Frontiers in parasitology最新文献

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> co-culture model of <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i>, and <i>Lactobacillus crispatus</i>: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis.","authors":"Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade Dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1523113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpara.2025.1523113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> is a flagellated protozoan causing trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection. It is associated with various complications, particularly in asymptomatic carriers. Another major cause of vaginitis is <i>Candida albicans</i>, a normal member of the vaginal microbiota, which causes vulvovaginal candidiasis when immune imbalances occur, leading to recurrent infections. Treatment-resistant strains of these pathogens pose a significant challenge. <i>Lactobacillus crispatus</i>, a dominant species in the vaginal microbiota, produces antimicrobial compounds that help protect the vaginal mucosa. This study establishes an <i>in vitro</i> co-culture of <i>T. vaginalis</i>, <i>C. albicans</i>, and <i>L. crispatus</i> to simulate the vaginal microenvironment at the site of infection. MRS medium was chosen for the co-culture, with initial cell densities determined as follows: <i>T. vaginalis</i> at 1.0 × 10⁶ trophozoites/mL (counted using a hemocytometer), 3.33 × 10⁴ CFU/mL for <i>C. albicans</i>, and either 5.53 × 10⁶ CFU/mL (for co-culture with the ATCC isolate) or 5.53 × 10⁷ CFU/mL (for co-culture with a fresh clinical isolate) for <i>L. crispatus</i>. The cell densities of <i>C. albicans</i> and <i>L. crispatus</i> were quantified as colony-forming units (CFU) on selective agar. The incubation period for co-culture, ensuring optimal growth of all microorganisms, was 24 hours. In co-culture, <i>L. crispatus</i> at both tested densities acidified the medium. The co-culture system demonstrated lower MIC values for metronidazole (50 µM in the ATCC isolate co-culture and 25 µM with the fresh clinical isolate) and lower MFC values for fluconazole (6.25 µM), compared to monocultures of <i>T. vaginalis</i> (100 µM) and <i>C. albicans</i> (12.50 µM). Furthermore, the triple co-culture increased the cytotoxicity to vaginal cell and erythrocytes for the ATCC isolate while significantly inhibited both biofilm formation and metabolic activity of <i>C. albicans</i> (by up to 92% and 90%, respectively), as well as its yeast-to-hyphae transition (by up to 70%). SEM analyses highlighted the morphological differences among <i>T. vaginalis</i>, <i>C. albicans</i>, and <i>L. crispatus</i>, including isolate-specific size variations in the protozoan. These findings suggest that this <i>in vitro</i> co-culture system is a valuable tool for evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of novel compounds against vaginitis pathogens and for studying interactions within the vaginal microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1523113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12034676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144025211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report: High burdens of air sac worms (<i>Diplotriaena</i> sp.) in three northern flickers (<i>Colaptes auratus)</i> and a pileated woodpecker (<i>Dryocopus pileatus</i>).","authors":"Alyssa R Freeman, Lyndon E Sullivan-Brugger, Bethany Groves, Nicki Rosenhagen, Kayla B Garrett, Michael J Yabsley","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1547153","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1547153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Diplotriaena</i> spp. are nematode parasites of the abdominal and thoracic air sacs of numerous avian species worldwide. <i>Dipoltriaena</i> infections are generally subclinical, but high worm burdens can lead to morbidity and mortality. In this case series, <i>Diplotriaena</i> were recovered from a pileated woodpecker (<i>Dryocopus pileatus</i>) in 2017 and three northern flickers (<i>Colaptes auratus</i>) in 2023 and 2024 from Washington, USA. All four presented to a wildlife rehabilitation center with either respiratory signs or trauma with varied severity. A large number of worms (>44 worms) were surgically removed from the pileated woodpecker. The bird improved and was subsequently released. All three northern flickers were humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis and worsening conditions. Nematodes from Cases 1 and 4 were identified as a <i>Diplotriaena</i> sp. but they did not match any described species. Ethanol-fixed worms were available from one flicker case for genetic characterization. Partial 18S rRNA sequences (888bp) from two worms from a flicker were identical and 98-98.5% similar to numerous <i>Diplotriaena obtusa</i> sequences. The sample <i>Diplotriaena</i> sp. grouped separately from the three closest matches in the GenBank database, <i>Diplotriaena anthreptis</i> and two clades of <i>Diplotriaena obtusa</i> and <i>Diplotriaena bargusinica.