Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Oncolytic Viruses: Promising Future in Cancer Treatment.","authors":"Ahmed Naueen Nazim, Kannan Subbaram, Razana Faiz, Sheeza Ali","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.44052","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.44052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"686-688"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Phenomenon of Antimicrobial Resistance in Southern Italy: An Overview of the Current Situation.","authors":"Stefano Ruga, Raffaele Petti, Mara Masullo, Fabio Castagna, Roberto Bava, Michelangelo Armenise, Elisabetta Labbate, Carmen Lombardi, Antonio Giordano, Massimiliano Quintiliani, Luigi Alfano, Emilia Langella, Giovanna Liguori, Renato Lombardi","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45467","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an escalating global health challenge with region-specific implications. This study investigated AMR prevalence in Southern Italy, with particular attention to demographic variables such as gender and age.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of antibiograms from 146 patients (68 males and 78 females, aged 36-101 years) collected between 2022 and 2023 was conducted. Given the retrospective design and reliance on routinely collected clinical data from a local hospital microbiology laboratory, molecular analyses were not feasible, as isolates were processed solely for diagnostic purposes and not preserved.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most frequently isolated pathogens were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (52.3%), <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (14.9%), <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (6.9%), <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> (6.3%), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (4.6%), and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (4.3%). In males, the highest resistance rates were recorded for ciprofloxacin (47.9%), levofloxacin (47.2%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (40.5%). Female patients showed greater resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, with women≥70 years displaying particularly elevated resistance compared with age-matched men and younger females.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the absence of molecular data, phenotypic surveillance through antibiograms remains a critical tool for monitoring AMR trends in underrepresented regions. Incorporating gender-specific differences into clinical practice may improve therapeutic efficacy and stewardship strategies. These findings provide a foundation for future molecular and epidemiological investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"871-882"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980278/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conditioned Medium from Estradiol-Primed Macrophages Mitigates Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats.","authors":"Farshad Yadollahi, Seyyed Meysam Abtahi Froushani, Rahim Hobenaghi","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45304","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Macrophages with an anti-inflammatory phenotype are critical for resolving inflammation and preventing chronic tissue injury. Estradiol is known to promote this favorable macrophage profile. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of the secretome, delivered as conditioned medium, from estradiol-treated macrophages in experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Wistar rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in Wistar rats using complete Freund's adjuvant. Animals were assigned to five groups: healthy controls, arthritic rats receiving vehicle, arthritic rats treated with prednisolone, arthritic rats treated with conditioned medium from untreated macrophages, and arthritic rats treated with conditioned medium from estradiol-exposed macrophages. The lyophilized media were administered intraperitoneally on days 4, 12, and 20 post-induction; the study ended on day 24.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Conditioned medium from estradiol-treated macrophages exhibited significantly higher levels of anti-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, along with increased messenger RNA expression of regulatory genes including early growth response 2 and mannose receptor. In vivo, this treatment notably reduced arthritis severity and improved weight gain compared to medium from untreated macrophages. These effects correlated with a marked decrease in antigen-specific proliferation and serum levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Additionally, bone-destructive factors like receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were significantly downregulated in treated rats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The conditioned medium derived from estradiol-treated macrophages, enriched with anti-inflammatory and regulatory components, presents a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy for immunotherapy in RA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"906-916"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predatory Medical Journals in Patent Literature: A Hidden Threat.","authors":"Mihály Hegedűs, Mehdi Dadkhah, Lóránt Dénes Dávid","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.46153","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.46153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The negative impact of potential predatory journals has been widely discussed, primarily within academic contexts. However, their influence beyond academia remains underexplored. This study aims to address that gap.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The current editorial utilised a sample list of 8 potential predatory medical journals. We compiled a list of potential predatory medical journals using the discontinued titles list in Scopus and the current blocklists. Then their patent-to-paper citations have been examined to understand the dissemination of questionable medical publications outside of academia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This indicates that potential predatory medical journals received 483,848 citations from scholarly works and 4,251 citations from patents.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When patents cite papers from predatory journals, flawed information may propagate, or potentially leading to wrongful patent rejections and wasted resources. This serves as a warning for the patent community to take action against potential predatory journals.