Frontiers in toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Toxic effects of <i>Lepidium sativum</i> seed fixed oil on Wistar albino rats in acute and subacute toxicity models.","authors":"Teshome Gebremeskel Aragie, Kaleab Asres, Wondwossen Ergete, Samual Woldekidan, Sileshi Degu, Abiy Abebe, Worku Gemechu, Derso Furgasa, Girma Seyoum","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1535597","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1535597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>L. sativum</i> L. (family Brassicaceae) is a versatile herbal medicine in Ethiopia. The seed extract is widely employed in traditional medicine, whilst the seed oil is used as edible oil. However, there are no available studies conducted on the safety of the fixed oil of <i>L. sativum</i> seed in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicity of the oil in Wistar albino rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Acute and subacute toxicity studies were conducted in Wistar albino rats. A single oral dose of <i>L</i>. <i>sativum</i> seed oil was administered, and the animals were followed for 14 days. The subacute oral dose toxicity study was conducted in rats of both sexes by repeated 28-day toxicity test as per OECD guidelines. Body weight was measured weekly, and observations of the animals were made regularly throughout the study period. Organ weight, histopathology, hematology, and clinical chemistry data were collected on the 29^th day. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means of the comparison groups and the results were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and significance was determined at the P-value of <0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, the LD₅₀ of the fixed oil of <i>L. sativum</i> was found to be 2818.32 mg/kg. According to the World Health Organization, the oil is classified as slightly hazardous at a single oral dose administration. In the subacute toxicity study, rats treated with the oil showed significant changes behavioral indices such as piloerection, lethargy, and tremor. In addition, gross pathology of organs, body weight, biochemical, and hematological parameters were deranged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of the present study demonstrated that the fixed oil of <i>L. sativum</i> has toxic effects. Therefore, it is highly essential to create awareness among the Ethiopian public who use the seeds for medicinal purposes and/or consume the oil as edible oil about the possible health hazards that they may pose.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1535597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11969224/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling marine microplastic emissions in Life Cycle Assessment: characterization factors for biodegradable polymers and their application in a textile case study.","authors":"Felicitas Pellengahr, Elena Corella-Puertas, Valérie Mattelin, Nadim Saadi, Francesca Bertella, Anne-Marie Boulay, Yvonne van der Meer","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1494220","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>With the continuous increase of plastics production, it is imperative to carefully examine their environmental profile through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). However, current LCA modeling is not considering the potential impacts of plastic emissions on the biosphere. To integrate plastic emissions into LCA, characterization factors are needed that commonly consist of three elements: a fate factor, an exposure factor, and an effect factor. In this context, fate factors quantify the distribution and longevity of plastics in the environment. Research on these fate factors is still limited, especially for biodegradable polymers. Hence, the main objective of this research was to determine the fate factors of biodegradable polymers [poly (lactic acid), poly (butylene succinate), and poly (ε-caprolactam)] based on primary experimental data for the marine environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The validity of former research is tested by comparing the degradation evolution of i. macro- and microplastic particles, ii. two different grades of the polymer, and iii. different temperature levels. The degradation data are obtained by monitoring the oxygen consumption over a period of six months in natural seawater. The determined degradation rates are combined with sedimentation, resuspension, and deep burial rates to obtain fate factors. These fate factors are used to develop polymer-specific characterization factors. The resulting characterization factors are tested in an LCA case study of a synthetic sports shirt made from biodegradable polymer fibers. It allows to assess the relative importance of microplastic impacts compared to other life cycle impacts.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Comparing the resulting specific surface degradation rates indicates that microplastic degradation rates could be overestimated when using macroplastic degradation data. Pertaining to the case study, the results show that the impact on ecosystem quality by microplastic emissions could account for up to 30% of the total endpoint category. Overall, this work aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration to leverage the accuracy of LCA studies and thus provide guidance for novel material development.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1494220"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11962433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Global excellence in toxicology: Asia, Australia and New Zealand.","authors":"Yongning Wu","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1584009","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1584009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1584009"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selection of the critical effect size alters hazard characterization - a retrospective analysis of key studies used for risk assessments of PFAS.","authors":"L Brunken, A Vieira Silva, M Öberg","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1525089","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1525089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulatory values for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) vary widely across agencies, creating inconsistencies that challenge effective risk management and public health communication. These differences often stem from methodological choices in determining points of departure (PoDs), the selection of critical effect size (CES) and the modeling framework for benchmark dose (BMD) analysis. This study investigates the impact of CES selection on hazard characterization by analyzing how variations in CES influence resulting PoDs and health-based guidance values. A retrospective analysis of key studies from four regulatory PFAS risk assessments was conducted, covering both animal and epidemiological data (thyroid hormone, cholesterol, and vaccine response). CES options compared included 5%, 10%, one standard deviation from background, and a generalized effect size theory, using both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. The