Bioelectronic medicine最新文献

{"title":"Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve improves amyloid pathology in delirium superimposed on dementia.","authors":"Chengcheng Song, Pau Yen Wu, William J Huffman, Jennifer David-Bercholz, Alicia Bedolla, Ravikanth Velagapudi, Ann Njoroge, Ramona M Rodriguiz, William C Wetsel, Danielle Rendina, Staci D Bilbo, Wesley Chiang, Jessica C Ogu, Harris A Gelbard, Ting Yang, Warren M Grill, Niccolò Terrando","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00194-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00194-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Delirium and delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD) are common complications affecting patients suffering from ongoing neurodegenerative pathologies. Peripheral surgical trauma can trigger neuroinflammation and ensuing DSD via mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Given the multifactorial therapeutic effects of neuromodulation, including vagal nerve stimulation, we have tested a minimally invasive approach to combat DSD following orthopedic surgery. METHODS: We performed orthopedic surgery on 5xFAD and CVN-AD mice and tested the efficacy of minimally invasive percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (pVNS). We applied immunohistochemical, biochemical, and behavioral assays to evaluate the impact of surgery on postoperative delirium on DSD pathology in Alzheimer’s disease-like mice. To confirm the role of systemic factors in neuroinflammation and amyloid-β dyshomeostasis, we conducted experiments using interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine commonly upregulated in postoperative delirium and in vitro co-culture assays for validation. RESULTS: In AD-like mice surgery induced acute changes in amyloid-β; perioperative treatment with pVNS effectively reduced amyloid-β load, plaque sphericity, and neuronal loss. The rescue of these pathological hallmarks led to improved delirium-like behavior, as demonstrated by the 5-choice serial reaction time task on postoperative days 1 and 2. pVNS improved microglial morphology, particularly near amyloid-β plaques. Acute isolation of microglial cells from 5xFAD mice after surgery indicated that pVNS partially enhanced key Disease-Associated Microglia (DAM) markers. The contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines to amyloid-β aggregation was validated using an in vitro transwell culture model following Cytomix exposure, which also caused endothelial barrier disruption. Finally, we isolated IL-6 as a well-established biomarker of postoperative delirium and described its role in DSD pathology following systemic administration. CONCLUSION: These findings establish a role for neuromodulation after pVNS in regulating perioperative immunity and advance a new paradigm for perioperative interventions in patients at risk for DSD. </p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12809983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145992014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resonant core-shell magnetoelectric nanoparticles as sensors of neural magnetic activity: a computational study.","authors":"Giulia Caiani, Emma Chiaramello, Paolo Ravazzani, Serena Fiocchi","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00198-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00198-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measuring the weak magnetic fields generated by spontaneous biological activity, such as those produced in the brain or heart, offers complementary information to conventional electrophysiological techniques, as electroencephalography and electrocardiography. Nevertheless, the widespread clinical use of biomagnetic sensing is hindered by the bulky and costly technology currently available, including SQUID-based and optically pumped magnetometers. In recent years magnetoelectric materials have been explored as highly sensitive, room-temperature magnetic field sensors, offering a compelling alternative to conventional approaches. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using resonant magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) as nanoscale magnetic sensors by exploiting the delta-E effect, in which magnetic-field-induced changes in elastic properties, i.e. Young's modulus, shift the nanoparticle's resonance frequency. Using a computational modeling approach, we first developed and characterized a core-shell MENP model. We then identified its natural resonance frequencies in the GHz range, evaluated its sensitivity to external magnetic field variations, and determined the optimal bias static magnetic field and core radius for maximum sensitivity. Finally, we assessed the performance of the optimized nanoparticle in detecting neural-level magnetic fields. Our simulations demonstrate that MENP can achieve a maximum sensitivity of 2.59 Hz/nT for a core diameter of 50 nm under a bias static magnetic field of 1000 Oe. These findings highlight both the feasibility of exploiting the delta-E effect in MENPs and the tunability of their structural parameters, which could be tailored for specific applications. In conclusion, this work set the theoretical groundwork for the development of cutting-edge, wireless and non-invasive nanoscale magnetic sensors for neural interfacing and biomedical signals sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12784572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145936561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: The auditory nerve implant-concept and device description of a novel electrical auditory