Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum最新文献

{"title":"Measuring Medical Student Scholarly Activity After a Structured Plastic Surgery Research Fellowship: A Bibliometric Analysis.","authors":"Jasmine A Panton, Bhavana Thota, Abby J Culver, Jeffrey M Kenkel","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plastic surgery is consistently one of the most competitive medical specialties in the National Resident Matching Program match, with students often partaking in dedicated research fellowships to bolster their applications.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study was to quantify the academic productivity of medical students completing a structured plastic surgery research fellowship at a single academic center over a 7-year period.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The bibliometric output of 26 medical student research fellows was analyzed. Eligible scholarly activities for analysis included peer-reviewed articles, books and book chapters, and video editorials published in the field of plastic surgery and indexed between July 1 of the fellowship and September 1, 2023. Cross-verified citation lists were generated for each author and <i>h</i>-index, publication number, number of citing articles, sum of times cited, author position, and journal or book title were recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-four of 26 research fellows have published a total of 177 scholarly activities (93.22% articles) which have been cited in ∼322 articles. The mean publication per fellow is 6.69 and the mean <i>h-</i>index is 1.46. Analysis excluding the 2022-2023 cohort revealed a strong positive correlation between years since beginning research fellowship and both mean <i>h</i>-index (<i>r</i> = 0.84, <i>P</i> < .001) and mean number of publications per year (<i>r</i> = 0.81, <i>P</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Structured research fellowships can serve as a springboard for medical students to increase research output and engage meaningfully with academia. The authors of this study suggest that publications in peer-reviewed journals continue to increase following participation in a structured plastic surgery research fellowship.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 4 therapeutic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11925147/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instagram vs Reality: Assessment of the Representation of Lip Aesthetic Subtypes on Social Media Using the Lip Classification of Tubercles System.","authors":"Steven Harris, Fabrizio Castellari, Madara Orlovska, Don Othoro, Greg Bran","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social media platforms, particularly Instagram appear to be influencing contemporary beauty standards, especially concerning lip enhancements. Understanding the prevalent lip types showcased can offer valuable insights into evolving aesthetic ideals to inform both patients and practitioners.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to analyze lip types associated with minimally invasive lip enhancements on Instagram (Meta, Menlo Park, CA) and compare these findings with classifications from a patient clinic using the Lip Classification of Tubercles system.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A within-participants design was employed to examine 120 \"before and after\" images from 4 trending Instagram hashtags related to lip enhancements. Four expert examiners performed the classification, and interrater reliability was assessed. Data from a previous study involving patients from an aesthetic clinic (<i>n</i> = 214) were incorporated to compare the frequencies of lip types in the clinic and on Instagram.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The interrater reliability for lip classification on Instagram was very good (Fleiss' Kappa: pretreatment <i>k</i> = 0.817; posttreatment <i>k</i> = 0.837). The most common lip-type pretreatment was 1A, which dramatically shifted to Type 3A posttreatment. The comparison with the patient clinic revealed that although Type 1A was the most prevalent in both datasets, Instagram exhibited lower variability, with only 10 unique types identified pretreatment and a predominant Type 3A posttreatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The representations of lip enhancements on Instagram reflect a narrower range of lip types compared with clinical findings, including a dramatic shift toward a Type 3A lip shape. This standardization of beauty ideal highlights the need for further exploration of social media's influence on lip enhancement preferences and the associated risks, as well as how these trends shape patient expectations in aesthetic practices.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 4 diagnostic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11949685/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143756132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of a Proprietary Near-Infrared Laser to Enhance Wound Healing: A Preliminary Preclinical and Clinical Study.","authors":"Graeme E Glass, András Mérai, Szabolcs Molnár, Paul Clayton","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojaf009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nonthermal light energy has been used to enhance wound healing. This is known as photobiomodulation. Although preclinical evidence is largely based on laser light, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) form the mainstay of clinical studies owing to the lack of available lasers for nonclinical use. However, it is speculated the 2 technologies exhibit dissimilar biological responses.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The influence of a new, commercially available near-infrared laser device on the gene expression profile of human skin relative to an equivalent, near-infrared LED device was evaluated. Additionally, the wound healing potential of the device was examined in practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Defatted human skin was exposed to the laser (3), LED (3), or negative control (3) for 5 days. On Day 6, skin samples were biopsied for ribonucleic acid extraction and gene expression assays run for 107 genes of interest. Twenty patients with chronic wounds were randomized to receive standard wound care ± laser therapy 3 times weekly for 4 weeks, and wounds were analyzed for healing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The laser altered expression of 45 genes. Highly up-regulated genes (>5-fold change) included those implicated in wound healing and antiaging, whereas highly down-regulated genes included those implicated in inflammation and extracellular matrix integrity. The LED device altered expression of only 1 gene relative to negative controls. The laser reduced mean wound area by 78% and healed 4 of 10 wounds completely. In contrast, 8 of 10 of those receiving standard care exhibited no change.