Advances in neural information processing systems最新文献

{"title":"Task-Agnostic Machine-Learning-Assisted Inference.","authors":"Jiacheng Miao, Qiongshi Lu","doi":"10.52202/079017-3368","DOIUrl":"10.52202/079017-3368","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Machine learning (ML) is playing an increasingly important role in scientific research. In conjunction with classical statistical approaches, ML-assisted analytical strategies have shown great promise in accelerating research findings. This has also opened a whole field of methodological research focusing on integrative approaches that leverage both ML and statistics to tackle data science challenges. One type of study that has quickly gained popularity employs ML to predict unobserved outcomes in massive samples, and then uses predicted outcomes in downstream statistical inference. However, existing methods designed to ensure the validity of this type of post-prediction inference are limited to very basic tasks such as linear regression analysis. This is because any extension of these approaches to new, more sophisticated statistical tasks requires task-specific algebraic derivations and software implementations, which ignores the massive library of existing software tools already developed for the same scientific problem given observed data. This severely constrains the scope of application for post-prediction inference. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel statistical framework named PSPS for task-agnostic ML-assisted inference. It provides a post-prediction inference solution that can be easily plugged into almost any established data analysis routines. It delivers valid and efficient inference that is robust to arbitrary choice of ML model, allowing nearly all existing statistical frameworks to be incorporated into the analysis of ML-predicted data. Through extensive experiments, we showcase our method's validity, versatility, and superiority compared to existing approaches. Our software is available at https://github.com/qlu-lab/psps.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"2024 ","pages":"106162-106189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12588099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structured flexibility in recurrent neural networks via neuromodulation.","authors":"Julia C Costacurta, David Zoltowski, Shaunak Bhandarkar, Scott W Linderman","doi":"10.52202/079017-0062","DOIUrl":"10.52202/079017-0062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A core aim in theoretical and systems neuroscience is to develop models that help us better understand biological intelligence. Such models range broadly in both complexity and biological plausibility. One widely-adopted example is task-optimized recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which have been used to generate hypotheses about how the brain's neural dynamics may organize to accomplish tasks. However, task-optimized RNNs typically have a fixed weight matrix representing the synaptic connectivity between neurons. From decades of neuroscience research, we know that synaptic weights are constantly changing, controlled in part by chemicals such as neuromodulators. In this work we explore the computational implications of synaptic gain scaling, a form of neuromodulation, using task-optimized low-rank RNNs. In our neuromodulated RNN (NM-RNN) model, a neuromodulatory subnetwork outputs a low-dimensional neuromodulatory signal that dynamically scales the low-rank recurrent weights of an output-generating RNN. In empirical experiments, we find that the structured flexibility in the NM-RNN allows it to both train and generalize with a higher degree of accuracy than low-rank RNNs on a set of canonical tasks. Additionally, via theoretical analyses we show how neuromodulatory gain scaling endows networks with gating mechanisms commonly found in artificial RNNs. We end by analyzing the low-rank dynamics of trained NM-RNNs, to show how task computations are distributed.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"2024 ","pages":"1954-1972"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12588093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Randomized Sparse Matrix Compression for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization in Cancer Radiotherapy.","authors":"Shima Adeli, Mojtaba Tefagh, Gourav Jhanwar, Masoud Zarepisheh","doi":"10.52202/079017-3897","DOIUrl":"10.52202/079017-3897","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation therapy, treating over half of all cancer patients, involves using specialized machines to direct high-energy beams at tumors, aiming to damage cancer cells while minimizing harm to nearby healthy tissues. Customizing the shape and intensity of radiation beams for each patient leads to solving large-scale constrained optimization problems that need to be solved within tight clinical time-frame. At the core of these challenges is a large matrix that is commonly sparsified for computational efficiency by neglecting small elements. Such a crude approximation can degrade the quality of treatment, potentially causing unnecessary radiation exposure to healthy tissues-this may lead to significant radiation-induced side effects-or delivering inadequate radiation to the tumor, which is crucial for effective tumor treatment. