Frontiers in fungal biology最新文献

{"title":"Fluconazole-resistant <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>: A new emerging threat in the fungi arena.","authors":"Pilar Escribano,&nbsp;Jesús Guinea","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1010782","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1010782","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Candida parapsilosis</i> is a leading cause of invasive candidiasis in southern Europe, Latin America and Asia. <i>C. parapsilosis</i> has been mostly considered susceptible to triazoles, but fluconazole resistance is on the rise in some countries. The main mechanism related to fluconazole resistance is the presence of ERG11p substitutions, dominated by the Y132F amino acid substitution. Isolates harbouring this substitution mimic <i>C. auris</i> given that they may cause hospital outbreaks, become endemic, and emerge simultaneously in distant areas around the world. At the moment, Spain is experiencing a brusque emergence of fluconazole resistance in <i>C. parapsilosis</i>; isolates harbouring the Y132F substitution were detected for the first time in 2019. A recent study on <i>Candida</i> spp isolates from blood cultures collected in 16 hospitals located in the Madrid metropolitan area (2019 to 2021) reported that fluconazole resistance in <i>C. parapsilosis</i> reached as high as 13.6%. Resistance rates rose significantly during those three years: 3.8% in 2019, 5.7% in 2020, and 29.1% in 2021; resistant isolates harboured either the dominant Y132F substitution (a single clone found in four hospitals) or G458S (another clone found in a fifth hospital). The COVID-19 pandemic may have increased the number of candidaemia cases. The reason for such an increase might be a consequence of uncontrolled intra-hospital patient-to-patient transmission in some hospitals, as an increase not only in <i>C. parapsilosis</i> candidaemia episodes but also in the spread of clonal fluconazole-resistant isolates might have occurred in other hospitals during the pandemic period. Patients affected with fluconazole-resistant <i>C. parapsilosis</i> harbouring the Y132F substitution presented a mortality rate ranging from 9% to 78%, were mainly admitted to intensive care wards but did not have differential risk factors compared to those infected by susceptible isolates. With scarce exceptions, few patients (≤20%) infected with fluconazole-resistant isolates had previously received fluconazole, thus supporting the fact that, although fluconazole might have been a key factor to promote resistance, the main driver promoting the spread of fluconazole-resistant isolates was patient-to-patient transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"1010782"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41166982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan and nematophagous fungi for sustainable management of nematode pests.","authors":"Raquel Lopez-Nuñez,&nbsp;Marta Suarez-Fernandez,&nbsp;Federico Lopez-Moya,&nbsp;Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.980341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2022.980341","url":null,"abstract":"Plants are exposed to large number of threats caused by herbivores and pathogens which cause important losses on crops. Plant pathogens such as nematodes can cause severe damage and losses in food security crops worldwide. Chemical pesticides were extendedly used for nematode management. However, due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment, they are now facing strong limitations by regulatory organisations such as EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative and efficient control measures, such as biological control agents or bio-based plant protection compounds. In this scenario, chitosan, a non-toxic polymer obtained from seafood waste mainly, is becoming increasingly important. Chitosan is the N-deacetylated form of chitin. Chitosan is effective in the control of plant pests and diseases. It also induces plants defence mechanisms. Chitosan is also compatible with some biocontrol microorganisms mainly entomopathogenic and nematophagous fungi. Some of them are antagonists of nematode pests of plants and animals. The nematophagous biocontrol fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia has been widely studied for sustainable management of nematodes affecting economically important crops and for its capability to grow with chitosan as only nutrient source. This fungus infects nematode eggs using hyphal tips and appressoria. Pochonia chlamydosporia also colonizes plant roots endophytically, stimulating plant defences by induction of salicylic and jasmonic acid biosynthesis and favours plant growth and development. Therefore, the combined use of chitosan and nematophagous fungi could be a novel strategy for the biological control of nematodes and other root pathogens of food security crops.","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"980341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41164598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symbiotic and toxinogenic <i>Rhizopus</i> spp. isolated from soils of different papaya producing regions in Mexico.","authors":"José Francisco Cabrera-Rangel,&nbsp;Judit Valeria Mendoza-Servín,&nbsp;Gonzalo Córdova-López,&nbsp;Raúl Alcalde-Vázquez,&nbsp;Raymundo Saúl García-Estrada,&nbsp;Robert Winkler,&nbsp;Laila P Partida-Martínez","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.893700","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.893700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mucoralean fungi from the genus <i>Rhizopus</i> are common inhabitants of terrestrial ecosystems, being some pathogens of animals and plants. In this study, we analyzed the symbiotic and toxinogenic potential of <i>Rhizopus</i> species derived from agricultural soils dedicated to the production of papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i> L.) in Mexico. Four representative strains of soil-derived <i>Rhizopus</i> spp. were analyzed employing molecular, microscopic, and metabolic methods. The ITS phylogenies identified the fungi as <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i> HP499, <i>Rhizopus