</i> The partial COI sequences (674bp) were identical to each other and ~80-85% similar to numerous Spiruromorpha representatives. Due to a lack of available samples in the GenBank database and incomplete morphological descriptions of the genus, identification to species was not possible. In summary, all four cases in this case series occurred in free-ranging birds in Washington state and represented unusually high burdens of <i>Diplotriaena</i> sp. We believe that the high worm burden contributed to trauma, respiratory pathology, and weight loss. Additional surveillance is needed to determine the prevalence and impact of this parasite on woodpecker populations and to more accurately identify the parasite species in these two species of woodpeckers.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1547153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11968718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: One Health approaches and modeling in parasitology in the climate change framework and possible supporting tools adopting GIS and remote sensing.","authors":"Tommaso Orusa, Annalisa Viani, Silvio G d'Alessio, Riccardo Orusa, Cyril Caminade","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1560799","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1560799","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1560799"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11962023/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trichocystatin-2 from <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>: role of N-terminal cysteines in aggregation, protease inhibition, and trichomonal cysteine protease-dependent cytotoxicity on HeLa cells.","authors":"Verónica Aranda-Chan, Montserrat Gutiérrez-Soto, Claudia Ivonne Flores-Pucheta, Octavio Montes-Flores, Rossana Arroyo, Jaime Ortega-López","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1512012","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1512012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral neglected sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Biomarkers and therapeutic targets, including specific trichomonad cysteine proteases (CPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, have been identified to diagnose and treat this disease. Trichocystatin 2 (TC-2) was previously identified as one of the three endogenous inhibitors of the parasite's cathepsin L-like CPs, including TvCP39, which is involved in <i>T. vaginalis</i> cytotoxicity and is a potential therapeutic target. TC-2 contains five cysteines, including four located in the N-terminal sequence. These cysteines may be responsible for the formation of multimers of the recombinant protein expressed in <i>E. coli</i>. To determine whether these cysteines are responsible for the formation of TC-2 multimers and the effect of the N-terminus on CP inhibition, a recombinant TC-2 mutant was expressed, purified, characterized, and compared with the recombinant wild-type TC-2 protein. <i>In silico</i> and experimental analyses revealed that wild-type and mutant TC-2 proteins presented similar results in terms of secondary and tertiary structure prediction and high thermal stability. However, compared with that of wild-type TC-2, multimer formation was significantly reduced in the mutant lacking the four N-terminal cysteines, leading to a significant reduction in papain inhibition but not in trichomonal CP activity. These results support the hypothesis that the four cysteines located in the N-terminal region are responsible for aggregation, and their deletion affected the interaction of TC-2 with papain without affecting its inhibitory activity on homologous target proteases that are crucial for <i>T. vaginalis</i> virulence. Our results provide essential data supporting the use of TC-2 as a potential therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1512012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11959277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the AiDx Assist device for automated detection of <i>Schistosoma</i> eggs in stool and urine samples in Nigeria.","authors":"Brice Meulah, Pytsje T Hoekstra, Samuel Popoola, Satyajith Jujjavarapu, Moses Aderogba, Joseph O Fadare, John A Omotayo, David Bell, Cornelis H Hokke, Lisette van Lieshout, Gleb Vdovine, Jan Carel Diehl, Temitope Agbana, Louise Makau-Barasa, Jacob Solomon","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1440299","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1440299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Schistosomiasis is a public health concern and there is a need for reliable field-compatible diagnostic methods in endemic settings. The AiDx Assist, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based automated microscope, has shown promising results for the detection of <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> eggs in urine. It has been further developed to detect <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> eggs in stool.