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, that randomized sketch tools can effectively sparsify this matrix without sacrificing treatment quality. We also develop a novel randomized sketch method with desirable theoretical guarantees that outperforms existing techniques in practical application. Beyond developing a novel randomized sketch method, this work emphasizes the potential of harnessing scientific computing tools, crucial in today's big data analysis, to tackle computationally intensive challenges in healthcare. The application of these tools could have a profound impact on the lives of numerous cancer patients. Code and sample data available at https://github.com/PortPy-Project/CompressRTP.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 ","pages":"122616-122651"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13030887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomedical Visual Instruction Tuning with Clinician Preference Alignment.","authors":"Hejie Cui, Lingjun Mao, Xin Liang, Jieyu Zhang, Hui Ren, Quanzheng Li, Xiang Li, Carl Yang","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advancements in multimodal foundation models have showcased impressive capabilities in understanding and reasoning with visual and textual information. Adapting these foundation models trained for general usage to specialized domains like biomedicine requires large-scale domain-specific instruction datasets. While existing works have explored curating such datasets automatically, the resultant datasets are not explicitly aligned with domain expertise. In this work, we propose a data-centric framework, <b>Biomed</b>ical <b>V</b>isual <b>I</b>nstruction <b>T</b>uning with <b>C</b>linician Preference <b>Al</b>ignment (BioMed-VITAL), that incorporates clinician preferences into both stages of generating and selecting instruction data for tuning biomedical multimodal foundation models. First, during the generation stage, we prompt the GPT-4V generator with a diverse set of clinician-selected demonstrations for preference-aligned data candidate generation. Then, during the selection phase, we train a separate selection model, which explicitly distills clinician and policy-guided model preferences into a rating function to select high-quality data for medical instruction tuning. Results show that the model tuned with the instruction-following data from our method demonstrates a significant improvement in open visual chat (18.5% relatively) and medical VQA (win rate up to 81.73%). Our instruction-following data and models are available at https://BioMed-VITAL.github.io.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 ","pages":"96449-96467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11867732/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unconditional stability of a recurrent neural circuit implementing divisive normalization.","authors":"Shivang Rawat, David J Heeger, Stefano Martiniani","doi":"10.52202/079017-0470","DOIUrl":"10.52202/079017-0470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stability in recurrent neural models poses a significant challenge, particularly in developing biologically plausible neurodynamical models that can be seamlessly trained. Traditional cortical circuit models are notoriously difficult to train due to expansive nonlinearities in the dynamical system, leading to an optimization problem with nonlinear stability constraints that are difficult to impose. Conversely, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) excel in tasks involving sequential data but lack biological plausibility and interpretability. In this work, we address these challenges by linking dynamic divisive normalization (DN) to the stability of \"oscillatory recurrent gated neural integrator circuits\" (ORGaNICs), a biologically plausible recurrent cortical circuit model that dynamically achieves DN and that has been shown to simulate a wide range of neurophysiological phenomena. By using the indirect method of Lyapunov, we prove the remarkable property of unconditional local stability for an arbitrary-dimensional ORGaNICs circuit when the recurrent weight matrix is the identity. We thus connect ORGaNICs to a system of coupled damped harmonic oscillators, which enables us to derive the circuit's energy function, providing a normative principle of what the circuit, and individual neurons, aim to accomplish. Further, for a generic recurrent weight matrix, we prove the stability of the 2D model and demonstrate empirically that stability holds in higher dimensions. Finally, we show that ORGaNICs can be trained by backpropagation through time without gradient clipping/scaling, thanks to its intrinsic stability property and adaptive time constants, which address the problems of exploding, vanishing, and oscillating gradients. By evaluating the model's performance on RNN benchmarks, we find that ORGaNICs outperform alternative neurodynamical models on static image classification tasks and perform comparably to LSTMs on sequential tasks.