James Hugh Campbell , Xiaoqing Dang , Tania Rodríguez-Ramos , Yamila Carpio , Mario P. Estrada , Brian Dixon
{"title":"The effect of PACAP administration on LPS-induced cytokine expression in the Atlantic salmon SHK-1 cell line.","authors":"James Hugh Campbell , Xiaoqing Dang , Tania Rodríguez-Ramos , Yamila Carpio , Mario P. Estrada , Brian Dixon","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent work has identified pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) as a potential antimicrobial and immune stimulating agent which may be suitable for use in aquaculture. However, its effects on teleost immunity are not well studied and may be significantly different than what has been observed in mammals. In this study we examined the effects of PACAP on the Atlantic salmon macrophage cell line SHK-1. PACAP was able to increase the expression of LPS-induced il-1β in at concentrations of 1 uM when administered 24h prior to LPS stimulation. Furthermore, concentrations as low as 40nM had an effect when administered both 24h prior and in tandem with LPS. PACAP was also capable of increasing the expression of il-1β and tnf-α in SHK-1 cells challenged with a low dose of heat-killed <em>Flavobacterium columnare</em>. We attempted to get a better understanding of the mechanism underlying this enhancement of il-1β expression by manipulating downstream signaling of PACAP with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase and phospholipase C activity. We found that inducing cAMP accumulation with phosphodiesterase inhibitors failed to recapitulate the effect of PACAP administration on LPS-mediated il-1β expression by PACAP, while use of a phospholipase C inhibitor caused a PACAP-like enhancement in LPS-mediated il-1β expression. Interestingly, the VPAC1 receptor inhibitor PG97-269, but not the PAC1 inhibitor max.d.4, also was capable of causing a PACAP-like enhancement in LPS-mediated il-1β expression. This suggests that fish do not utilize the PACAP receptors in the same manner as mammals, but that it still exerts an immunostimulatory effect that make it a good immunostimulant for use in aquaculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f8/da/main.PMC10518582.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41164773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identification and functional characterization of Interleukin-11 in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)","authors":"Moussa Gouife , Songwei Zhu , Kejing Huang , Mateen Nawaz , Xinyuan Yue , Rongrong Ma , Jianhu Jiang , Suming Zhou , Jiasong Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a versatile cytokine that modulates cellular differentiation and proliferation in various cell types and tissues. In this study, IL-11 gene from goldfish (<em>Carassius auratus</em> L.) has been identified and characterized. Goldfish IL-11 (gfIL-11) has an open reading frame (ORF) that spans 591 base pairs (bp). The ORF encodes a precursor protein consisting of 196 amino acids (aa), which includes a 26 aa signal peptide and a conserved domain belonging to the IL-11 superfamily. Based on phylogenetic analysis, gfIL-11 was found to be closely related to other IL-11 homologues identified in various fish species. The gfIL-11 transcript exhibited varied expression levels across all the analyzed tissues, with the highest expression observed in the gill and spleen. Treatment of goldfish head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) with LPS and live <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em>, increased gfIL-11 mRNA expression level. Recombinant gfIL-11 protein (rgIL-11) induced a dose-dependent production of TNF-α and IFNγ from goldfish HKLs. Furthermore, the administration of rgIL-11 to goldfish HKLs triggered an increase in the expression of various transcription factors such as MafB, cJun, GATA2, and Egr1, which play a vital role in the differentiation of myeloid precursors into macrophages and monocytes. Our findings provide evidence that IL-11 is a crucial cytokine that promotes cell proliferation, immune response, and differentiation across various hematopoietic lineages and stages of goldfish.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49776057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhongyan Wang , Yueling Zhang , Jude Juventus Aweya , Zhongyang Lin , Defu Yao , Zhihong Zheng
{"title":"The histidine phosphatase LHPP of Penaeus vannamei is involved in shrimp hemocytes apoptosis","authors":"Zhongyan Wang , Yueling Zhang , Jude Juventus Aweya , Zhongyang Lin , Defu Yao , Zhihong Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>LHPP (Phospholysine Phosphohistidine Inorganic Pyrophosphate Phosphatase) is a protein histidine phosphatase that modulates a hidden posttranslational modification called histidine phosphorylation. LHPP also acts as a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in various cellular processes. However, whether LHPP participates in the regulation of invertebrate's immunity is still unknown. Here we characterized a LHPP homolog in <em>P. vannamei</em> (designated <em>Pv</em>LHPP), with a 807 bp length of open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 268 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that <em>Pv</em>LHPP contains a typical hydrolase 6 and hydrolase-like domain, which was conserved from invertebrate to vertebrate. <em>Pv</em>LHPP was ubiquitously expressed in tissues and induced in hemocyte and hepatopancreas by <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Streptococcus iniae</em> and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, indicating that <em>Pv</em>LHPP participated in the immune responses. Moreover, silencing of <em>Pv</em>LHPP followed by <em>V. parahaemolyticus</em> inhibited hemocyte apoptosis. This study enriches our current insight on shrimp immunity, and provides novel perspective to understand immune-regulatory role of <em>Pv</em>LHPP.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49866173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maolin Lv , Jingjing Zhang , Weicheng Wang , Rui Jiang , Jianguo Su
