting characterization factors are tested in an LCA case study of a synthetic sports shirt made from biodegradable polymer fibers. It allows to assess the relative importance of microplastic impacts compared to other life cycle impacts.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Comparing the resulting specific surface degradation rates indicates that microplastic degradation rates could be overestimated when using macroplastic degradation data. Pertaining to the case study, the results show that the impact on ecosystem quality by microplastic emissions could account for up to 30% of the total endpoint category. Overall, this work aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration to leverage the accuracy of LCA studies and thus provide guidance for novel material development.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1494220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11962433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Global excellence in toxicology: Asia, Australia and New Zealand.","authors":"Yongning Wu","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1584009","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1584009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1584009"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}