Brain tumor research and treatment最新文献

{"title":"Pituitary Apoplexy After Leuprolide Therapy in a Breast Cancer Patient: A Case Report.","authors":"Jungbin Lee,&nbsp;Sun-Chul Hwang,&nbsp;Sung-Tae Park","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a clinical syndrome resulting from sudden hemorrhage and/or infarction of the pituitary gland. Recent reports documented the development of PA secondary to treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists for prostate cancer. A 52-year-old woman visited our emergency room with a severe headache, occurred 1 day prior. She underwent breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer 1 month prior. She was currently undergoing radiation and hormone therapy, consisting of leuprorelin. Brain contrast-enhanced MRI revealed a pituitary adenoma with internal hemorrhage in the sellar and suprasellar areas. Pachymeningeal enhancement was observed along the retroclival and bilateral frontal areas. The patient was diagnosed with PA and aseptic meningitis. The patient underwent total excision via transsphenoidal surgery 8 days after admission. The patient was pathologically diagnosed with a pituitary adenoma with necrosis. On immunochemical staining, the tumor was positive for follicle-stimulating hormone. The follow-up MRI revealed no evidence of residual tumor or an improved pachymeningeal enhancement. She is currently undergoing follow-up at the neurosurgery and endocrinology outpatient departments with no noted complications. In breast cancer patients receiving GnRH agonist therapy, PA may be rare complication.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 2","pages":"153-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d0/16/btrt-11-153.PMC10172007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9803271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain Invasion and Trends in Molecular Research on Meningioma.","authors":"Kyeong-O Go,&nbsp;Young Zoon Kim","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. The treatment of non-benign meningiomas remains a challenging task, and after the publication of the 2021 World Health Organization classification, the importance of molecular biological classification is emerging. In this article, we introduce the mechanisms of brain invasion in atypical meningioma and review the genetic factors involved along with epigenetic regulation. First, it is important to understand the three major steps for brain invasion of meningeal cells: 1) degradation of extracellular matrix by proteases, 2) promotion of tumor cell migration to resident cells by adhesion molecules, and 3) neovascularization and supporting cells by growth factors. Second, the genomic landscape of meningiomas should be analyzed by major categories, such as germline mutations in <i>NF2</i> and somatic mutations in non-<i>NF2</i> genes (<i>TRAF7</i>, <i>KLF4</i>, <i>AKT1</i>, <i>SMO</i>, and <i>POLR2A</i>). Finally, epigenetic alterations in meningiomas are being studied, with a focus on DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference. Increasing knowledge of the molecular landscape of meningiomas has allowed the identification of prognostic and predictive markers that can guide therapeutic decision-making processes and the timing of follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/3d/btrt-11-47.PMC9911709.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast Cancer to Meningioma: A Rare Case of Tumor-to-Tumor Metastasis.","authors":"Woo Hyeong Joe,&nbsp;Chang-Young Lee,&nbsp;Chang-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Young San Ko,&nbsp;Sang Pyo Kim,&nbsp;Sae Min Kwon","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor-to-tumor metastasis (TTM) is defined as the hematogenous metastasis within a primary host tumor from a donor neoplasm. Since there is insufficient evidence regarding the pathophysiology, clinical course, and management of TTM, there are no precise guidelines for its management. A 73-year-old female patient diagnosed with breast cancer was found to have convexity meningioma. Since the size of tumor and peritumoral brain edema increased during follow-up period, the meningioma was treated with surgical resection. Postoperatively, histopathologic examination confirmed metastasis of invasive ductal carcinoma within a secretory meningioma. The final diagnosis was TTM of breast cancer in meningioma. Here, we report a rare case of intra-meningioma metastasis and a review of literature to provide a better understanding of this rare phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"73-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/86/b2/btrt-11-73.PMC9911711.