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we evaluated the performance of the AiDx Assist for the detection of <i>S. mansoni</i> eggs in stool samples and further validated the performance of the AiDx Assist for the detection of <i>S. haematobium</i> eggs in urine samples. Additionally, the potential of the AiDx Assist for the detection of other helminths in stool samples was explored. In total, 405 participants from an area endemic for both <i>S. mansoni</i> and <i>S. haematobium</i> provided stool and urine samples which were subjected to AiDx Assist (semi- and fully automated), while conventional microscopy was used as the diagnostic reference.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only samples with complete test results were included in the final analysis, resulting in 375 stool and 398 urine samples, of which 38.4% and 65.3% showed <i>Schistosoma</i> eggs by conventional microscopy. The collected images of the stool samples were retrospectively examined for other helminth eggs via manual analysis. For the detection of S. mansoni eggs, the sensitivity of the semi-automated AiDx Assist (86.8%) was significantly higher compared to the fully automated AiDx Assist (56.9%) while the specificity was comparable, with 81.4% and 86.8%, respectively. Retrospectively, eggs of <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> and <i>Trichuris trichiura</i> were visualized. For the examination of urine samples, a comparable sensitivity in the detection of <i>S. haematobium</i> eggs was found between the semi-and the fully automated modes of the AiDx Assist, showing 94.6% and 91.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the specificity was comparable, with 90.6%and 91.3% respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The AiDx Assist met the World Health Organization Target Product Profile criteria in terms of diagnostic accuracy for the detection of <i>S. haematobium</i> eggs in urine samples and performed modestly in the detection of <i>S. mansoni</i> eggs in stool samples. With some further improvements, it has the potential to become a valuable diagnostic tool for screening multiple helminth parasites in stool and urine samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1440299"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11955702/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> in La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines: a One Health approach.","authors":"Jannette Depay Awisan, Pilarita Tongol Rivera, Jose Ma Moncada Angeles","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1557608","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1557608","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Cryptosporidium</i> species are zoonotic protozoa responsible for cryptosporidiosis, a serious public health concern for humans and animals. These protozoa are recognized for their capacity to infect various hosts, resulting in outbreaks that can cause significant health and economic consequences. The One Health approach considers human, animal, and environmental health interconnectedness and is vital in understanding and controlling the spread of such zoonotic diseases. This study adopts this approach to evaluate the prevalence of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> in humans, companion animals, livestock, and environmental water sources in La Trinidad, Benguet.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from September 2020 to January 2022, adhering to research ethical standards approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and following COVID-19 safety protocols such as social distancing, use of PPE, and regular sanitation of equipment and facilities. Stratified random sampling resulted in 314 participating households, which provided fecal samples from humans (up to two members), companion animals, and livestock. Samples were analyzed using microscopy (Sugar Flotation Technique, Formalin Ether Concentration Technique, and Kinyoun staining) and molecular methods, with genomic DNA extracted and nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Water samples from 19 community sites underwent filtration and nested PCR analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 493 human, 363 animal, and 19 water samples analyzed, microscopic analysis revealed that 151 samples tested positive for <i>Cryptosporidium</i> oocysts, and molecular confirmation identified 135 (15.77%) as <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i>. Livestock exhibited the highest prevalence (37.27%), followed by companion animals (18.58%) and humans (9.33%), indicating significant zoonotic transmission risks and highlighting the need for improved biosecurity measures. All water samples were negative.