findings show that CES selection and statistical approach substantially affect BMD estimates such as the lower bound BMD (BMDL) of the respective confidence interval or credible interval; with larger CES values and Bayesian modeling yielding more biologically relevant, stable results. For instance, Bayesian methods provided narrower credible intervals, compared to frequentist methods at lower CES levels, minimizing overly conservative assessments. However, in comparison to the PoD previously derived by the European Food Safety Authority the results generally suggest lower values. In conclusion, this study supports the use of a flexible, endpoint-specific CES with Bayesian model averaging, which may enhance the accuracy and consistency of PFAS guidance values, offering a more robust foundation for regulatory risk assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1525089"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11949891/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pesticides and public health: discussing risks in Brazilian agro-industrial growth.","authors":"Juliana E Perobelli","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1442801","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1442801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The benefits of pesticides in enhancing agricultural yields are widely accepted by the general public. However, it is essential to address the limitations of the current agricultural model to develop more sustainable practices that prioritize environmental and human health. Brazil, a major global agricultural player, ranks among the top five agro-food producers and exporters, making it one of the largest consumers of pesticides worldwide. Notably, approximately 30% of pesticides used in Brazil are banned in the European Union. Paradoxically, some of these banned agrochemicals re-enter Northern markets through imported agro-food products. Addressing the regulatory disparities between Northern and Southern countries necessitates global initiatives and research to better understand the real biological risks associated with pesticide exposure, particularly concerning reproductive health, endocrine disruption, and carcinogenesis-key targets of these chemicals. Since 2001, the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) has operated the \"Reports on Pesticide Residue Analysis in Food (RPRAF)\" program to evaluate pesticide residues in food samples collected across Brazil. Despite its limitations, the program has been crucial in identifying the chemical exposome related to Brazilian agro-foods, facilitating studies on relevant pesticides, their doses, routes, and exposure schedules, and enabling the development of pre-clinical studies based on real-life exposure scenarios. A thorough understanding of the main mechanism of toxicity is crucial for raising awareness about the health risks associated with pesticide exposure, fostering tailored health strategies and guiding informed regulatory policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1442801"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11947944/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143733455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of petrochemical exposure and epigenetic alterations on human health.","authors":"Selvaraj Jayaraman, Anupriya Eswaran, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Mohammed Fazal, Adham Al-Rahbi, Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1542871","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1542871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The petrochemical industry and automobiles contribute significantly to hazardous waste, which contains a broad array of organic and inorganic compounds posing serious health risks. Identifying biomarkers of exposure and creating predictive models for toxicity characterization necessitate a thorough understanding of the underlying epigenetic mechanisms. The development of disease is intricately linked to epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA (mi-RNA) regulation, which mediate gene-environment interactions. While previous studies have investigated these alterations as markers for petrochemical-induced changes, there is still a need for deeper exploration in this area, with particular emphasis on advanced gene-editing technologies. This review highlights the specific epigenetic processes, especially gene-specific DNA methylation changes, associated with prolonged petrochemical exposure. Notably, the demethylation of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1), Alu elements, and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), as well as hypermethylation of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and hypomethylation of interleukin-4 (IL-4) promoter regions, are discussed. These alterations in DNA methylation patterns serve as valuable biomarkers, potentially offering insights into early detection and personalized treatment options for diseases caused by long-term exposure to petrochemicals. Furthermore, CRISPR-based gene editing techniques, while underexplored, present a promising approach for correcting petrochemical-induced mutations. In addition, AI-driven radiomics holds promise for early disease detection, though it is currently limited by its lack of integration with multi-omics data. In conclusion, it is crucial to refine disease modelling, develop comprehensive risk assessment models, and innovate targeted therapeutic strategies. Future research should focus on enhancing exposure evaluation, incorporating computational tools to analyze molecular changes, and improving our understanding of how these modifications influence disease prevention and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1542871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11966425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143782179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Chemical contaminants in natural environments and human health implications.","authors":"Aina Olubukola Adeogun, Azubuike Victor Chukwuka, Beatrice Olutoyin Opeolu, Oju Ibor, Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1528372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2025.1528372","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1528372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11933789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of the T-dependent antibody response following oral exposure to selected polycyclic aromatic compounds in B6C3F1/N mice.","authors":"Victor J Johnson, Cynthia V Rider, Michael I Luster, Cynthia J Willson, Shawn Harris, Billie Stiffler, James Blake, Esra Mutlu, Veronica Godfrey, Brian Burback, Reshan Fernando, Suramya Waidyanatha, Gary R Burleson, Dori R Germolec","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1558639","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1558639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The ability of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), most notably benzo(<i>a</i>) pyrene [B(<i>a</i>)P], to suppress antibody responses in experimental animals is well documented. Very little information, however, is available on the immunotoxicity of related PACs despite