{"title":"Re-identification and characterization of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella TLR20","authors":"Maolin Lv , Jingjing Zhang , Weicheng Wang , Rui Jiang , Jianguo Su","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns in the innate immune system. Fish TLRs have undergone significant gene expansion to adapt to complex aquatic environments. Among them, TLR20 from the TLR11 family actively responds to viral and bacterial invasions. Previous studies have reported two TLR20s in grass carp (<em>Ctenopharyngodon idella</em>), and in this study, we revised this conclusion. Based on the latest grass carp genome, we identified a new TLR20 member. These three TLR20s are arranged in tandem on chromosome 9, indicating that they are generated by gene duplication events. They were renamed CiTLR20.1 to CiTLR20.3 based on their chromosomal positions. The CiTLR20s in <em>C. idella</em> exhibit higher similarities with those in <em>Danio rerio, Cyprinus carpio</em>, and <em>Megalobrama amblycephala</em>, and lower similarities with those in other distantly related fish species. Selective pressure analysis revealed low conservation and negative evolution of TLR20s during evolution. The 3D structures of the three TLR20s showed significant differences, reflecting functional variations and different downstream adaptor molecule recruitment. Transcriptome data revealed tissue distribution differences of TLR20s, with TLR20.1 showing relatively low expression levels in all the tissues, while TLR20.2 and TLR20.3 showed higher expression in the head kidney, spleen, and gill. Additionally, TLR20.2 and TLR20.3 actively responded to GCRV-II infection, with higher upregulation of TLR20.2 in response to <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> challenge. In conclusion, this study corrected the number of grass carp TLR20 members and analyzed TLR20 from an evolutionary and structural perspective, exploring its role in antiviral and antibacterial defense. This study provides reference for future research on fish TLR20.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49776055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seasonal Immune Rhythms of head kidney and spleen cells in the freshwater Teleost, Channa punctatus","authors":"Rakesh Kumar Chandra , Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj , Atanu Kumar Pati , Manish Kumar Tripathi","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100110","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Annual rhythms in immune function are the reflection of a crucial physiological strategy to deal with environmental stressors. The fish are pivotal animal models to study the annual rhythm and to understand the evolution of the vertebrate biological system. The current research was planned to assess the annual changes in the innate immune functions of immune cells in a teleost, <em>Channa punctatus</em>. Head kidney and splenic macrophage phagocytosis, superoxide generation, and nitrite release were evaluated to assess innate immunity. Cell-mediated immunity was measured through head kidney and splenic lymphocyte proliferation in presence of mitogens. The superoxide anion generation by the cells of head kidney and spleen was maximum in October. A bimodal pattern in nitrite production was observed with the first peak in November and the second in March. Cosinor analysis revealed a statistically significant annual rhythm in nitrite production. Similarly, phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation also showed statistically significant annual rhythms. It was concluded that animals maintain an optimum immune response in seasonally changing environments. Elevated immunity during certain times of the year might assist animals deal with seasonal environmental stressors. Further research may be focused upon measuring survival rate and reproductive success after season induced elevated immunity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49776061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Evaluation of the in vivo and in vitro interleukin-12 p40 and p35 subunit response in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) to heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum strain L-137 (HK L-137) supplementation, and immersion challenge with Lactococcus garvieae’ [Fish and Shellfish Immunology Reports 4 (2023) 100095]","authors":"Haruhisa Fukada , Ayaka Senzui , Keisuke Kimoto , Kumiko Tsuru , Yoshikazu Kiyabu","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100097","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100097"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667011923000178/pdfft?md5=293c4c737f14f9af13f8f1cd670cf191&pid=1-s2.0-S2667011923000178-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135345149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shandana Ali , Waheed Ullah , Ahmad Faris Seman Kamarulzaman , Maizom Hassan , Muhammad Rauf , Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak , Farman Ullah Dawar
{"title":"Proteomic profile of epidermal mucus from Labeo rohita reveals differentially abundant proteins after Aeromonas hydrophila infection","authors":"Shandana Ali , Waheed Ullah , Ahmad Faris Seman Kamarulzaman , Maizom Hassan , Muhammad Rauf , Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak , Farman Ullah Dawar","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report the proteomic profile of Epidermal Mucus (EM) from <em>Labeo rohita</em> and identified the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) against <em>Aeromonas hydrophila</em> infection through label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using discovery-based proteomics, a total of 2039 proteins were quantified in nontreated group and 1,328 proteins in the treated group, of which 114 were identified as DAPs in both the groups. Of the 114 DAPs, 68 proteins were upregulated and 46 proteins were downregulated in the treated group compared to nontreated group. Functional annotations of these DAPs shows their association with metabolism, cellular process, molecular process, cytoskeletal, stress, and particularly immune system. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and Fisher's exact test between the two groups shows that most of the proteins were immune-related, which were significantly associated with the proteasome, phagosome, and <em>Salmonella</em> infection pathways. Overall, this study shows a basic and primary way for further functional research of the involvement of vitellogenin 2, alpha-2-macroglobulin-like protein, toll-like receptors (TLR-13), calpain, keratin-like proteins, and heat shock proteins against bacterial infection. Nonetheless, this first-ever comprehensive report of a proteomic sketch of EM from <em>L. rohita</em> after <em>A. hydrophila</em> infection provides systematic protein information to broadly understand the biological role of fish EM against bacterial infection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49866170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.M. Ferreira , M. Aversa-Marnai , A. Villarino , V. Silva-Álvarez
