European journal of biomedical research最新文献

{"title":"The Administration of Cordyceps Militaris Inhibited the Decrease of Leydig Cell Number and Testosterone Level in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Exposed with Cigarette Smoke","authors":"A. Salim, W. Pangkahila, N. Sriwidyani","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.2.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.2.51","url":null,"abstract":"Large amounts of free radicals generate oxidative stress resulting in cell damage. Cigarettes are a source of exogenous free radicals containing various toxic substances. Cigarettes exposure decreased Leydig cells and testosterone. Cordyceps militaris has strong antioxidant effect that can counteract the effects of free radicals. This research was aimed to evaluate the administration of Cordyceps militaris in inhibiting the decrease in Leydig cell count and testosterone levels in male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke. This study was a true experimental study with a post-test only control group design, using 30 male wistar rats which were randomly divided into three groups: control (P0) given aquadest, treated with Cordyceps militaris extract 50 mg/kgBW rats (P1), and 200 mg/kgBW rats (P2). All groups were exposed to cigarette smoke for 30 days. Examination of testosterone and the amount of testicular Leydig cells were examined on the 31st day. The results showed that the mean amount of Leydig cells at P0 was 16.10±3.14/HPF, P1 was 18.87±1.76/HPF, and P2 was 30.34±0.72/HPF (p<0.001). The mean values of P0 testosterone were 4.02±0.11 nmol/ml, P1 was 4.31±0.11 nmol/ml, and P2 was 9.43±0.17 nmol/ml (p<0.001). In conclusion, administration of Cordyceps militaris inhibited the decrease in Leydig cell count and testosterone levels in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82569687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress Marker Malondialdehyde and Glutathione Antioxidant in Hypertensive Patients","authors":"Ayat A. Hassan, S. Sayyah","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.47","url":null,"abstract":"The study included measuring the average concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione for hypertensive patients in Iraq, specifically Basra Governorate, where the study group reached 50 patients (26males and 24 females), and the patients were divided according to age, gender, family history, period of illness, medication, and diet in comparison. With 40 healthy cases (19males and 21 females) as a control group. The results of the study showed a significant increase in lipid peroxide measured by (MDA) in the serum of hypertensive patients at a significant level (P<0.0001) compared with the control group. Also, its level increased significantly at (P<0.0001) with advancing age and according to the sex factor among the study group. And its level increased significantly at the level of significance (P<0.05) with the length of the disease period. The results also did not show significant differences for patients who have a family history, patients who are being treated with antihypertensive drugs, and patients who adhere to a healthy diet. The results also showed a significant decrease in the average concentration of (GSH) as an antioxidant at a level (P<0.0001) in the blood of hypertensive patients compared to the control group. This decline increases with age and in both sexes, males, and females. While the results did not show significant differences in the level of (GSH) in patients who have a family history, length of illness, medication, and adherence to a healthy diet. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between the level of (GSH) and the level of (MDA) in the study group .We conclude through the results of the study that the presence of a defect in patients in the rate of concentration of (GSH) indicates an increase in free radicals, and that an increase in the level of (MDA) indicates an increase in the active types of (ROS), and this increase accompanies a decrease in antioxidants such as (GSH).","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78176723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogenetic Markers for Predicting Response to Immunotherapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"Sara H. Jabbar, K. Mohammed, N. Ali","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.44","url":null,"abstract":"Background: TNF-α plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA. Gene polymorphisms occurring in this pro-inflammatory cytokine or their receptors may influence responses to biological therapy. