{"title":"Overall Review On Permeation Enhancers in Drug Delivery Systems","authors":"A. Krishna sailaja, Ganparaju Vaishnavi","doi":"10.31579/2692-9392/051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/051","url":null,"abstract":"60%-70% Several drugs can be administered orally as liquids, capsules, tablets, or chewable tablets because the oral route is the most convenient, safest and less expensive. The important challenge in the oral drug delivery is the growth of novel approaches to approve absorption of poorly permeable drugs across the intestinal permeability. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorized based on their solubility and permeability. The BCS Class III, Class IV with low permeability across the biological membranes with low bioavailability. While these drugs are pharmacologically effective, poor absorption due to low permeability becomes the rate-limiting step to improve oral bioavailability. Various approaches for improving the permeability include physical, chemical, colloidal carriers and other methods such as prodrugs, permeation enhancers, ion-pairing, nanoencapsulation and combination/hybridization of one or more traditional approaches to improve drug permeability for better absorption. Among many advantages over other routes of administration 3 crucial ones are avoiding metabolism in liver, minimal negative effects and increased bioavailability.This article discusses the commonly various strategiesand various approaches for improving the permeability of BCS Class III and Class IVdrugs to enhance bioavailability.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45036445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Calculations of the Spread of the COVID 19 epidemic in New York City based on the Analytical Model","authors":"F. Mairanowski, D. Below","doi":"10.31579/2692-9392/064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/064","url":null,"abstract":"A detailed description of the model for calculating epidemic spread under conditions of lockdown and mass vaccination of the population is given (ASILV model). The proposed analytical model adequately describes the development of the epidemic in New York City. The estimates of the total number of infected persons and the seven-day incident rate made using the proposed model correlate well with the observed data in all the stages of epidemic growth. Model calculations of the spread of the epidemic under different vaccination rates allowed an assessment of the effect of vaccination on the growth of the epidemic. Analysis of seven-day incidence curves at different vaccination intensities led to the preliminary conclusion that at vaccination rates above a minimum value, the emergence of new strains did not lead to a growing epidemic.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43522814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pesky Hiccups; May be Risky!","authors":"Abeer M. SHAWKY","doi":"10.31579/2692-9392/065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/065","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hiccups are benign and self-limited condition, but attention should be paid to the underlying conditions when persist. There are various causes of persistent hiccups, including metabolic abnormalities, psychogenic disorders, malignancy, nervous system pathology, medications, pulmonary disorders, or gastrointestinal etiologies. It is rarely attributed to cardiac disease. Case Summary: We report a case of intractable hiccups in a 67 y/o male as the initial symptom of coronary heart disease. He presented with a few-week history of hiccups and no other complaints. Echocardiography demonstrated wall motion abnormalities in the left ventricle with severe impairment of systolic function. He was He was admnistered chlorpromazine and anti-ischemic treatment, and a thallium viability study was advised before cardiac catheterization to confirm viable or nonviable myocardium. He refused further evaluation and was discharged with appropriate care. The gentleman was readmitted for heart failure two weeks after discharge due to poor medication adherence. The delay in treatment had affected his chances of survival, and his hiccuping symptoms had recurred and persisted. Finally, he died after two months from the time of diagnosis. Discussion: This case makes highlights the importance of having a high index of suspicion, especially in elderly diabetic patients where benign self-limiting conditions like hiccups can only present symptoms of severe cardiac disease. Cardiac disease should be considered even when the symptoms are only gastrointestinal; simple investigations in the form of changes in electrocardiogram with cardiac enzyme elevation may disclose the cardiac findings, as they did in our case!","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47384240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia after Breast Cancer Radiotherapy and letrozole: A Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"Alati Aurélia, C. Pierre, Leobon Sophie","doi":"10.31579/2692-9392/049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/049","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia occurs with prevalence rate 1–3% after breast conservative treatment in series. In response to radiation of a lung or surrounding tissues, an inflammatory reaction can affect both lungs and is located within the radiation field. Characteristic imaging features include multiple alveolar opacities and diffuse ground-glass shadows. Letrozole may induce iatrogenic organizing pneumonia. Materials and methods: we report the case of a 76-year-old female who underwent conservative treatment for an invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast. Hypofractionated radiotherapy was delivered with a total dose of 42.5 Gy in 16 sessions of 2.65 Gy using a three-dimensional technique. After the radiotherapy ended letrozole was indicated. Results: Several weeks after the radiotherapy ended and letrozole was introduced, she described a flu-like syndrome. Samples were negative, and there was no improvement after four courses of antibiotics. Imaging suggested bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Her symptomatology lessened after the letrozole was discontinued, and 11 months after radiotherapy finished, her imaging results were clear. Conclusion: Physicians must consider bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Cases may increase with hypofractionated radiation treatment and new drugs. Letrozole may potentiate