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"2024 ","pages":"14712-14750"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12588095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145460580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metric from Human: Zero-shot Monocular Metric Depth Estimation via Test-time Adaptation.","authors":"Yizhou Zhao, Hengwei Bian, Kaihua Chen, Pengliang Ji, Liao Qu, Shao-Yu Lin, Weichen Yu, Haoran Li, Hao Chen, Jun Shen, Bhiksha Raj, Min Xu","doi":"10.52202/079017-3325","DOIUrl":"10.52202/079017-3325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monocular depth estimation (MDE) is fundamental for deriving 3D scene structures from 2D images. While state-of-the-art monocular relative depth estimation (MRDE) excels in estimating relative depths for in-the-wild images, current monocular metric depth estimation (MMDE) approaches still face challenges in handling unseen scenes. Since MMDE can be viewed as the composition of MRDE and metric scale recovery, we attribute this difficulty to scene dependency, where MMDE models rely on scenes observed during supervised training for predicting scene scales during inference. To address this issue, we propose to use humans as landmarks for distilling scene-independent metric scale priors from generative painting models. Our approach, Metric from Human (MfH), bridges from generalizable MRDE to zero-shot MMDE in a generate-and-estimate manner. Specifically, MfH generates humans on the input image with generative painting and estimates human dimensions with an off-the-shelf human mesh recovery (HMR) model. Based on MRDE predictions, it propagates the metric information from painted humans to the contexts, resulting in metric depth estimations for the original input. Through this annotation-free test-time adaptation, MfH achieves superior zero-shot performance in MMDE, demonstrating its strong generalization ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 ","pages":"104724-104753"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12922624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147272905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-Care: Assessing the Healthcare Implications of Pre-training Data on Language Model Bias.","authors":"Shan Chen, Jack Gallifant, Mingye Gao, Pedro Moreira, Nikolaj Munch, Ajay Muthukkumar, Arvind Rajan, Jaya Kolluri, Amelia Fiske, Janna Hastings, Hugo Aerts, Brian Anthony, Leo Anthony Celi, William G La Cava, Danielle S Bitterman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly essential in processing natural languages, yet their application is frequently compromised by biases and inaccuracies originating in their training data. In this study, we introduce <b>Cross-Care</b>, the first benchmark framework dedicated to assessing biases and real world knowledge in LLMs, specifically focusing on the representation of disease prevalence across diverse demographic groups. We systematically evaluate how demographic biases embedded in pre-training corpora like <i>ThePile</i> influence the outputs of LLMs. We expose and quantify discrepancies by juxtaposing these biases against actual disease prevalences in various U.S. demographic groups. Our results highlight substantial misalignment between LLM representation of disease prevalence and real disease prevalence rates across demographic subgroups, indicating a pronounced risk of bias propagation and a lack of real-world grounding for medical applications of LLMs. Furthermore, we observe that various alignment methods minimally resolve inconsistencies in the models' representation of disease prevalence across different languages. For further exploration and analysis, we make all data and a data visualization tool available at: www.crosscare.net.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 D-ampB","pages":"23756-23795"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12045606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the trade-off between deep-learning and explainable models for brain-machine interfaces.","authors":"Luis H Cubillos, Guy Revach, Matthew J Mender, Joseph T Costello, Hisham Temmar, Aren Hite, Diksha Zutshi, Dylan M Wallace, Xiaoyong Ni, Madison M Kelberman, Matthew S Willsey, Ruud J G van Sloun, Nir Shlezinger, Parag Patil, Anne Draelos, Cynthia A Chestek","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People with brain or spinal cord-related paralysis often need to rely on others for basic tasks, limiting their independence. A potential solution is brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), which could allow them to voluntarily control external devices (e.g., robotic arm) by decoding brain activity to movement commands. In the past decade, deep-learning decoders have achieved state-of-the-art results in most BMI applications, ranging from speech production to finger control. However, the 'black-box' nature of deep-learning decoders could lead to unexpected behaviors, resulting in major safety concerns in real-world physical control scenarios. In these applications, explainable but lower-performing decoders, such as the Kalman filter (KF), remain the norm. In this study, we designed a BMI decoder based on KalmanNet, an extension