delemar</i> HP475 and HP479, and <i>Rhizopus homothallicus</i> HP487. We discovered that <i>R. microsporus</i> HP499 and <i>R. delemar</i> HP475 harbor similar endofungal bacterial symbionts that belong to the genus <i>Mycetohabitans</i> (<i>Burkholderia</i> sensu lato) and that none of the four fungi were associated with <i>Narnavirus</i> RmNV-20S and RmNV-23S. Intriguingly, the interaction between <i>R. delemar</i> - <i>Mycetohabitans</i> showed different phenotypes from known <i>R. microsporus</i> - <i>Mycetohabitans</i> symbioses. Elimination of bacteria in <i>R. delemar</i> HP475 did not cause a detrimental effect on fungal growth or asexual reproduction. Moreover, metabolic and molecular analyses confirmed that, unlike symbiotic <i>R. microsporus</i> HP499, <i>R. delemar</i> HP475 does not produce rhizoxin, one of the best-characterized toxins produced by <i>Mycetohabitans</i> spp. The rhizoxin (<i>rhi</i>) biosynthetic gene cluster seems absent in this symbiotic bacterium. Our study highlights that the symbioses between <i>Rhizopus</i> and <i>Mycetohabitans</i> are more diverse than anticipated. Our findings contribute to expanding our understanding of the role bacterial symbionts have in the pathogenicity, biology and evolution of Mucorales.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"893700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41172140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity and temporal distribution of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>vasinfectum</i> races and genotypes as influenced by <i>Gossypium</i> cultivar.","authors":"David R Dyer,&nbsp;Molli Newman,&nbsp;Kathy S Lawrence","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1022761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2022.1022761","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assess the population diversity and temporal variability of caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>vasinfectum</i> (FOV) races/genotypes infecting cotton cultivars with either FOV or <i>Meloidogyne incognita</i> resistance. All plants sampled demonstrated typical symptoms of FOV including wilting, chlorosis and necrosis of the leaves, and discoloration of the vascular tissue in the stem. A diverse population of FOV was characterized. Eight races/genotypes of FOV were collected throughout the three site years. FOV race 1 was the most predominant in all tests (AUDPC=101.1); statistically higher numbers of isolates from LA-108 (AUDPC=59.9), race 8 (AUDPC=47.5), and race 2 (AUDPC=38.6) were also found compared to other races and genotypes collected. FOV race 1, race 2, race 8, and 108 were the most virulent races identified. The genotypes MDS-12, LA-110, and LA-127/140 were found in all tests but at a low incidence, and LA-112 was only found in trace amounts. MDS-12, LA-110, LA-112, and LA-127/140 produced less disease pressure. FOV race 4 which is highly virulent and present in California and Texas was not found in Alabama. A positive correlation was observed between the accumulation of growing degree days and FOV race 1, race 2, race 8, LA-108, and LA-110. Later symptom expression influenced by seasonal heat partially mitigates damage allowing cotton to produce bolls though they may be reduced in number and lint quality. Plant resistance to the FOV as expressed in these cultivars appears to provide better protection than <i>M. incognita</i> resistance. PhytoGen 72, which is resistant to FOV races/genotypes had low levels of FOV infection even though it sustained a high level of <i>M. incognita</i> root population density. The <i>M. incognita</i> resistant cultivars Deltapine 1558NR B2RF and PhytoGen 480 W3FE supported a lower nematode population density, however, FOV disease incidence was not reduced. FOV races/genotypes did not vary significantly between the nematode resistant and nematode susceptible cultivars.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"1022761"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512365/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41174179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tetracycline-controlled (TetON) gene expression system for the smut fungus <i>Ustilago maydis</i>.","authors":"Kishor D Ingole,&nbsp;Nithya Nagarajan,&nbsp;Simon Uhse,&nbsp;Caterina Giannini,&nbsp;Armin Djamei","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1029114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2022.1029114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Ustilago maydis</i> is a biotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes corn smut disease. As a well-established model system, <i>U. maydis</i> is genetically fully accessible with large omics datasets available and subject to various biological questions ranging from DNA-repair, RNA-transport, and protein secretion to disease biology. For many genetic approaches, tight control of transgene regulation is important. Here we established an optimised version of the Tetracycline-ON (TetON) system for <i>U. maydis</i>. We demonstrate the Tetracycline concentration-dependent expression of fluorescent protein transgenes and the system's suitability for the induced expression of the toxic protein <i>BCL2 Associated X-1 (Bax1)</i>. The Golden Gate compatible vector system contains a native minimal promoter from the <i>mating factor a-1</i> encoding gene, <i>mfa</i> with ten copies of the tet-regulated operator (tetO) and a codon optimised Tet-repressor (tetR*) which is translationally fused to the native transcriptional corepressor Mql1 (UMAG_05501). The metabolism-independent transcriptional regulator system is functional both, in liquid culture as well as on solid media in the presence of the inducer and can become a useful tool for toxin-antitoxin studies, identification of antifungal proteins, and to study functions of toxic gene products in <i>Ustilago maydis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"1029114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512375/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41167318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ancestral sequence reconstruction as a tool to study the evolution