{"title":"Innate immune and chronic heat stress responses in sturgeons: Advances and insights from studies on Russian sturgeons","authors":"A.M. Ferreira , M. Aversa-Marnai , A. Villarino , V. Silva-Álvarez","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100121","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic stress deteriorates the immune function of fish, thereby increasing their vulnerability to infections. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying stress-mediated immunosuppression and infection susceptibility in fish remain largely unknown. Understanding these mechanisms will contribute to improving fish welfare and their farm production. Herein, we review the challenges of sturgeon aquaculture in subtropical countries, where current climate change has giving rise to significant temperature increments during summer. This leads to the exposure of fish to stressful conditions during these months. Chronic heat stress deserves attention considering the rapid warming rate of the planet. It is already affecting wild fish populations, with disastrous consequences for sturgeons, which are one of the most endangered fish species in the world. In this context, we discuss the most recent advances through the studies on the effects of chronic heat stress on the innate immune components of sturgeons. To this end, we summarise the findings of studies focusing on the aquaculture of Russian sturgeons and observations made on other <em>Acipenser</em> species. Special attention is given to acute-phase proteins, as they might be valuable biomarkers of heat stress and infection, with applicability in monitoring the fish health status in farms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667011923000415/pdfft?md5=b1ac376b18621909f9c39d6f7b0c690e&pid=1-s2.0-S2667011923000415-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92019985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wan-Atirah Azemin , Nur Farahin Ishak , Mohamad Amirul Asyraf Saedin , Mohd Shahir Shamsir , Siti Aisyah Razali
{"title":"Molecular docking and simulation studies of Chloroquine, Rimantadine and CAP-1 as potential repurposed antivirals for decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1)","authors":"Wan-Atirah Azemin , Nur Farahin Ishak , Mohamad Amirul Asyraf Saedin , Mohd Shahir Shamsir , Siti Aisyah Razali","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Drug repurposing is a methodology of identifying new therapeutic use for existing drugs. It is a highly efficient, time and cost-saving strategy that offers an alternative approach to the traditional drug discovery process. Past in-silico studies involving molecular docking have been successful in identifying potential repurposed drugs for the various treatment of diseases including aquaculture diseases. The emerging shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV) or Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a viral pathogen that causes severe disease and high mortality (80 %) in farmed shrimps caused serious economic losses and presents a new threat to the shrimp farming industry. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are critically needed to control DIV1 infections. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of potential existing antiviral drugs, Chloroquine, Rimantadine, and CAP-1 with DIV1 major capsid protein (MCP) with the intention of exploring the potential of drug repurposing. The interaction of the DIV1 MCP and three antivirals were characterised and analysed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The results showed that CAP-1 is a more promising candidate against DIV1 with the lowest binding energy of -8.46 kcal/mol and is more stable compared to others. We speculate that CAP-1 binding may induce the conformational changes in the DIV1 MCP structure by phosphorylating multiple residues (His123, Tyr162, and Thr395) and ultimately block the viral assembly and maturation of DIV1 MCP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the structural characterisation of DIV1 MCP docked with repurposing drugs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"5 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c9/d0/main.PMC10579962.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49685740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ngoc Tuan Tran , Huifen Liang , Jinkun Li , Taoqiu Deng , Ming Zhang , Shengkang Li
{"title":"Health benefits of butyrate and its producing bacterium, Clostridium butyricum, on aquatic animals","authors":"Ngoc Tuan Tran , Huifen Liang , Jinkun Li , Taoqiu Deng , Ming Zhang , Shengkang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aquaculture plays an important role in contributing to global food security and nutrition; thus, the intensification and diversification of aquaculture are increasingly considered. However, paralleling the development of the industrial scale in aquaculture, the occurrence of diseases is always an important issue that causes great losses in economics. The finding of approaches that not only improve culture production but also reduce the impact of diseases in cultured animals is crucially essential. Previously, several studies have addressed the potential application of feed additives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and microbial-derived metabolites (including short-chain fatty acids-SCFAs), in aquaculture. In this review, we provide an update focusing on the health benefits of dietary supplementation with a type of SCFAs, butyrate, and its producer, <em>Clostridium butyricum</em>, including their effects on growth, feed utilization, body composition, intestinal structure and function, antioxidant activity, immune response, and tolerance against stress and infection in aquatic animals. The outcomes of this study may indicate more benefits of the use of <em>C. butyricum</em> than that of butyrate (and its forms). This review provides general knowledge of the efficacy of butyrate and <em>C. butyricum</em> in aquaculture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":73029,"journal":{"name":"Fish and shellfish immunology reports","volume":"4 ","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49790014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}