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The high burden of <i>Cryptosporidium</i> in livestock presents significant risks for zoonotic transmission and reflects major shortcomings in biosecurity and sanitation. In contrast, the low human prevalence of COVID-19 suggests that enhancing hygiene practices combined with social restraint may help control infectious events. Further research is required to confirm this relationship. These results highlight the need for targeted public health interventions to reduce transmission risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1557608"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11949896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of the elusive protein backbone of the immuno-dominant and species-specific Em2(G11) metacestode antigen of <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>.","authors":"Philipp A Kronenberg, Teivi Laurimäe, Michael Reinehr, Ansgar Deibel, Sina Hasler, Peter Gehrig, Achim Weber, Peter Deplazes, Ramon M Eichenberger","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1540215","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1540215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by <i>Echinococcus multilocularis</i>, is a severe zoonotic disease in humans. One of the major metacestode antigens of <i>E. multilocularis</i> is the Em2 or Em2(G11) native purified antigen. The Em2 antigen is used for the serological and histopathological diagnosis of AE in humans and plays an important role in parasite-host interactions. As the Em2(G11) antigen is a mucin-type and glycosylated protein, the protein backbone has not been identified yet. We have targeted the protein backbone identification through mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the Em2(G11) antigen. As a result, we evidenced that the Em2(G11) antigen consists of 33 unique protein candidates of which the most abundant was ''EmuJ_001105600.1''. This protein (889 amino acids) had 427 predicted glycosylation sites. Amino acid composition comparison was in agreement with earlier studies and further confirmed the candidate of interest as the most likely Em2(G11) protein backbone. NCBI BLAST revealed no other known protein homologues in related <i>Echinococcus</i> species nor helminths. After successfully producing this protein recombinantly (Em2rec), a monoclonal antibody (mAbEm2rec) was raised against it. Immunohistochemical stainings of liver tissue sections of AE patients showed that the mAbEm2rec reacts specifically with <i>E. multilocularis</i> antigens solely after deglycosylation with an <i>O</i>-glycosidase cocktail. Similarly, in ELISA, the mAbEm2rec recognized the recombinant and native antigens of <i>E. multilocularis</i> after deglycosylation. These results reveal the nature of this highly glycosylated and specific protein, where mucins are covering the proteomic backbone. For antibody detection in human patients, the native Em2(G11) antigen was superior compared to the Em2rec antigen, indicating the importance of glycosylated epitopes in this immuno-dominant antigen. Of note is the second most abundant protein in the Em2(G11) antigen, namely phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EmuJ_000292700.1). PEPCK is known to play an important part in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis in <i>E. multilocularis</i>. However, whether this co-eluted protein has any functional importance in the parasite-host interplay of nutrients, growth, and diagnostic significance, is not explored. By combining various approaches, we were able to uncover and confirm the protein backbone of the diagnostic Em2(G11) antigen of <i>E. multilocularis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1540215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11935348/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global impact of parasitic infections and the importance of parasite control.","authors":"Ronald Kaminsky, Pascal Mäser","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1546195","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1546195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasites have a severe impact on animal and human health. Parasites like worms, ticks, mites, fleas, biting flies, mosquitoes, and pathogenic protozoa affect humans and their pets as well as their livestock globally, both in terms of severity and numbers. Parasitic infections are a global phenomenon, and they can be associated with severe or mild symptoms but represent a continuous risk of severe diseases for animals and humans. Therefore, effective treatment options and the prevention of infection are key for the wellbeing of pets, livestock, and humans, including the reduction of zoonotic risk of infection. The effective control of parasites in animals can greatly improve their quality of life and is also beneficial for humans; this is threatened by drug-resistant parasite populations. Today's key areas for improvement of parasite control are as follows: a) convenience of prevention and treatment, b) effectiveness against drug-resistant parasites, c) availability and reduced costs of treatment, and d) control measurements that are environmentally friendly.