of wood decaying fungi.","authors":"Iván Ayuso-Fernández,&nbsp;Gonzalo Molpeceres,&nbsp;Susana Camarero,&nbsp;Francisco Javier Ruiz-Dueñas,&nbsp;Angel T Martínez","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1003489","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1003489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of evolution is limited by the techniques available to do so. Aside from the use of the fossil record, molecular phylogenetics can provide a detailed characterization of evolutionary histories using genes, genomes and proteins. However, these tools provide scarce biochemical information of the organisms and systems of interest and are therefore very limited when they come to explain protein evolution. In the past decade, this limitation has been overcome by the development of ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) methods. ASR allows the subsequent resurrection in the laboratory of inferred proteins from now extinct organisms, becoming an outstanding tool to study enzyme evolution. Here we review the recent advances in ASR methods and their application to study fungal evolution, with special focus on wood-decay fungi as essential organisms in the global carbon cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"1003489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41170937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycovirus-encoded suppressors of RNA silencing: Possible allies or enemies in the use of RNAi to control fungal disease in crops.","authors":"Lorena Rodriguez Coy,&nbsp;Kim M Plummer,&nbsp;Mahmoud E Khalifa,&nbsp;Robin M MacDiarmid","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.965781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2022.965781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plants, fungi, and many other eukaryotes have evolved an RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism that is key for regulating gene expression and the control of pathogens. RNAi inhibits gene expression, in a sequence-specific manner, by recognizing and deploying cognate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) either from endogenous sources (e.g. pre-micro RNAs) or exogenous origin (e.g. viruses, dsRNA, or small interfering RNAs, siRNAs). Recent studies have demonstrated that fungal pathogens can transfer siRNAs into plant cells to suppress host immunity and aid infection, in a mechanism termed cross-kingdom RNAi. New technologies, based on RNAi are being developed for crop protection against insect pests, viruses, and more recently against fungal pathogens. One example, is host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), which is a mechanism whereby transgenic plants are modified to produce siRNAs or dsRNAs targeting key transcripts of plants, or their pathogens or pests. An alternative gene regulation strategy that also co-opts the silencing machinery is spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), in which dsRNAs or single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) are applied to target genes within a pathogen or pest. Fungi also use their RNA silencing machinery against mycoviruses (fungal viruses) and mycoviruses can deploy virus-encoded suppressors of RNAi (myco-VSRs) as a counter-defence. We propose that myco-VSRs may impact new dsRNA-based management methods, resulting in unintended outcomes, including suppression of management by HIGS or SIGS. Despite a large diversity of mycoviruses being discovered using high throughput sequencing, their biology is poorly understood. In particular, the prevalence of mycoviruses and the cellular effect of their encoded VSRs are under-appreciated when considering the deployment of HIGS and SIGS strategies. This review focuses on mycoviruses, their VSR activities in fungi, and the implications for control of pathogenic fungi using RNAi.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"965781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41164599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal species associated with grapevine trunk diseases in Washington wine grapes and California table grapes, with novelties in the genera <i>Cadophora</i>, <i>Cytospora</i>, and <i>Sporocadus</i>.","authors":"Renaud Travadon, Daniel P Lawrence, Michelle M Moyer, Phillip T Fujiyoshi, Kendra Baumgartner","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1018140","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.1018140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grapevine trunk diseases cause serious economic losses to grape growers worldwide. The identification of the causal fungi is critical to implementing appropriate management strategies. Through a culture-based approach, we identified the fungal species composition associated with symptomatic grapevines from wine grapes in southeastern Washington and table grapes in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California, two regions with contrasting winter climates. Species were confirmed through molecular identification, sequencing two to six gene regions per isolate. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses were used to identify novel species. We identified 36 species from 112 isolates, with a combination of species that are new to science, are known causal fungi of grapevine trunk diseases, or are known causal fungi of diseases of other woody plants. The novel species <i>Cadophora columbiana</i>, <i>Cytospora macropycnidia</i>, <i>Cytospora yakimana</i>, and <i>Sporocadus incarnatus</i> are formally described and introduced, six species are newly reported from North America, and grape is reported as a new host for three species. Six species were shared between the two regions: <i>Cytospora viticola</i>, <i>Diatrype stigma</i>, <i>Diplodia seriata</i>, <i>Kalmusia variispora</i>, <i>Phaeoacremonium minimum</i>, and <i>Phaeomoniella chlamydospora</i>. Dominating the fungal community in Washington wine grape vineyards were species in the fungal families Diatrypaceae, Cytosporaceae and Sporocadaceae, whereas in California table grape vineyards, the dominant species were in the families Diatrypaceae, Togniniaceae, Phaeomoniellaceae and Hymenochaetaceae. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that 10 isolates caused wood discoloration similar to symptomatic wood from which they were originally isolated. Growth rates at temperatures from 5 to 35°C of 10 isolates per region, suggest that adaptation to local climate might explain their distribution.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"1018140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41170987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome mining as a biotechnological tool for the discovery of novel biosynthetic genes in lichens.","authors":"Garima Singh,&nbsp;Francesco Dal Grande,&nbsp;Imke Schmitt","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.993171","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.993171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural products (NPs) and their derivatives are a major contributor to modern medicine. Historically, microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi have been instrumental in generating drugs and lead compounds because of the ease of culturing and genetically manipulating them. However, the ever-increasing demand for novel drugs highlights the need to bioprospect previously unexplored taxa for their biosynthetic potential. Next-generation sequencing technologies have expanded the range of organisms that can be explored for their biosynthetic content, as these technologies can provide a glimpse of an organism's entire biosynthetic landscape, without the need for cultivation. The entirety of biosynthetic genes can be compared to the genes of known function to identify the gene clusters potentially coding for novel products. In this study, we mine the genomes of nine lichen-forming fungal species of the genus <i>Umbilicaria</i> for biosynthetic genes, and categorize the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) as \"associated product structurally known\" or \"associated product putatively novel\". Although lichen-forming fungi have been suggested to be a rich source of NPs, it is not known how their biosynthetic diversity compares to that of bacteria and non-lichenized fungi. We found that 25%-30% of biosynthetic genes are divergent as compared to the global database of BGCs, which comprises 1,200,000 characterized biosynthetic genes from plants, bacteria, and fungi. Out of 217 BGCs, 43 were highly divergant suggesting that they potentially encode structurally and functionally novel NPs. Clusters encoding the putatively novel metabolic diversity comprise polyketide synthases (30), non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (12), and terpenes (1). Our study emphasizes the utility of genomic data in bioprospecting microorganisms for their biosynthetic potential and in advancing the industrial application of unexplored taxa. We highlight the untapped structural metabolic diversity encoded in the lichenized fungal genomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation identifying genes coding for NPs with potentially novel properties in lichenized fungi.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"993171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41173666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the intracellular primary metabolic profile of <i>Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger</i> grown on different carbon sources.","authors":"Gustavo Pagotto Borin, Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira","doi":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.998361","DOIUrl":"10.3389/ffunb.2022.998361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Trichoderma reesei</i> and <i>Aspergillus niger</i> are efficient biological platforms for the production of various industrial products, including cellulases and organic acids. Nevertheless, despite the extensive research on these fungi, integrated analyses of omics-driven approaches are still missing. In this study, the intracellular metabolic profile of <i>T. reesei</i> RUT-C30 and <i>A. niger</i> N402 strains grown on glucose, lactose, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse (SEB) as carbon sources for 48 h was analysed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The aim was to verify the changes in the primary metabolism triggered by these substrates and use transcriptomics data from the literature to better understand the dynamics of the observed alterations. Glucose and CMC induced higher fungal growth whereas fungi grown on lactose showed the lowest dry weight. Metabolic profile analysis revealed that mannitol, trehalose, glutamate, glutamine, and alanine were the most abundant metabolites in both fungi regardless of the carbon source. These metabolites are of particular interest for the mobilization of carbon and nitrogen, and stress tolerance inside the cell. Their concomitant presence indicates conserved mechanisms adopted by both fungi to assimilate carbon sources of different levels of recalcitrance. Moreover, the higher levels of galactose intermediates in <i>T. reesei</i> suggest its better adaptation in lactose, whereas glycolate and malate in CMC might indicate activation of the glyoxylate shunt. Glycerol and 4-aminobutyrate accumulated in <i>A. niger</i> grown on CMC and lactose, suggesting their relevant role in these carbon sources. In SEB, a lower quantity and diversity of metabolites were identified compared to the other carbon sources, and the metabolic changes and higher xylanase and pNPGase activities indicated a better utilization of bagasse by <i>A. niger</i>. Transcriptomic analysis supported the observed metabolic changes and pathways identified in this work. Taken together, we have advanced the knowledge about how fungal primary metabolism is affected by different carbon sources, and have drawn attention to metabolites still unexplored. These findings might ultimately be considered for developing more robust and efficient microbial factories.</p>","PeriodicalId":73084,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in fungal biology","volume":"3 ","pages":"998361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10512294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41166981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}