{"title":"Ensuring Trust in Pharmaceutical Supply Chains by Data Protection by Design Approach to Blockchains.","authors":"Halid Kayhan","doi":"10.30953/bhty.v5.232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical supply chains are complex structures that include various participants. Furthermore, blockchains are viewed as a promising solution to increase effectiveness and overcome some of the main challenges in these supply chains-especially lack of trust. The European Union (EU) set strict rules in the domain of pharmaceutical supply chains in order to protect patient safety and public health. In addition, blockchains bring legal requirements. Among these requirements, personal data protection is of utmost importance. This is because, as has been argued for years, blockchains and the EU data protection regime are in conflict by their natures. However, it is also claimed that when rightly designed and combined with other technological solutions, blockchains potentially offer great opportunities to enhance data protection. Nevertheless, potential for blockchains in the pharmaceutical supply chain is not yet been realized as most use cases are in the proof of concept or pilot stage. This article examines the debates surrounding blockchains and data protection. The goal is to draw constructive conclusions on whether blockchain solutions can be designed in data protection-enhancing ways and whether this might help realize the potential for blockchain in pharmaceutical supply chains-particularly by creating trust. For this purpose, the example of an ongoing EU-funded innovative research project called PharmaLedger as a case study to concretize its theoretical examinations is examined. This project is chosen because it gathers a wide variety of stakeholders representing different interests and aims to create a digital trust ecosystem in health care by providing a widely trusted platform that supports the design and adoption of blockchain-enabled healthcare solutions while accelerating the delivery of innovation that benefits the entire ecosystem from manufacturers to patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"5 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/3c/73/BHTY-5-232.PMC9907431.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10766255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Toshio Harrell, Muhammad Usman, Ladd Hanson, Mustafa Abdul-Moheeth, Ishav Desai, Jahnavi Shriram, Eliel de Oliveira, John Robert Bautista, Eric T Meyer, Anjum Khurshid
{"title":"Technical Design and Development of A Self-Sovereign Identity Management Platform for Patient-Centric Health Care Using Blockchain Technology.","authors":"Daniel Toshio Harrell, Muhammad Usman, Ladd Hanson, Mustafa Abdul-Moheeth, Ishav Desai, Jahnavi Shriram, Eliel de Oliveira, John Robert Bautista, Eric T Meyer, Anjum Khurshid","doi":"10.30953/bhty.v5.196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Clinical data in the United States are highly fragmented, stored in numerous different databases, and are defined by service providers or clinical specialties rather than by individuals or their families. As a result, linking or aggregating a complete record for a patient is a major technological, legal, and operational challenge. One of the factors that has made clinical data integration so difficult to achieve is the lack of a universal ID for everyone. This leads to other related problems of having to prove identity at each interaction with the health system and repeatedly providing basic information on demographics, insurance, payment, and medical conditions. Traditional solutions that require complex governance, expensive technology, and risks to privacy and security of the data have failed adequately to solve this interoperability problem. We describe the technical design decisions of a patient-centric decentralized health identity management system using the blockchain technology, called MediLinker, to address some of these challenges.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Our multidisciplinary research group developed and implemented an identity wallet, which uses the blockchain technology to manage verifiable credentials issued by healthcare clinics, banks, and insurance companies. To manage patient's self-sovereign identity, we leveraged the Hyperledger Indy blockchain framework to store patient's decentralized identifiers (DIDs) and the schemas or format for each credential type. In contrast, the credentials containing patient data are stored 'off-ledger' in each person's wallet and accessible via a computer or smartphone. We used Hyperledger Aries as a middleware layer (API: Application Programming Interface) to connect Hyperledger Indy with the front-end, which was developed using a JavaScript framework, ReactJS (Web Application) and React Native (iOS Application).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MediLinker allows users to store their personal data on digital wallets, which they control. It uses a decentralized trusted identity using Hyperledger Indy and Hyperledger Aries. Patients use MediLinker to register and share their information securely and in a trusted system with healthcare and other service providers. Each MediLinker wallet can have six credential types: health ID with patient demographics, insurance, medication list including COVID-19 vaccination status, credit card, medical power of attorney (MPOA) for guardians of pediatric or geriatric patients, and research consent. The system allows for in-person and remote granting and revoking of such permissions for care, research, or other purposes without repeatedly requiring physical identity documents or enrollment information.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We successfully developed and tested a blockchain-based technical architecture, described in this article, as an identity management system that may be operationalized and scaled for future impl","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"5 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/33/01/BHTY-5-196.PMC9907400.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10766256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corrine Sim, Haisheng Zhang, Marianne Louise Chang