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"693-699"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-Engineered Cargo for Optimizing Oral Absorption of Tizanidine Nanostructured Lipid Carriers.","authors":"Mohammed A Bazuhair, Maha H Jamal, Rawabi A Alashari, Shakeel Ahmad, Muhammad Junaid, Maimoona Yasinzai, Muhammad Asif Nawaz, Mohannad A Alzain, Gul Shahnaz, Ibrahim M Ibrahim","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45650","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45650","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Tizanidine (TNZ) is a muscle relaxant that works by blocking presynaptic neurons. Due to its inadequate solubility and low oral bioavailability, this medication is classified as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug. The objective of this study was to improve the absorption of TNZ using nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) as a method of delivering the medicine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To achieve this objective, NLCs were synthesized using microemulsion techniques. The optimization process was conducted using Design Expert version 12 Box Behnken model. The parameters of interest were mean particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), and percent entrapment efficiency (EE%). The concentrations of the medication, lipid, and surfactant were varied during the optimization process. Further characterization included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powdered X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The optimized formulation was subsequently tested for in-vitro release under varying pH conditions. The pharmacokinetic study was elicited to assess the oral bioavailability of the TNZ-NLCs in comparison to its suspension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The formulation was tuned to have PS of 208 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.221, a ZP of -18.6 mV, and an EE% of 93%. The optimized formulation remained physically stable for 12 weeks under various temperatures. The pharmacokinetic study indicated a 21-fold enhancement in AUC due to entrapment of TNZ into NLCs thereby, aligning with the aim to improve bioavailability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was inferred that the inclusion of TNZ within NLCs results in its controlled release with enhanced bioavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"806-818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980190/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Cerebrolysin in Promoting Axonal Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Focus on Macrophage Activation.","authors":"Aida Karimian, Arash Abdolmaleki, Asadollah Asadi, Saber Zahri, Hussein A Ghanimi","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.46084","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.46084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The research investigated the neuroprotective properties of Cerebrolysin regarding functional recovery, axonal regeneration, and macrophage polarization in a rat model of acute sciatic nerve damage.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research included 72 male Wistar rats, categorized into six groups: sham control, crush injury, vehicle-treated crush damage, and two groups receiving Cerebrolysin treatment for crush injury. The assessment of functional recovery was conducted with the sciatic functional index and hot plate test, while axonal regeneration, muscle atrophy, and macrophage polarization were also studied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrated that Cerebrolysin, particularly at 5 mg/kg, significantly improved SFI scores and thermal paw withdrawal latency compared to the control group, indicating enhanced functional recovery. Histomorphometric analysis revealed increased myelinated axon counts in the Cerebrolysin-treated groups. Cerebrolysin also reduced gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and induced a change in macrophage polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to pro-healing M2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results imply that cerebrolysin improves functional outcomes, promotes axonal regeneration, and modifies macrophage polarization to provide neuroprotective effects in peripheral nerve damage. The 5 mg/kg dosage proved to be more effective than the 2.5 mg/kg dose. This study highlights the potential of Cerebrolysin as a therapeutic agent for peripheral nerve injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"917-927"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GAS5 Long Noncoding RNA Regulates CD20 Expression and Rituximab Response.","authors":"Mahbubeh Rojhannezhad, Zahra Abedi Kichi, Abbas Nikravesh, Mehrdad Behmanesh","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45822","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Rituximab is the primary treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), one of the most common cancers globally. One of the main challenges associated with rituximab therapy is the decline in its effectiveness over time. Several suggested potential reasons for this therapeutic resistance exist, including the downregulation of CD20 expression. Recently, the focus has shifted to long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) like growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5) for their involvement in various physiological functions and their potential role in the response rate to anticancer drugs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the regulatory effect of GAS5 on CD20 expression and the response of cancer cells to rituximab.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the Raji cell model, we assessed the impact of GAS5 knockdown on CD20 expression and the response to rituximab through RT-qPCR assay. Western blot analysis, caspase-3 activity, and ROS assay were conducted to evaluate protein expression levels, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, respectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In silico analysis predicted interactions between GAS5 and regulatory proteins associated with CD20. GAS5 knockdown increased CD20 and STAT3 expression while decreasing SMAD2 levels and apoptosis. It also reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced autophagy. However, combining GAS5 knockdown with rituximab elevated apoptosis and autophagy while further reducing ROS. These findings suggest an indirect regulatory role for GAS5 in CD20 expression, potentially via modulation of CD20-associated regulatory proteins. Nonetheless, the study has limitations, including reliance on a single cell line and the assessment of direct apoptosis only.