{"title":"Knowledge about Federal Employment Nondiscrimination Protections on the Basis of Sexual Orientation","authors":"Billur Aksoy, C. Carpenter, Dario Sansone","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231054","url":null,"abstract":"Using a US nationally representative online sample, we measure the level of knowledge on employment nondiscrimination laws. Although Americans are well informed about sex, race, and disability being protected characteristics, only about 71 percent think that sexual orientation is a protected characteristic. Sexual minorities are as uninformed as heterosexual individuals that sexual orientation is legally protected from employment discrimination. Furthermore, sexual minorities living in states that did not previously have statewide employment nondiscrimination protections prior to the 2020 Supreme Court ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County are less likely to think that sexual orientation is a protected characteristic.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81721811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Gillingham, Arthur A. van Benthem, Stephanie Weber, M. Saafi, Xin He
{"title":"Has Consumer Acceptance of Electric Vehicles Been Increasing? Evidence from Microdata on Every New Vehicle Sale in the United States","authors":"K. Gillingham, Arthur A. van Benthem, Stephanie Weber, M. Saafi, Xin He","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231065","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) sales have been rapidly growing around the world, spurred by technology advances and policy actions. This study leverages rich data on all individual new light-duty vehicles sold in the United States from 2014 to 2020. We examine how EV attributes, prices, and sales have evolved, exploring substantial heterogeneity across geography, vehicle class, price range, and demographics. We use a matching analysis to compare EVs to similar conventional vehicles to find that EVs have been surprisingly competitive in very recent years. This suggests that constrained supply is an important determinant of the low overall EV market share.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"124 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83995584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Parental Disability on Children's Schooling: The Surprising Role of Parental Education","authors":"Katie Bollman, Leah K. Lakdawala","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231124","url":null,"abstract":"We show that negative effects of parental disability on schooling investments are larger for economically advantaged families. Among children with a veteran father, private school attendance declines with the severity of a father's service-related disability by more when fathers have completed college relative to when fathers have not. Paternal disability also lowers the mobility of young adults, suggesting that reduced educational investment persists into young adulthood. Lost earnings are one mechanism; disability decreases labor supply for all, but foregone earnings are larger for highly educated fathers. Losses are offset by Veterans Affairs transfers for less educated fathers but not for educated fathers.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75818615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Madison Levine, N. Meriggi, A. M. Mobarak, V. Ramakrishna, M. Voors, Uday Wadehra
{"title":"Gendered Disparities during the COVID-19 Crisis in Sierra Leone","authors":"Madison Levine, N. Meriggi, A. M. Mobarak, V. Ramakrishna, M. Voors, Uday Wadehra","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231092","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 outbreak had severe adverse impacts on the health and wealth of households in lower-income countries (LICs), and has affected even more severely female-headed households in LICs. Using high-frequency phone surveys in Sierra Leone, we show that female-headed households are likely to rely on cheaper food alternatives (e.g., Cassava) compared to maleheaded households and are more food insecure. These effects are more nuanced among the poorest families owning one or no assets. Furthermore, female-headed households had less access to COVID-19 information, were less likely to adopt preventive measures (e.g., masks and social distancing) at the onset of the pandemic, and show greater signs of vaccine hesitancy in the early stages of the COVID-19 vaccine campaign.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78596836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thibaut Duprey, Daniel E. Rigobon, Artur Kotlicki, Philip Schnattinger
{"title":"Timely Business Dynamics Using Google Places","authors":"Thibaut Duprey, Daniel E. Rigobon, Artur Kotlicki, Philip Schnattinger","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231050","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a new real-time method to measure business opening and closure rates by relying on Google Places, the data behind the Google Maps platform. We collect data on establishments of customer-facing industries (food, retail, accommodation) and provide evidence that the opening and closure rates reflect well the temporary closures and reopening during the pandemic. We find that the operational or closed status of establishments is correlated with business reviews: fewer reviews are associated with impending business exit, and more reviews are associated with expanding businesses posting new job vacancies.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87456195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Housing Platforms in Facilitating Trading between Firms","authors":"X. Peng, Maisy Wong","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231067","url":null,"abstract":"We study the 2013 merger of three multiple listings services (MLSes) in Florida, the primary platforms where properties are transacted. We use MLS listings data from 2009 to 2019 to trace out the effects of the merger on the likelihood that listings by brokerages from different platforms are traded. The merger sharply increased the platform scale for brokerages whose platforms were not dominant in a local market prior to the merger. This exposed their listings to more agents and also expanded their access to more listings. Difference-in-difference estimates indicate that nondominant brokerages are more likely to have interplatform trades.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"1998 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88214097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Why Did COVID-19 Vaccinations Lag in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? Lessons from Descriptive and Experimental Data","authors":"A. M. Mobarak","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231109","url":null,"abstract":"Two years after COVID-19 vaccine rollouts began, COVID-19 vaccination rates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to lag. Tracing individual country experiences with vaccine procurement in the early stages of the pandemic suggests that international supply chain failures caused initial delays. High vaccine hesitancy in the population and last-mile delivery challenges within LMICs were other possible limiting factors. This paper summarizes descriptive and experimental research on vaccine demand and supply in LMICs to evaluate these competing claims. The weight of the evidence suggests that external supply restrictions and internal distribution challenges (rather than vaccine hesitancy) appear to be paramount.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77148113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin Harrell, Luca Fumarco, Patrick Button, David J. Schwegman, Kyla Denwood
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Access to Mental Health Care Services","authors":"Benjamin Harrell, Luca Fumarco, Patrick Button, David J. Schwegman, Kyla Denwood","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231058","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic increased the rate of mental health disorders, as well as demand for mental health services. It remains unclear, however, the extent to which it impacted access to mental health care. Using data from an audit field experiment, which ran from January to May 2020 and overlapped with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we examine the impact of COVID-19 on access to mental health care appointments in the United States. We find that increased intensity of COVID-19–measured by daily cases, daily fatalities, and weekly excess deaths–is associated with decreased access to mental health care appointments.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90656485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Self-Employment Effects of Secure Communities in the United States","authors":"Raffi E. García, Alejandro Gutiérrez-Li","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231126","url":null,"abstract":"Illegal immigration has increased substantially in recent years. In this paper, we analyze how Secure Communities (SC), a major internal immigration enforcement program, affected self-employment participation and income in the United States between 2008 and 2013. Following a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the staggered implementation of the SC reduced self-employment rates across the country, but not substantially. However, the policy had a significant negative impact on the income of the self-employed, particularly affecting White and male individuals and workers in the manufacturing and service sectors. Overall, our results highlight the unintended consequences of SC on entrepreneurship in the United States.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"40 6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135145696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Insurance Implications of Government Student Loan Repayment Schemes","authors":"Martin Gervais, Qian Liu, Lance Lochner","doi":"10.1257/pandp.20231082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20231082","url":null,"abstract":"We use new administrative data that link detailed information on Canadian student loan recipients with their repayment and income histories from the Canada Student Loans Program, income tax filings, and postsecondary schooling records to measure the extent to which student borrowers adjust loan repayments to insure against income variation. Loan payments are shown to increase in income, more so in early years and for individuals with higher initial debt. We estimate that on average an unexpected $1,000 change in annual income is associated with a $30 change in loan payment. Loan repayments are also used to absorb persistent income variation.","PeriodicalId":72114,"journal":{"name":"AEA papers and proceedings. American Economic Association","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135145704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}