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A proprietary near-infrared laser exhibited superior ability to influence gene expression in healthy skin than an equivalent LED device and induced the healing of chronic wounds.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 2 therapeutic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11975535/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143813129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Commentary on: The Role of Nasal Fat Preservation in Upper Lid Surgery and Assessment With the FACE-Q Questionnaire: Innovations in Upper Blepharoplasty.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/asjof/ojaf007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/asjof/ojae097.].</p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11791679/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paradoxical Adipose Hyperplasia of Submental Region After Cryolipolysis Treated With Deep-Plane Neck Lift: A Case Report.","authors":"Heather M Zimmerman, J Simon Ivey","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cryolipolysis is a technique to reduce adipose tissue with localized cooling. Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia (PAH) is a known risk of this procedure and presents with a voluminous swelling in the treated region, generally occurring 2 to 4 months after. Most cases of PAH are noted in the umbilical region, and it has been infrequently noted in the submental region. The researchers of previous reports have noted liposuction or excision as proposed treatments. In this study, the authors report on a case of PAH after 2 sessions of cryolipolysis to the submental region, which was treated with deep-plane neck lift (DPNL) for total correction. Intraoperative removal of sub- and supraplatysmal fibrotic fat, glandular material, and muscle was utilized for optimal results. The patient had total correction of the deformity and maintained results at several months postoperatively. This case would have been poorly treated with liposuction because of the dense structural material and fibrotic subplatysmal fat noted intraoperatively. Patients undergoing cryolipolysis for adipose reduction of the submental region should be counseled on the risk of PAH, and DPNL should be evaluated further as the standard for correction of this condition.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 5 therapeutic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11903390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143626927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Neuromodulator Use for Optimization of Facial Scars and Blepharoplasty and Brow Lift Outcomes.","authors":"Manoj T Abraham, Solomon Husain, Anni Wong, Sunder Gidumal, Ebrahim Elahi, Ellen Marmur, Matthew DelMauro","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are many published studies that indicate neuromodulators help improve surgical outcomes and the appearance of facial scars.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the prevalence of neuromodulator use as an adjunct for facial scar treatment as well as blepharoplasty and brow lift surgeries across surgical subspecialties.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An anonymous electronic survey was distributed to plastic surgeons, facial plastic surgeons, oculoplastic surgeons, and dermatologic surgeons through their respective national societies. The survey assessed demographics, practice characteristics, and practice habits.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 276 surgeons responded. Although 96.7% of respondents use neuromodulators in their practice, only 21% utilize neuromodulators for scar optimization, and 12.3% and 25.4% utilize neuromodulators for optimization of blepharoplasty and surgical brow lift outcomes, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the use of neuromodulators has been shown to improve the appearance of scars and could enhance outcomes after blepharoplasty and brow lift procedures, its use among respondents was limited.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 4 therapeutic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11842229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capsular Contracture After Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Evan Haas, Neophytos Christodoulou, Murilo Secanho, George Kokosis, Rafael D Malgor, Julian Winocour, Jason W Yu, David W Mathes, Christodoulos Kaoutzanis","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Capsular contracture is characterized by the formation of a fibrous capsule around a breast implant after an augmentation mammaplasty, and often results in pain, firmness, and implant distortion. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate how implant and surgical characteristics affect rates of capsular contracture after breast augmentation. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE (OvidSP), and Cochrane Library. Comparison groups included smooth vs textured implants; subpectoral vs prepectoral implant placement; saline vs silicone implants. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for capsular contracture for each of these groups. The inclusion criteria were met in 24 studies. Smooth implants were associated with significantly higher capsular contracture rates compared with textured implants (OR = 2.80, 95% CI, 1.92-4.08). Subpectoral implant placement demonstrated significantly reduced capsular contracture rates compared with prepectoral placement (OR = 0.35, 95% CI, 0.25-0.50). No significant difference in capsular contracture rates was found between silicone and saline (OR = 0.39, 95% CI, 0.02-6.69). This meta-analysis suggests that textured-surface implants are associated with lower capsular contracture rates than smooth implants following breast augmentation. Additionally, subpectoral implant placement was associated with significantly reduced rates of capsular contracture compared with prepectoral placement. There was no significant difference in capsular contracture rates between saline and silicone implants. However, the absence of large, randomized controlled trials included in this study underscores the need for prospective investigation of the relationship between implant and surgical characteristics and postoperative outcomes.