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of -238G/A(rs361525), -308G/A(rs1800629), -376G/A(rs1800750), +489G/A(rs80267059) SNPs in TNF-α and +587T/G(rs1061622), +884A/G(rs5746032) SNPs in TNFRII genes on responsiveness to TNF inhibitors as well as their effect on serum levels of TNF-α and TNFRII. Subjects and methods: Sixty patients with RA treated with anti-TNF therapy (30 responders and 30 non-responders) were allocated to this study. SNPs in the TNF-α and TNFRII genes were studied by three different techniques: PCR-sequencing, PCR-RFLP, and q-PCR-TaqMan assay. TNF-α and TNFRII serum levels were determined using the ELISA technique. Results: TNF-α -308 (GA), +489 (GA), and TNFRII +587 (TG) genotypes were found to be more associated with non-responsiveness to TNF than homozygous genotypes (OR: 1.3, 2.5, and 2.0, respectively). On other hand, TNF-α -238 and -376 (GA) genotypes, were found to be more associated with TNFi responsiveness than homozygous genotypes (OR: 0.172 and 0.22, respectively). However, none of them reached a significant level. Furthermore, the studied SNPs were found to be unrelated to serum levels of TNF-α and TNFRII. Conclusion: According to our findings, the TNF-α -238G/A, -308G/A, -376G/A, +489G/A, and TNFRII +587T/G, +884A/G SNPs were not significantly associated with the responsiveness of RA patients to biological therapy and had no effect on the serum levels of TNF-α and TNFR.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88585731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation and Evaluation of (Uric Acid, Glutathione, Ceroplasmin) and the Trace Elements (Iron, Copper, Zinc) Levels in Type_2 Diabetic Patients in Basrah Governorate-Iraq","authors":"Wasela I. A. Al-Zaid, S. Sayyah","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes occurs mainly as a result of two interrelated problems Cells in the muscles, fat, and liver become insulin resistant, because the cells do not react in a normal way to insulin, they do not absorb enough sugar, and thus the pancreas becomes unable to secrete an adequate amount of insulin to control blood sugar levels. Since antioxidants and trace elements have a role in the treatment of diabetes by defending beta cells against oxidative stress, so the current research was conducted to find out the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants (Uric acid, Glutathione, Ceruloplasmin) and some trace elements (Iron, Copper, Zinc) that act as antioxidants in serum of type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy subjects in Basrah Governorate-Iraq by age. The number of patients in the study was (50) patients (26 males-24 females) and healthy subjects (43), including (11 males-32 females). It was found that there was a significant decrease at the level of significance (p<0.001) in the levels of each of (Glutathione, Ceruloplasmin, Iron and Zinc) in patients and healthy subjects and this decrease increased with age, while there was a significant increase at the level of significance (p<0.001) in the levels of (Uric acid and Copper) at patients and healthy subjects with age.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78751858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Immunological Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Tuberculosis","authors":"Yassameen A. Hussain, K. Mohammed, N. Ali","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.42","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world, which has led to numerous deaths. Hence, developing an efficient diagnostic method is essential to monitor and control such deadly infectious diseases. In the current study, the serum levels of four inflammatory markers (CXCL10, CXCL9, suPAR, and MMP9) and the expression NF-κB gene were evaluated as potential immunological markers for diagnosis and prognosis of tuberculosis, using ELISA and qPCR technique respectively. Thirty new TB patients and equal numbers of under treatment TB patients and control (healthy people) were conscripted in this study. The results showed significant differences in the serum level of CXCL10 among the three groups (p value 0.003) and between new and under treatment patients (P value 0.004). A significant difference in the CXCL9 level in the serum was observed between the new TB patients and the healthy group with p value 0.028 but didn’t reach the significant level between the new and under treatment patients.  The serum level of suPAR was higher in new patients (106.59pg/ml) followed by treated patients (89.66pg/ml) and lowest in healthy group (80.71pg/ml) but didn’t reach the significant level. Also, the serum level of MMP-9 did not show a significant difference between the tested groups, but it was slightly higher in new patients (21.45ng/ml) compared to the healthy group (20.70ng/ml). The amount of NF-κB gene expression was significantly higher in new patients (8.21-fold change) than in under treatment patients (2.95-fold change) in comparing with healthy people.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84489234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Loa Loa Infestation Prevalence and Eosinophil Rate among Population of Obout, Centre Region of Cameroon","authors":"Nidelle Tchoupou, Christian Ngounouh Taheu, R. G. Essomba, David Normand Ebonda, Junior Michael Chadou Piameu, A. Bayibéki, P. Ateba, Gilbert Gautier Bong Bong, Philippe Salomon Nguwoh","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Loiasis remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) such as Cameroon. In Cameroon, the prevalence of loiasis varies from one geographical area to another. This study aimed to assess the correlation between Loa loa infestation prevalence and eosinophil rate among population of Obout, centre region of Cameroon.