their widespread presence in the environment. Additionally, there are several weaknesses in existing immunotoxicity databases for PACs in experimental animals, limiting their applicability in quantitative risk assessment. Careful characterization of strong positive and clear negative PACs is needed in order to lay the foundation for generating robust immunotoxicity data for structurally diverse PACs that have not yet been evaluated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the current study, adult B6C3F1/N female mice were treated daily for 28 consecutive days by oral administration of B(<i>a</i>)P to provide dose levels ranging between 2 and 150 mg/kg bodyweight/day. In addition, phenanthrene and pyrene, non-carcinogenic PACs, were tested at dose ranges between 12.5 and 800 mg/kg bodyweight/day and 3.1 and 200 mg/kg bodyweight/day, respectively. Immune assessments following PAC exposure included organ weights and immunopathology, hematology, quantification of immune cell types in the spleen, and T-dependent antibody response (TDAR) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Benzo(<i>a</i>)pyrene exposure resulted in significant decreases in lymphoid organ weights, immune cell populations in the spleen and TDAR. The most sensitive indicator for immunotoxicity from B(<i>a</i>)P treatment was suppression of antibody responses, where an ∼75% decrease occurred at a dose level of 9 mg/kg bodyweight/day and ∼32% decrease at the lowest tested dose of 2 mg/kg bodyweight/day. Antibody suppression was associated with significant immune cell loss in the spleen; however, it was clear that the suppression of the TDAR was more sensitive than cell loss indicating that cell function impairments were involved. Phenanthrene treatment also resulted in suppression of the antibody response but only at dose levels ≥50 mg/kg bodyweight/day without significant effects on other parameters, while pyrene showed no significant immune effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Suppression of the TDAR to SRBC immunization was the most sensitive immune endpoint being 33 times more sensitive than changes in liver weight, a commonly used outcome for risk assessment for PACs. Benzo(<i>a</i>)pyrene was the most potent PAC regarding suppression of humoral immunity whereas pyrene did not affect the immune responses tested. These studies lay the foundation for evaluating diverse PACs with a range of immunotoxicological potencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1558639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11922959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: Pesticide-related methemoglobinemia: Tebufenozide and indoxacarb poisoning.","authors":"Jieru Wang, Guangcai Yu, Tianzi Jian, Baotian Kan, Wei Li, Xiangdong Jian","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1557990","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1557990","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Methemoglobinemia can be inherited or acquired. Acquired forms are more common due to drugs or poisonous substances that oxidize hemoglobin, and pesticide-related cases are notably rare.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We report a 69-year-old woman who ingested 30 mL of tebufenozide and indoxacarb and was asymptomatic for 3 h; however, the patient was admitted to the hospital after 8 h, unconscious, with tachypnea, cyanosis, and 61.9% methemoglobin. The patient was administered methylene blue, mechanically ventilated, and hemoperfused. Subsequently, the patient recovered and was discharged with no discomfort and with normal laboratory test results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tebufenozide and indoxacarb may cause methemoglobinemia, leading to cyanosis, unconsciousness, and respiratory failure; therefore, they should be handled with care in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1557990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11903720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive overview of the toxicities of small-molecule cryoprotectants for carnivorous spermatozoa: foundation for computational cryobiotechnology.","authors":"Isaac Karimi, Layth Jasim Mohammad, A Suvitha, Zohreh Haidari, Helgi B Schiöth","doi":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1477822","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ftox.2025.1477822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The specific and non-specific toxicities of cryoprotective agents (CPAs) for semen or spermatozoa cryopreservation/vitrification (SC/SV) remain challenges to the success of assisted reproductive technologies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We searched for and integrated the physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of small-molecule CPAs as well as curated the information of all extenders reported for carnivores to provide a foundation for new research avenues and computational cryobiology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PubMed database was systematically searched for CPAs reported in SC/SV of carnivores from 1964 to 2024. The physicochemical features, ADMET parameters, toxicity classes, optimized structures, biological activities, thermodynamic equilibrium constants, and kinetic parameters were curated and assessed computationally.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-two relevant papers pertaining to CPAs used in SC/SV were found, and 11 CPAs were selected. Among the properties of CPAs, the molecular weight range (59-758 g/mol), melting point (-60°C to 236°C), XlogP3 (-4.5 to 12.9), topological polar surface area (TPSA; 20-160 Ų), Caco2 permeability (-0.62 to 1.55 log(P<i>app</i>) in 10^-6 cm/s), volume of distribution (-1.04 to 0.19 log L/kg), unbound fraction of a CPA in plasma (0.198-0.895), and <i>Tetrahymena pyriformis</i> toxicity (log µg/L; -2.230 to 0.285) are reported here. Glutathione, dimethyl formamide, methyl formamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as the P-glycoprotein substrates. Ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, methyl formamide, glycerol, and soybean lecithin showed Caco2 permeabilities in this order, whereas fructose, glutathione, glutamine, glucose, and citric acid were not Caco2-permeable. The CPAs were distributed in various compartments and could alter the physiological properties of both seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Low volume distributions of all CPAs except glucose indicate high water solubility or high protein binding because higher amounts of the CPAs remain in the seminal plasma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ADMET information of the CPAs and extenders in the bipartite compartments of seminal plasma and intracellular spaces of spermatozoa are very important for systematic definition and integration because the nature of the extenders and seminal plasma could alter the physiology of cryopreserved spermatozoa.</p>","PeriodicalId":73111,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in toxicology","volume":"7 ","pages":"1477822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11897285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143617887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}