prosthesis.","authors":"Thomas Lenarz, Florian Solzbacher, Loren Rieth, Moritz Leber, Meredith E Adams, Rolf Salcher, David J Warren, Andrew J Oxenham, Karl-Heinz Dyballa, Amir Samii, Robert K Franklin, Waldo Nogueira, Inderbir Sondh, Abigail P Heiller, Joseph D Crew, Keno Huebner, Stefan Strahl, Holly A Holman, Luke A Johnson, Geoffrey M Ghose, W Mitchel Thomas, Cornelia Batsoulis, Ingeborg Hochmair, Lei Feng, Hubert H Lim","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00197-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00197-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12750908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145859626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved electrode stimulation stability of Utah arrays<sup />.","authors":"Taylor Stump, Brian Baker, Ryan Caldwell, Rohit Sharma, Sandeep Negi, Loren Rieth","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00190-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00190-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: The Utah electrode array (UEA) is a promising microelectrode technology with potential applications to assist patients with sensory loss, spinal cord injuries, and limb loss serving as neural prosthetics and brain-computer interfaces. Performance lifetime of microelectrodes, particularly when used for stimulation, remains one of the challenges for their clinical translation. METHODS: This study characterizes the stimulation stability of an optimized iridium oxide (IrOx) research metallization for the UEA in comparison to the Blackrock standard practice metallization. The stimulation stability (Stim-Stab) protocol used electrochemical characterization and either 106 or 4 × 106 pulses at 2,100 µA (420 nC/ph) with longitudinal voltage transient measurements and physical characterization to quantify electrode lifetime. RESULTS: Approximately 50% of electrodes using the Blackrock standard practice process electrical failed during 106 pulses, whereas no electrical failures were observed from 4 × 106 pulses for the research metallization. Backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) determined that all electrodes with electrical failures during Stim-Stab testing had complete loss of metallization. Of electrodes with good electrical outcomes from Stim-Stab testing 80% and 50% of those had notable metallization damage for BRM and research metallization, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the research metallization makes important steps for improving electrode metallization lifetime of Utah arrays. Additionally, the Stim-Stab method provides valuable feedback for engineering improved electrode metallization. </p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12743391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145844403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a single penetrating interfascicular electrode to improve spatial selectivity of an extraneural polymeric cuff array.","authors":"Imane Ben M'Rad, Zachary K Bailey, Estelle A Cuttaz, Rylie A Green","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00193-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00193-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Damage to the peripheral nervous system severely disrupts motor control, sensory perception, and organ function, often resulting in long-term disability. To restore such impairments, peripheral nerve interfaces (PNIs) aim to achieve precise stimulation selectivity, yet current approaches face several limitations. Most PNIs rely on metal-based electrodes, which introduce a mechanical mismatch with soft neural tissue and are limited by low charge-injection capacity. The device design of these PNIs also suffers from a fundamental trade-off: highly invasive approaches enable high selectivity but provoke strong foreign-body responses, while less invasive designs minimize tissue damage but fail to provide sufficient selectivity. Although current-steering strategies have been explored to enhance selectivity, their performance remains inadequate for clinical application. Significant advances in PNIs are required to safely achieve higher selectivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this work, a novel array consisting of a single penetrating interfascicular electrode (SPIF) added to an extraneural cuff (EC) array, termed SPIFEC, was developed using laser-based fabrication and polymeric materials. Electrochemical properties were characterized, and ex vivo experiments using whole rat sciatic nerve were conducted to assess fascicular selectivity. The implantation was assessed through computed tomography (CT) imaging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SPIFEC design includes seven extraneural electrodes and one double-sided interfascicular penetrating electrode. Electrochemical analysis revealed the polymeric electrodes had low impedance, high charge storage capacity and high charge-injection limit, when compared to previous reports on traditional metallic devices. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that the device achieved high fascicular selectivity, particularly in nerves with well-defined fascicles, outperforming a comparable non-penetrating cuff. CT imaging confirmed the interfascicular positioning of the penetrating electrode.