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 2 risk: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11842228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galactocele Following Aesthetic Breast Augmentation: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention.","authors":"Hiba El Hajj, Dollen Eid, Roland Tohme, Fadi Sleilati","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojaf001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Galactorrhea and galactocele are rare complications following breast augmentation. These conditions can lead to significant patient discomfort and require careful management. This article aims to report 3 cases of galactocele that developed after aesthetic breast augmentation, proposing approaches for diagnosis, management, and prevention of galactocele. Three patients who underwent breast augmentation presented with galactocele. Clinical evaluations included aspiration of fluid collections, imaging studies, and laboratory tests to rule out infections and hormonal imbalances. Surgical interventions were tailored to each case based on patient preferences and clinical findings. In Case 1, a 40-year-old female experienced bilateral swelling 1-month postsurgery. Despite aspiration, symptoms recurred, leading to surgical revision and drainage. The implants were removed at her request. In Case 2, a 37-year-old female developed a unilateral galactocele 3 months postaugmentation after starting Norethisterone. Ultrasound-guided aspiration and surgical drainage were performed, with the implants kept in place. In Case 3, a 36-year-old female presented with wound dehiscence and lactescent discharge 7 months postaugmentation. Emergency surgery was needed for fluid evacuation, but worsening symptoms led to implant removal and drainage of bilateral galactoceles. Effective management of galactocele and galactorrhea postbreast augmentation requires a personalized approach, addressing both clinical presentations and patient-specific factors. Further awareness of these complications is essential for optimizing patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 5 diagnostic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojaf001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11836426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canada HARMONY Study: Improvements in Patient Satisfaction With Facial Appearance and Psychological Impact of Combined Aesthetic Treatment.","authors":"Jason K Rivers, Vince Bertucci, Channy Muhn, Shannon Humphrey, Nowell Solish, Jean Carruthers, William McGillivray, Meetu Bhogal, Julia K Garcia, Sara Sangha, Stephanie Manson Brown","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojae130","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojae130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Panfacial treatment has the potential to positively impact psychosocial and emotional well-being.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The Canada HARMONY study evaluated the satisfaction and psychosocial impact of comprehensive, multimodal aesthetic treatment of the face and submental area from the patient perspective.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Over 12 months, all patients (<i>N</i> = 58) sequentially received treatment with hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, onabotulinumtoxinA, and medical-grade skincare products, and eligible patients (<i>n</i> = 13) also received ATX-101. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline on the FACE-Q Satisfaction with Facial Appearance Scale. Secondary endpoints included the following assessments: FACE-Q Expectations of Life Change, Psychological Function, Social Function, Satisfaction with Skin, and Aging Appraisal Scales; Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS); and the Periorbital Aesthetic Appearance Questionnaire (PAAQ). Safety was monitored throughout the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline FACE-Q Expectations of Life Change scores indicated realistic treatment expectations. Significant improvements from baseline were observed on the FACE-Q Satisfaction with Facial Appearance, Psychological Function, Social Function, Satisfaction with Skin, and Aging Appraisal Scales (<i>P</i> < .0001 for all endpoints). Most patients rated \"much improved\" on the GAIS. The mean PAAQ total score significantly improved from baseline by 32.6 (<i>P</i> < .0001). Most patients reported mild-to-moderate injection-site responses, which had a mean time to resolution of <14 days.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Panfacial aesthetic treatment consisting of HA fillers, onabotulinumtoxinA, and ATX-101 improved patient-reported satisfaction, psychological function, social function, and aging appraisal across validated measures.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 5 therapeutic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojae130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11836429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum Toxin in Aesthetic Medicine: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Methodological Quality of the Top 100 Cited Publications.","authors":"Zhen Yu Wong, Pegah Damavandi, Maksim Richards, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Oluwatobi Adegboye, Ryan Faderani, Muholan Kanapathy, Afshin Mosahebi","doi":"10.1093/asjof/ojae131","DOIUrl":"10.1093/asjof/ojae131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Botulinum toxin is widely used in aesthetic medicine, with numerous studies examining its efficacy and safety.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This bibliometric analysis aims to describe research trends and assess the methodological quality of the highest-impact botulinum toxin research in aesthetic applications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The authors of this study identified the 100 most-cited publications on botulinum toxin in aesthetics using Web of Science, covering all available journal years (from inception to October 2024). The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Level of Evidence (LOE) was used to assess the methodological quality of each study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The authors identified 1728 articles on the aesthetic uses of botulinum toxin, with the top 100 most-cited articles spanning from 1994 to 2021. The United States dominated the research landscape with 50 articles, followed by Canada (15). The University of California (United States) and the University of British Columbia (Canada) emerged as the top contributing institutions. Among journals, <i>Dermatologic Surgery</i> led in publication count, followed by <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i> and <i>Aesthetics Surgery Journal</i>. Notably, Professors Jean Carruthers and Alastair Carruthers from Canada were the leading researchers, topping both publication count and citation metrics. Notably, more than half of the studies were classified as LOE 5 (Expert Opinion/Narrative Review).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This bibliometric analysis reveals a paucity of high-quality studies in the field of botulinum toxin in aesthetic medicine, with research predominantly concentrated in western countries. These findings highlight the need for more rigorous, evidence-based studies and increased global collaboration to advance the understanding and application of botulinum toxin in aesthetics.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence 4 therapeutic: </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":72118,"journal":{"name":"Aesthetic surgery journal. Open forum","volume":"7 ","pages":"ojae131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11836436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}