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings highlight a complex interplay between GAS5, CD20, rituximab, and cellular pathways, underscoring the significance of understanding these interactions to enhance cancer therapy outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"928-938"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.","authors":"Behnaz Mirzaahmadi, Reza Rahbarghazi, Mohammad Karimipour","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.46020","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.46020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>There are effective treatments available for neuropsychiatric disorders; however, numerous factors such as misdiagnosis, delayed diagnosis, varying types of onsets and progression of disorder, as well as long timeframes between diagnosis and treatment, all serve to limit the ability of these treatments to reduce symptoms. This article discusses the unique theragnostic aspects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in relation to these clinical considerations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An extensive review of the literature was conducted to examine recent findings about EVs and their potential role in early diagnosis and targeted treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, to examine the biological aspects, diagnostic and therapeutic capacity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pathological states radically change the composition of EVs and their cargo delivery, thereby providing a dynamic disease state. EVs can cross biological barriers, have systemic distribution, provide low immunogenicity and toxicity, and all serve to represent the beginnings of identifying early biomarkers and future methods for delivering therapy needed to administer neuroactive drugs/delivery methods.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In summary, EVs have potential as a theragnostic platform for neuropsychiatric diseases. Because they offer passive, non-invasive, and actionable diagnostic insights, EVs can be applied to therapeutically manage neuropsychiatric disorders, which could provide a solution to issues faced in clinical practice, such as late-stage diagnosis and poor treatment compliance. To fully understand the prospect of EVs in neuropsychiatric practice, more translational research and clinical validation are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"700-716"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaco-EEG-Based Classification of Psychotropic Activity of a Novel Chromone-Containing Allylmorpholine in Rats.","authors":"Yuriy I Sysoev, Nikita S Kurmazov, Darya D Shitc, Maria M Puchik, Elizabeth V Fedorova, Nikita V Petrov, Nikita M Chernov, Sergey A Chervonetskiy, Sergey V Okovityi","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45140","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chromone-containing allylmorpholines (CCAMs) are a promising class of compounds that have been shown to have a dose-dependent inhibition effect on locomotion in zebrafish (Danio rerio). However, experiments using behavioural tests on mice have not yet allowed us to fully understand the specificity of their action. In this study, we conducted a pharmacoencephalographic evaluation of the psychotropic effects of CCAM 33a on rats using a Naïve Bayes classifier (NBC) combined with the principal component analysis (PCA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The ECoG experiments were conducted on white outbred rats. The training set, which was used as a reference for determining the pharmacological effects of each dose of the compound under study, included matrices of effects from 9 agents with different mechanisms of action. Amplitude-spectral analysis using PCA resulted in 6 new principal components that accounted for 83.57% of the variance. Classification of the effects of compound 33a was performed using NBC. To validate the classification results, additional experiments were conducted including the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced head twitch test and apomorphine-induced climbing in mice, as well as the 'presynaptic' low-dose apomorphine-induced yawning test in rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CCAM 33a at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg shows similar effects to hydroxyzine and sulpiride. In mouse experiments, CCAM 33a reduced the number of head twitches induced by 5-HTP administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and inhibited apomorphine-induced climbing at a dose of 300 mg/kg. In rats, the substance at a dose of 100 mg/kg reduced the number of yawns caused by apomorphine administration at a dose of 0.032 mg/kg.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of the combined use of NBC and PCA for classification tasks. The effects of the different doses of compound 33a on ECoG, as well as the abolition of the effects of apomorphine and 5-HTP in mice and rats, suggest a dopamine- and 5-HT2-blocking action of the molecule under study.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"891-905"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980273/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogel Micro/Nanostructures for the Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses: Overcoming Limitations and Improving Efficacy.","authors":"Chou-Yi Hsu, Saade Abdalkareem Jasim, Jasur Alimdjanovich Rizaev, Tina Saeed Basunduwah, Vikrant Abbot, Mamata Chahar, Mohammed Asiri, Abbas Fadhel Ali, Alexey Yumashev, Ahmed Hussein Zwamel","doi":"10.34172/apb.025.45842","DOIUrl":"10.34172/apb.025.45842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted accumulating attention in cancer therapy owing to their ability to replicate in and kill tumor cells, resulting in the stimulation of immune responses for eradicating residual and distant malignant cells. Despite milestone achievements in the development of OVs, which led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 against melanoma, there are some hurdles limiting their translation from the bench to the clinic, such as non-specific localization, host immune response against OVs and their clearance, and low efficiency as a monotherapy. Delivery of OVs with nano-biomaterials is a promising approach to address the drawback of oncolytic virotherapy. Hydrogels, with their tunable characteristics and versatile properties, offer a promising platform for the controlled release, precise delivery, and therapeutic enhancement of OVs in combination with other therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancers. This review aims to provide a deep insight into the types and development of OVs and their application in clinical trials and then will discuss the characteristics of hydrogels and how they improve the therapeutic efficacy of OVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":7256,"journal":{"name":"Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin","volume":"15 4","pages":"735-749"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12980211/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}