\u0000Methods: A cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted in Obout locality situated in Centre region of Cameroon from June to July 2022. Data were collected using a face-to-face interview questionnaire from participants attending the Christ Roi Medical Centre of Obout (CRMCO). In each participant, a venous blood sample was taken in an EDTA tube after informed consent was obtained. A Full blood count (FBC) and a blood smear were performed on each blood sample. The collected data were recorded in an Excel version 2016 sheet and analysed by statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) v. 24 software. For any value of p˂0.05, the results were considered statistically significant.\u0000Results: A total of 65 participants were enrolled in this study with a median age of 35 years (Interquartile Range [IQR]: 18-52). The prevalence of Loa loa infestation was 15.38% (95%CI: 7.63%–26.48%) with a high prevalence for males (33.33%) versus (vs.) 2.63% for females (OR= 18.50; 95%IC: 2.17–157.46, p=0.002). Similarly, a high prevalence of Loa loa infestation in participants aged ≥35 years or 27.27% (OR=0.08; 95%IC: 0.01–0.72, p=0.01). Concerning the duration in the locality, the participants with ≥10 years in the locality were more infested with 8.33% for those less than 10 years (p=0.15). Furthermore, the current study shows a positive correlation but weak between eosinophil rate and intensity of Loa loa infestation (r=0.3406; p=0.3).\u0000Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of Loa loa microfilaria in Obout locality with statistically significant differences for gender and age. However, no association was found between eosinophil and microfilarial load. Despite the low participation rate, Obout locality remains an area of high endemicity for Loa loa microfilaria.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73455880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of the Effect of Malaria Infection on Nutritional Status in Paediatrics Attending Primary Health Care Hospitals (PHC) Around Sokoto Metropolitan, Sokoto, Nigeria","authors":"J. Suleiman, Sani Y. Lema, N. T. Isyaku","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular diagnosis is now considered to be the most efficient and reliable method for detection of malaria parasites; hence the present research was designed to access the effect of malaria infection on the nutritional status of the pediatrics attending PHC in Sokoto, 400 children were recruited randomly, nutritional status was determined using mid-upper armed circumference (MUAC) tape, blood samples was collected then subjected to Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) test. Out of 400 samples analyzed, 199/400 (49.75%) were acutely malnourished, 117/400 (44.25%) were normal and 84/400 (21.00%) were severely malnourished. Although 237 (59.25%,) were found positive for Plasmodium falciparum, those that are severely malnourished had the highest infection rate [78/84 (92.86%)] followed by those that are normal [124/199 (62.31%)] than those that were acutely malnourished [35/84 (41.67%)], a significant association was reported for those that are severely malnourished based on parent’s occupation (P=0.001), place of living (P=0.000), and sleeping under nets (P=0.012), there was also significant relationship in those that are normally based on gender (P=0.001), and sleeping under nets (P=0.021) only while those that were normal showed significant relationship based on sleeping under nets (P=0.001) and parents occupation (P=0.000). The high prevalence of malaria in the study demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity of molecular diagnosis. There is a need to embark on massive community campaigns and adoption of mosquito control measures in the study area.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81450457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequencing the SARS-CoV-2 Genome from Stool Samples of Post-acute Cases Implicates a Novel Mutation Associated with Reduced Antibody Neutralization.","authors":"Natalya Panova,&nbsp;Nina P Allan,&nbsp;Noelle C Rubas,&nbsp;Rosa H Lee,&nbsp;Braden P Kunihiro,&nbsp;Lesley Umeda,&nbsp;Rafael Peres,&nbsp;Ruben Juarez,&nbsp;Alika K Maunakea","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.3.