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results demonstrate the potential of this novel SPIFEC array in enhancing spatial selectivity for peripheral nerve applications. Further studies, including chronic in vivo testing, are required to fully evaluate long-term performance and clinical potential in neuroprosthetic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12690793/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting response to neuromodulation therapies in drug-resistant epilepsy using machine learning models: a meta-analysis and systematic review.","authors":"Alejandro Quintero-Villegas, Fylaktis Fylaktou, Jaclyn Morales, Theodoros P Zanos","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00191-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00191-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to identify and analyze all the relevant literature regarding the use of machine learning to predict response to neuromodulation therapies in patients diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We systematically search PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane databases to identify all the studies that used machine learning models to predict response to neuromodulations. Prior to the search, the study was registered at the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42024543952). Quality assessment and risk of bias was done using PROBAST. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled value of the AUROC. A sub-analysis was performed for population-specific scenarios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 4,451 studies were identified after our initial search, from those, only 12 papers were included in the final analysis. The total number of patients across all the cohorts was 535. 11 studies focused on VNS and only one on ctDCS. Only five out of the 12 studies included an external cohort to validate the results. The most common population was pediatric (n = 7). The most common ML model used was the support vector machine. The pooled area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was 0.84 (95% IC, 079-0.88).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study suggests that multimodal ML approaches show promising performance in predicting response to neuromodulation strategies in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, the limited number of studies, the scarcity of external validation and small cohorts highlight the need for larger, high-quality prospective investigations to confirm these findings and improve the generalizability of ML-based prediction models.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12664166/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal nerve stimulation modulates renal blood flow in a frequency-dependent manner.","authors":"Dzifa Kwaku, Dusty Van Helden, Joan Dao, John Osborn, Matthew D Johnson","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00192-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00192-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic overactivity of the renal nerves is a key pathophysiological attribute of drug-resistant hypertension. Indeed, catheter-based renal denervation can lower blood pressure by severing the brain-kidney (efferent nerves) and kidney-brain (afferent nerves) link, but its irreversibility and potential nerve reconnection limits adaptability and longevity, highlighting the need for alternative treatments. Kilohertz-frequency electrical stimulation is an approach known to reversibly inhibit peripheral nerve activity and has potential to reversibly modulate renal blood flow.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigated how electrical stimulation of the renal nerves affects renal blood flow in a non-diseased anesthetized swine. Using unilateral hook electrodes around the renal artery-nerve complex, we performed parameter sweeps of stimulation frequency (20-15000 Hz) and measured blood flow and blood pressure changes in the ipsilateral kidney.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Stimulation at low frequencies (≤ 100 Hz) resulted in a sustained reduction in renal blood flow. High stimulation frequencies (> 100 Hz) often resulted in an immediate decrease in blood flow through the kidneys, but the responses exhibited adaptation with continued isochronal pulsatile stimulation. Notably, while kilohertz-frequency stimulation did not directly increase renal blood flow in this experiment, it did induce a carryover effect on renal nerve sensitivities to low-frequency stimulation, reducing the effect of subsequent low-frequency stimulation on renal blood flow (from - 11.8% to -4.7%, median).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Responses to renal nerve stimulation depend on stimulation frequency with effects that can persist or adapt as well as effects that can range from decreasing renal blood flow to decreasing the sensitivity of the renal nerve signaling pathway. These findings have important implications for future development of bioelectronic interfaces with the renal nerve for modulation of kidney function.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12664136/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145643429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The auditory nerve implant-concept and device description of a novel electrical auditory prosthesis.","authors":"Thomas Lenarz, Florian Solzbacher, Loren Rieth, Moritz Leber, Meredith E Adams, Rolf Salcher, David J Warren, Andrew J Oxenham, Karl-Heinz Dyballa, Amir Samii, Robert K Franklin, Waldo Nogueira, Inderbir Sondh, Abigail P Heiller, Joseph D Crew, Keno Huebner, Stefan Strahl, Holly A Holman, Luke A Johnson, Geoffrey M Ghose, W Mitchel Thomas, Cornelia Batsoulis, Ingeborg Hochmair, Lei Feng, Hubert H Lim","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00188-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00188-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cochlear