of the KF that augments its operation with recurrent neural networks to compute the Kalman gain. This results in a varying \"trust\" that shifts between inputs and dynamics. We used this algorithm to predict finger movements from the brain activity of two monkeys. We compared KalmanNet results offline (pre-recorded data, <math><mi>n</mi> <mspace></mspace> <mo>=</mo> <mspace></mspace> <mn>13</mn></math> days) and online (real-time predictions, <math><mi>n</mi> <mspace></mspace> <mo>=</mo> <mspace></mspace> <mn>5</mn></math> days) with a simple KF and two recent deep-learning algorithms: tcFNN (non-ReFIT version) and LSTM. KalmanNet achieved comparable or better results than other deep learning models in offline and online modes, relying on the dynamical model for stopping while depending more on neural inputs for initiating movements. We further validated this mechanism by implementing a heteroscedastic KF that used the same strategy, and it also approached state-of-the-art performance while remaining in the explainable domain of standard KFs. However, we also see two downsides to KalmanNet. KalmanNet shares the limited generalization ability of existing deep-learning decoders, and its usage of the KF as an inductive bias limits its performance in the presence of unseen noise distributions. Despite this trade-off, our analysis successfully integrates traditional controls and modern deep-learning approaches to motivate high-performing yet still explainable BMI designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 ","pages":"133975-133998"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergences between Language Models and Human Brains.","authors":"Yuchen Zhou, Emmy Liu, Graham Neubig, Michael J Tarr, Leila Wehbe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Do machines and humans process language in similar ways? Recent research has hinted at the affirmative, showing that human neural activity can be effectively predicted using the internal representations of language models (LMs). Although such results are thought to reflect shared computational principles between LMs and human brains, there are also clear differences in how LMs and humans represent and use language. In this work, we systematically explore the divergences between human and machine language processing by examining the differences between LM representations and human brain responses to language as measured by Magnetoencephalography (MEG) across two datasets in which subjects read and listened to narrative stories. Using an LLM-based data-driven approach, we identify two domains that LMs do not capture well: <b>social/emotional intelligence</b> and <b>physical commonsense</b>. We validate these findings with human behavioral experiments and hypothesize that the gap is due to insufficient representations of social/emotional and physical knowledge in LMs. Our results show that fine-tuning LMs on these domains can improve their alignment with human brain responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 ","pages":"137999-138031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12108097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144163893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic Optimal Control and Estimation with Multiplicative and Internal Noise.","authors":"Francesco Damiani, Akiyuki Anzai, Jan Drugowitsch, Gregory C DeAngelis, Rubén Moreno-Bote","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A pivotal brain computation relies on the ability to sustain perception-action loops. Stochastic optimal control theory offers a mathematical framework to explain these processes at the algorithmic level through optimality principles. However, incorporating a realistic noise model of the sensorimotor system - accounting for multiplicative noise in feedback and motor output, as well as internal noise in estimation - makes the problem challenging. Currently, the algorithm that is commonly used is the one proposed in the seminal study in [1]. After discovering some pitfalls in the original derivation, i.e., unbiased estimation does not hold, we improve the algorithm by proposing an efficient gradient descent-based optimization that minimizes the cost-to-go while only imposing linearity of the control law. The optimal solution is obtained by iteratively propagating in closed form the sufficient statistics to compute the expected cost and then minimizing this cost with respect to the filter and control gains. We demonstrate that this approach results in a significantly lower overall cost than current state-of-the-art solutions, particularly in the presence of internal noise, though the improvement is present in other circumstances as well, with theoretical explanations for this enhanced performance. Providing the optimal control law is key for inverse control inference, especially in explaining behavioral data under rationality assumptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72099,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neural information processing systems","volume":"37 ","pages":"123291-123327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144735767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}