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2023.2.3.66","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whole-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequencing tools are crucial for tracking the COVID-19 pandemic. However, current techniques require sampling of actively infectious patients following COVID-19 testing to recover enough SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the nasopharyngeal passage, which rapidly clears during the first few weeks of infection. A prospective assessment of the viral genome sourced from recovered non-infectious patients would greatly facilitate epidemiological tracking. Thus, we developed a protocol to isolate and sequence the genome of SARS-CoV-2 from stool samples of post-acute SARS-CoV-2 patients, at timepoints ranging from 10-120 days after onset of symptoms. Stool samples were collected from patients at varying timepoints post-convalescence, and viral DNA was isolated and sequenced using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc.) and Ion Ampliseq^™ Library Kit Plus (Life Technologies Corporation). Capacity of neutralizing antibodies in patient plasma was tested using a Luminex panel (Coronavirus Ig Total Human 11-Plex ProcartaPlex^™ Panel, ThermoFisher). Of 64 samples obtained from post-acute patients, 21 (32.8%) yielded sufficient material for whole-genome sequencing. This allowed us to identify widely divergent phylogenetic relativity of the SARS-CoV-2 genome from post-acute patients living in the same households and infected around the same time. Additionally, we observed that individuals who recovered from infection expressed varying degrees of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that corresponded to distinct variants. Interestingly, we identified a novel point mutation in the viral genome where infected patients expressed antibodies with a significantly reduced capacity to neutralize the virus <i>in vitro</i> relative to that of those infected with the wild-type strain. Altogether, we demonstrate a protocol to successfully sequence the SARS-CoV-2 genome from stool samples from patients up to 4 months post-infection, which can be applied to studies that assess the relationship between variants and immune response <i>post-hoc</i> and safe monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 genome during the pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10389300/pdf/nihms-1918773.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9928251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Detection of KRAS Mutation in Colorectal Cancer Patients in Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Tata G. S. Coulibaly, Valérie M. Gbonon, Akandji Osseni, F. B. Diplo, D. N. Coulibaly, A. Sylla, S. Ngazoa, Moktar Toure, M. Dosso","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2022.1.5.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2022.1.5.30","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in molecular biology tools have made it possible to make progress in terms of therapeutics by acting specifically on the molecular mechanisms involved in the virulence of pathogens or in the development of the disease. In the case of cancer, new therapeutics have been developed thanks to these advances. This is called targeted therapy. Targeted therapy molecules specifically act as a molecule, or a molecular pathway involved in the development of the tumor. The use of targeted therapy drugs therefore requires molecular characterization of tumors. In developing countries, the reference tool is high-throughput sequencing, but due to the high cost, this strategy remains inaccessible for the majority of African populations. It is remains necessary to implement alternative molecular diagnostic tools in order to reduce the disparities currently observed in access to cancer care. The High-Resolution Melting analysis (HRM) method is based on real-time PCR and is described as a simple, rapid and specific method for the detection of somatic mutations predictive of anti-tumor therapeutic response. We demonstrated in this study that this method could be implemented in a lower middle-income country like Côte d’Ivoire, and we used it to detect KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer patients for the first time in Cote d’Ivoire.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85195531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical Procedure for Determination of Lead in Blood and Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry","authors":"Abdul Moiz Mohammed","doi":"10.24018/ejbiomed.2022.1.5.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbiomed.2022.1.5.33","url":null,"abstract":"Lead is one of the natural constituents of earth found in soils, plants, and water. Lead predominantly a concern for neurological toxic effect particularly in children due to its irreversible neurological damage. The common spectroscopic methods in trace element analysis in biological fluids are dithizone extraction, polarography, spectral analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer is a valuable, simpler, and cost-effective spectrometric technique for the identification of lead absorbance in the human system. The GF-AAS method can be employed for the measurement of lead percentage in whole blood and urine, and the results acquired are helpful in biological monitoring and clinical diagnostic of work related to surrounding lead exposure. The paper reports the average lead concentration, and calibration graphs for standards as well as absorbance against lead concentration, which will be productive in future for analytical determination of lead in blood and urine.","PeriodicalId":72970,"journal":{"name":"European journal of biomedical research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86551424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}