the risk. Dosimetry may be adapted to the lung and subpleural areas for patients with risk factors and taking adjuvant or concurrent drugs with potential pneumotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42275111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbiome in immuno-rheumatology","authors":"L. Gonzalez","doi":"10.31579/2694-0248/038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/038","url":null,"abstract":"The microbiota is a set of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protists), that reside in our body and are usually associated with healthy tissues (skin, mucosa, etc.) of the human body. Microorganisms reside in these places more or less permanently, and in some cases perform specific functions","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47505464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ménétrier Disease; 2-Year-Old Boy Presenting With Prolonged Emesis, Generalized Edema and Chance Histopathological Finding of Cytomegalovirus Gastritis: A Case Report","authors":"Shipra Garg","doi":"10.31579/2694-0248/029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/029","url":null,"abstract":"Ménétrier disease (MD) is characterized by enlarged gastric folds with associated protein losing gastropathy. In children it is a rare and self-limited cause of protein losing gastropathy. We report a case of a 2-year-old male who presented with prolonged, refractory emesis and peripheral edema. Workup revealed severe hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, iron deficiency anemia, and high stool alpha-1 antitrypsin. Hepatic protein synthesis was normal with no urinary protein loss. Endoscopy showed antrum sparing, severe erosive gastritis in body and fundus, characteristic of MD. Histologic examination displayed inflammation with eosinophilia, foveolar hyperplasia, atrophic oxyntic epithelium, and rare CMV inclusions. Patient received antiviral therapy, intravenous albumin, diuretic and was discharged on high protein diet. Follow-up revealed clinical recovery, with endoscopy and histology showing normal gastric mucosa throughout the stomach. It is important to remain vigilant of this condition in pediatric population and to include it in the differential diagnosis in cases of protein losing gastroenteropathy.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49394742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hepatic Lesions of Total Parenteral Nutrition (Tpn) Secondary to Umbilical Venous Catheter (Uvc) Malposition in A Very Low-Birth Weight Infant in China","authors":"Xiao Luo","doi":"10.31579/2694-0248/036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/036","url":null,"abstract":"Umbilical vein catheterization (UVC) is a common operation for vascular access in preterm infants. However, there are complications associated with their use. We here a case of extravasation of the fluids due to misplacement of the catheter causing hepatic collection of TPN in a very low-birth weight preterm (VLBW) infant.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45487567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbiome in immuno-rheumatology","authors":"L. A. Gutiérrez-González","doi":"10.31579/2692-9392/038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/038","url":null,"abstract":"The microbiota is a set of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi and protists), that reside in our body and are usually associated with healthy tissues (skin, mucosa, etc.) of the human body. Microorganisms reside in these places more or less permanently, and in some cases perform specific functions","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42624108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Poisoning with Soranjan (Colchicum): a case report","authors":"Amir Noyani","doi":"10.31579/2694-0248/039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2694-0248/039","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Colchicine, which is derived from a herb called Colchicum is a medication used to treat gout. Colchicum itself can act as a deadly toxic herb in the case of over dose. This is a case report study which investigates a patient who was poisoned with Colchicum (Soranjan, what it is called in Iran). Description: The patient was a 44-year-old man who came to the emergency poisoning ward after a day of mountaineering and eating Soup. He had severe nausea and vomiting. The patient was admitted to the ICU two days later with a toxic general condition, complaining of chest pain, nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. The patient lab tests showed elevated liver enzymes and pancytopenia. The patient respiratory distress developed and physician had to intubate the patient. The patient was treated with antibiotics, GCSF for pancytopenia and antioxidant to protect the liver. Conclusion: The patient responded to broad spectrum antibiotic, antifungal and GCSF. paying attention to the patient’s history was the key of success to diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46164653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methods to Improve the Efficacy of Autoinflation Procedures and to Classify Eustachian Tube Patency","authors":"S. Stangerup","doi":"10.31579/2692-9392/025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9392/025","url":null,"abstract":"We describe three methods to improve the efficacy of autoinflation procedures. The subjects were examined after flight with otoscopy and tympanometry. If the middle ear pressures after flight were negative, the passengers were asked to perform a Valsalva maneuver after which tympanometry was repeated. If still negative, the passengers were instructed to perform an extended Valsalva maneuver. If middle ear pressure was still negative, the passenger then was instructed to perform autoinflation using a nasal balloon. Among the ears with initial negative middle ear pressure, 14% normalized the middle ear pressure after Valsalva’s maneuver. In the passengers with a remaining negative pressure, the pressure was equalized to zero or positive pressure in 46% following an extended Valsalva maneuvre. In the ears with remaining negative middle ear pressure after both Valsalva and extended Valsalva maneuver, 69% could normalize the middle ear pressure after nasal balloon inflation.","PeriodicalId":72284,"journal":{"name":"Archives of medical case reports and case study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45209144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}