{"title":"Improving End-to-End Traceability and Pharma Supply Chain Resilience using Blockchain.","authors":"Corrine Sim, Haisheng Zhang, Marianne Louise Chang","doi":"10.30953/bhty.v5.231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30953/bhty.v5.231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulating and monitoring a traditionally fragmented pharma supply chain has been a global challenge for decades. Without a trusted system and strong collaboration between stakeholders, threats such as counterfeits can easily intercept the supply chain and cause monumental disruptions. Today, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need for greater data transparency, better deployment of technology, and improved ways of connecting stakeholder information along the supply chain. There is a need for improved ways of working to help build up supply chain resilience, and one way is by implementing better end-to-end traceability using blockchain technology such as Hyperledger Fabric. This paper will explore the business value that blockchain brings to the pharma supply chain with better end-to-end traceability, using the example of an industry-grade blockchain solution called eZTracker. Through six key features, pharmaceutical manufacturers, patients, and Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs) can now participate in data sharing, with extended use cases of integrating blockchain with warehouse platforms, a patient-facing mobile application, and an interactive dashboard for real-time verification and data transparency. Beyond anti-counterfeit verification, other potential use cases include effective product recall management, cold chain monitoring, e-product information, and more. The effectiveness of a traceability solution is heavily dependent on the amount of data collected and is affected by poor adoption and scalability. Existing limitations that need to be addressed include the lack of mandated serialization in Asia and blockchain interoperability. To maximize the value of blockchain, collaboration is the key. Pharmaceutical manufacturers need to invest in new technologies, such as blockchain, to help them break out of data silos and operationalize data to build supply chain resilience. Pharmaceutical supply chain is the backbone of a US$1.27 trillion industry,<sup>1</sup> but because of its highly complex and fragmented nature, it is hard to regulate and protect, and this makes it a valuable target for opportunistic parties such as counterfeiters looking to profit.<sup>2</sup> As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been greater emphasis on transparency of data and connecting stakeholders along the pharma supply chain in real-time in the last few years. With the introduction of blockchain technology, companies are now able to implement solutions with more effective track and trace results, providing quality assurance to pharmaceutical manufacturers, patients, and Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs), and even improving operational efficiencies. This paper seeks to explore the positive business impact of end-to-end traceability using blockchain technology, and the effects it brings about, such as improving supply chain resilience and combating counterfeits, as seen in successful live use cases in Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"5 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/b3/BHTY-5-231.PMC9907421.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10708615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"List of notions","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-204","url":null,"abstract":"Ledger A book, a list, or other collection of financial accounts and/or transactions. % Attack A potential attack on a blockchain network, where a single entity or organization is able to control the majority of the hash power, potentially causing a network disruption. In such a scenario, the attacker would have enough mining power to intentionally exclude or modify the ordering of transactions. -blocks Confirmation A period of time (commonly around min) necessary for adding six new blocks behind a solved block that contain some transaction. After this period, the transaction is considered confirmed because creating a new version of the blockchain that will not contain a given transaction becomes too difficult, because too expensive in computing power. Altcoins Cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. Artificial Neural Networks A computing system is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Bitcoin The most popular cryptocurrency, running on a blockchain created in January by an unknown person under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin/Digital Wallet A software program for holding and trading Bitcoins which uses a person’s private key (secret number) to access the person’s public Bitcoin address (an identifier of – alphanumeric characters) and transaction signatures that need to be securely stored; the Bitcoin wallet comes in many forms – the four main types are desktop, mobile, web, and hardware. Blockchain A distributed ledger consists of a series of transaction blocks where each block (except the first and the last) is linked with the previous and next block by means of cryptography, making that way an unbreakable chain of blocks. Blockchain Fork A situation within the community (of nodes/members of a blockchain PP network) that occurs when in the network exist two or more versions of the blockchain (i.e., different nodes may have different versions of the file which contains blockchain data). Blockchain Mining A peer-to-peer computer process aimed to secure and verify transactions of a given cryptocurrency (such as Bitcoin). Border Gateway Protocol Protocol for routing of IP packets (routing protocol); it is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to exchange routing and reachability information among autonomous systems on the Internet. Branch Tip A tip that represents the last individual transaction in a branch tip bundle (see IOTA bundle).","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78605414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4 Selected use cases","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73354792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3 Distributed ledgers and internet of things","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110681130-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110681130-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75008498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blockchain + Local Government Innovation","authors":"","doi":"10.1142/9789811236518_0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811236518_0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72422,"journal":{"name":"Blockchain in healthcare today","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78593556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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