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1546195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TvLEGU-1 and TvLEGU-2 biomarkers for trichomoniasis are legumain-like cysteine peptidases secreted <i>in vitro</i> in a time-dependent manner.","authors":"Esly Alejandra Euceda-Padilla, Miriam Guadalupe Mateo-Cruz, Jaime Ortega-López, Rossana Arroyo","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1546468","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1546468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most prevalent neglected parasitic sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Cysteine peptidases (CPs) are the most abundant proteins in the parasite degradome. Some CPs are virulence factors involved in trichomonal pathogenesis, cytoadherence, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity. Few are immunogenic and are found in the vaginal secretions of patients with trichomoniasis. Legumains are CPs of the C13 family of clan CD. <i>T. vaginalis</i> has 10 genes encoding legumain-like peptidases, and TvLEGU-1 and TvLEGU-2 have been characterized. Both are immunogenic and found in the vaginal secretions of patients with trichomoniasis that could be considered as potential biomarkers. Thus, our goal was to evaluate the effects of glucose on the proteolytic activity and secretion processes of TvLEGU-1 and TvLEGU-2. We performed <i>in vitro</i> secretion assays using different glucose concentrations, examined the presence and proteolytic activity of secreted legumains by Western blot and spectrofluorometry assays, and analyzed the localization of TvLEGU-1 and TvLEGU-2 in the parasites by indirect immunofluorescence. Our results show that TvLEGU-1 and TvLEGU-2 were secreted <i>in vitro</i> in a time-dependent manner and had legumain-like proteolytic activity that could contribute to parasite pathogenesis, supporting their relevance during infection and potential as trichomoniasis biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1546468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11920906/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143665468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-human primates as indicators of Kinetoplastida diversity in an urban environment in Midwest Brazil.","authors":"Oscar Fernandes Júnior, Ana Maria Jansen, Gabriel Carvalho de Macedo, Wesley Arruda Gimenes Nantes, Filipe Martins Santos, Nayara Yoshie Sano, Wanessa Teixeira Gomes Barreto, William Oliveira de Assis, Sany Caroline Liberal, Samanta Cristina das Chagas Xavier, Fernanda Moreira Alves, Maria Augusta Dario, Carina Elisei de Oliveira, André Luiz Rodrigues Roque, Heitor Miraglia Herrera","doi":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1547701","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fpara.2025.1547701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Trypanosomatids are parasites widely distributed in nature, parasitizing several host species in single or co-infections. Campo Grande (CG), capital of Mato Grosso do Sul State, is characterized by several green areas and forest fragments where wild mammals have been reported infected by diverse trypanosomatid species. In this study, we evaluated the parasitism by trypanosomatids in the non-human primates (NHP) Sapajus cay and <i>Alouatta caraya</i> sampled in three different areas of CG.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>For the detection of infections and identification of trypanosomatid species, we made hemoculture, blood smears, molecular and serological tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We detected trypanosomatids in 37/55 (67.3%) of sampled animals, all by the molecular test. DNA sequencing analyzes were performed on 32 samples, resulting in the following species identification: <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, <i>T. minasense</i>, <i>T. rangeli</i>, <i>Leishmania (L.)</i> infantum and <i>L. (L.) amazonensis</i> (species already recorded in primates in Latin America), and for the first time <i>T. lainsoni</i>, a parasite related to small mammals, and <i>Trypanosoma</i> sp. DID, originally reported in marsupials <i>Didelphis</i> sp.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The detection of trypanosomatids of public health importance as <i>L. infantum</i>, <i>L. amazonensis</i> and <i>T. cruzi</i> (genotypes TcI, TcII/TcVI and TcIV) indicates the enzootic character of these species in the studied area. Also, the presence of <i>T. cruzi</i> TcIV and <i>T. minasense</i> in the conservation area supports previous studies that these parasites would be associated with the arboreal stratum. We conclude that (i) the NHP at CG participate in a complex reservoir system for parasites of great importance for Public Health in the studied area, such as <i>L. infantum</i>, <i>L. amazonensis</i> and <i>T. cruzi</i>, and (ii) there is a great diversity of trypanosomatids circulating in the urban area of this city located in the Brazilian Midwest.</p>","PeriodicalId":73098,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in parasitology","volume":"4 ","pages":"1547701"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11873808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}