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10738033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Biology of Brain Metastases.","authors":"Ho-Shin Gwak","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain metastases (BMs) often occur in patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma and are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The incidence of BM has increased with advanced neuroimaging and prolonged overall survival of cancer patients. With the advancement of local treatment modalities, including stereotactic radiosurgery and navigation-guided microsurgery, BM can be controlled long-term, even in cases with multiple lesions. However, radiation/chemotherapeutic agents are also toxic to the brain, usually irreversibly and cumulatively, and it remains difficult to completely cure BM. Thus, we must understand the molecular events that begin and sustain BM to develop effective targeted therapies and tools to prevent local and distant treatment failure. BM most often spreads hematogenously, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents the first hurdle for disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) entering the brain parenchyma. Nevertheless, how the DTCs cross the BBB and settle on relatively infertile central nervous system tissue remains unknown. Even after successfully taking up residence in the brain, the unique tumor microenvironment is marked by restricted aerobic glycolysis metabolism and limited lymphocyte infiltration. Brain organotropism, certain phenotype of primary cancers that favors brain metastasis, may result from somatic mutation or epigenetic modulation. Recent studies revealed that exosome secretion from primary cancer or over-expression of proteolytic enzymes can \"pre-condition\" brain vasculoendothelial cells. The concept of the \"metastatic niche,\" where resident DTCs remain dormant and protected from systemic chemotherapy and antigen exposure before proliferation, is supported by clinical observation of BM in patients clearing systemic cancer and experimental evidence of the interaction between cancer cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This review examines extant research on the metastatic cascade of BM through the molecular events that create and sustain BM to reveal clues that can assist the development of effective targeted therapies that treat established BMs and prevent BM recurrence.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"8-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0d/5f/btrt-11-8.PMC9911708.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the Role of Surgical Resection for Brain Metastasis.","authors":"Joonho Byun,&nbsp;Jong Hyun Kim","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brain metastasis (BM) is the most common type of brain tumor in adults. The contemporary management of BM remains challenging. Advancements in systemic cancer treatment have increased the survival of patients with cancer. Although the treatment of BM is still complicated, advances in radiotherapy, including stereotactic radiosurgery and chemotherapy, have improved treatment outcomes. Surgical resection is the traditional treatment for BM and its role in the surgical resection of BM has been well established. However, refinement of the surgical resection technique and strategy for BM is needed. Herein, we discuss the evolving role of surgery in patients with BM and the future of BM treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/30/cf/btrt-11-1.PMC9911712.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rare Occurrence of Primarily Extranodal Spinal Epidural Lymphoma With Spinal Cord Compression and Invasion to the Thoracic Cavity.","authors":"Min-Cheol Seok,&nbsp;Ahmad Khalid Madadi,&nbsp;Mohammad Mohsen Mosleh,&nbsp;Sun Hee Chang,&nbsp;Moon-Jun Sohn","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 41-year-old man suffered from progressive radiculomyelopathy caused by spinal epidural mass primarily encasing the spinal cord at the cervicothoracic vertebrae that extended into the thoracic cavity through the neural foramen. An urgent decompressive laminectomy and epidural tumor resection were performed to prevent neurological deterioration and effective spinal cord decompression. The histopathologic diagnosis was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. As first-line treatment for stage II extranodal lymphoma, he received 6 cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab/cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, Oncovin, and prednisone) chemotherapy. Consequently, follow-up positron-emission tomography CT and MR images demonstrated a complete metabolic response (Deauville score 1). This rare occurrence of primarily extranodal spinal epidural lymphoma with limited disease will be presented in a literature review.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"66-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ad/03/btrt-11-66.PMC9911714.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Hypoxia in Brain Tumor Immune Responses.","authors":"Jang Hyun Park, Heung Kyu Lee","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0043","DOIUrl":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oxygen is a vital component of living cells. Low levels of oxygen in body tissues, known as hypoxia, can affect multiple cellular functions across a variety of cell types and are a hallmark of brain tumors. In the tumor microenvironment, abnormal vasculature and enhanced oxygen consumption by tumor cells induce broad hypoxia that affects not only tumor cell characteristics but also the antitumor immune system. Although some immune reactions require hypoxia, hypoxia generally negatively affects immunity. Hypoxia induces tumor cell invasion, cellular adaptations to hypoxia, and tumor cell radioresistance. In addition, hypoxia limits the efficacy of immunotherapy and hinders antitumor responses. Therefore, understanding the role of hypoxia in the brain tumor, which usually does not respond to immunotherapy alone is important for the development of effective anti-tumor therapies. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting the role of hypoxia in the context of brain tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/5e/60/btrt-11-39.PMC9911710.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Radiotherapy in Patients With Relapsed Medulloblastoma.","authors":"Do Hoon Lim","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the last three decades, the management of medulloblastoma (MBL) has made enormous progress with a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy. Despite this improvement, 20%-30% of patients with MBL remain at risk of disease recurrence, with its relapse being possibly fatal. To date, the salvage treatment for relapse remains challenging, and various approaches have been suggested for the retreatment. In this review, I have described the characteristics of patients with relapsed MBL, patterns of relapse and the most commonly prescribed treatment. Further, I have reviewed the studies on re-irradiation and its associated issues to conclusively suggest the RT recommendations for patients with relapsed MBL.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"22-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/e6/a9/btrt-11-22.PMC9911706.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10738032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medulloblastoma: Current Perspectives and Recent Advances.","authors":"Jung Yoon Choi","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medulloblastoma is the most common embryonal tumor of the central nervous system in childhood. Combined multimodality approaches, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, have improved the outcome of medulloblastoma. Advances in genomic research have shown that medulloblastoma is not a biologically or clinically discrete entity. Previously, the risk was divided according to histology, presence of metastasis, degree of resection, and age at diagnosis. Through the development of integrated genomics, new biology-based risk stratification methods have recently been proposed. It is also important to understand the genetic predisposition of patients with medulloblastoma. Therefore, treatment goal aimed to improve the survival rate with minimal additional adverse effects and reduced long-term sequelae. It is necessary to incorporate genetic findings into the standard of care, and clinical trials that reflect this need to be conducted.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/c0/btrt-11-28.PMC9911713.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI-Based Classification of Rathke's Cleft Cyst and Its Clinical Implication.","authors":"Ginam Kim,&nbsp;Ju Hyung Moon,&nbsp;Sun Ho Kim,&nbsp;Eui Hyun Kim","doi":"10.14791/btrt.2022.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14791/btrt.2022.0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs) are benign tumors of the pituitary gland. Small, asymptomatic RCCs do not require surgical treatment, whereas surgical treatment is required for symptomatic RCCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with an RCC who were diagnosed and managed in our institution between April 2004 and April 2020 and generated two different cohorts: the observation (n=114) and the surgical group (n=99). Their initial MRI signal characteristics were analyzed. The natural course focusing on cyst size was observed in the observation group and postoperative visual and endocrine outcomes were evaluated in the surgical group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The characterization of MRI signals of cyst contents in both T1-weighted (T1W) and T2-weighted (T2W) images revealed nine combinations for our 213 patients. Among 115 patients with a high T2W signal, the cysts showed hypo-, iso-, and hyper-intensity on T1W images in 72, 39, and 44 patients, respectively; Type S-low, Type S-iso, and Type S-high. One more major group of 35 patients showed RCCs with hyperintensity on the T1W images and hypointensity on the T2W images named as Type M. In the comparison between observation and surgical groups, we identified only two major groups in which the number of patients in the surgical and observation groups was statistically different: more Type S-low in a surgical group (<i>p</i><0.001) and more Type M in an observation group (<i>p</i>=0.007). In subgroup analysis, the range of change in the cyst size was the highest in Type S-high in the observation group (<i>p</i>=0.028), and intergroup differences in visual and endocrine outcomes were not evident in the surgical group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MRI characteristics help to predict the natural course of RCCs. We identified subgroups of RCCs which are more or less likely to require surgical intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":72453,"journal":{"name":"Brain tumor research and treatment","volume":"11 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/05/5e/btrt-11-59.PMC9911707.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10725975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}