implant (CI) is considered one of the most successful neural prostheses, enabling deaf individuals to achieve intelligible speech perception. However, CI performance remains limited in noise and with complex acoustic scenes, including music and multi-talker speech. One major issue for CIs is the poor electrode-neural interface where electrodes are positioned within the bony cochlea and distant from the auditory nerve fibers. Due to recent advances with microelectrode technologies designed for peripheral nerves, there has been rekindled interest in the auditory nerve implant (ANI), in which a novel prosthesis with a microelectrode array has been developed for direct stimulation of the auditory nerve. Animal studies demonstrate that the ANI achieves substantially lower thresholds and more selective neural activation compared to CI stimulation, which could lead to greater hearing performance. To successfully translate the ANI to patients, the ANI device components need to be further designed for safe and reliable implantation in humans through development of alternative surgical techniques, and validated in chronic animal studies. New stimulation strategies also need to be developed, especially with the potential to insert tens to hundreds of microelectrodes across the spiraling tonotopy of the auditory nerve to activate more spatially and temporally distinct nerve fiber patterns than is possible with the CI. Once in humans, extensive perceptual experiments can be performed with the ANI to characterize thresholds, loudness growth functions, pitch patterns, temporal coding properties, and spectral selectivity, as well as evaluating novel stimulation strategies that will guide the development of the next generation ANI system.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12551331/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145357020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abstracts from the Sixth Bioelectronic Medicine Summit: Neurotechnologies for Individuals and Communities.","authors":"","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00182-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-025-00182-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 Suppl 1","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12538809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145350128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico analysis of concentration and spatial distribution effects of magnetoelectric nanoparticles on peripheral nerve activation.","authors":"Valentina Galletta, Marta Bonato, Marta Parazzini, Emma Chiaramello, Serena Fiocchi","doi":"10.1186/s42234-025-00187-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42234-025-00187-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The delivery of selective and specific neural stimulation is of paramount importance to enable effective interactions with the nervous system while reducing potential side effects. Neural interfaces play a key role in the communication between an external device and nervous tissue, and technological advances have been made in recent decades to optimize this interaction and thus improve the quality of life of patients. However, several challenges remain to be overcome, such as the trade-off between selectivity and invasiveness or the modulation of a specific stimulation that could mimic natural axonal spiking. In this context, emerging magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) could be designed as a possible solution to current limitations, allowing minimally invasive, highly selective, wireless and more natural neural stimulation. Among the variables that influence the interaction of MENPs with neural tissue, both the concentration and the distribution of nanoparticles play a key role, but appropriate studies and quantification of their effects are still lacking. Our study aims to fill this gap, moving an important step toward more realistic and informative modeling of the MENPs-nerve interaction. In addition, the great variability in the anatomy of peripheral nerves was considered by evaluating the stimulation capability of the nanoparticles while interacting with both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. A holistic computational framework was used, ranging from multiphysics characterization of the ME effect of a single nanoparticle to modeling the effects of the nanoparticle concentration and stochastic distribution to assess axonal electrical responses. Owing to their improved performance, nanorod-shaped MENPs (NRs) were selected as stimulation sources, and multiple nanoparticles were assumed to be randomly distributed in a small volume within the tissue. The results demonstrate the strong influence of both concentration and distribution on the stimulation capability of nanoparticles, with the stimulation capability increasing as the nanoparticle concentration increases. Specific axonal excitability strongly influences axonal responses, with the stimulation capability of MENPs varying greatly between myelinated and unmyelinated axons. This study makes a significant contribution to the foundational knowledge required for applying MENPs in peripheral nerve stimulation and provides quantitative evidence regarding how nanoparticle concentration and distribution influence MENP-nerve interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72363,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectronic medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12533469/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145310222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}