Addiction neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Recruitment of specific dopamine neuron sub-circuits by opioids","authors":"Sage L. Morison ,&nbsp;Luan B. Doster ,&nbsp;Andrew D. Vigotsky ,&nbsp;Maria V. Centeno ,&nbsp;Natalia Lopez Gonzalez del Rey ,&nbsp;Apkar V. Apkarian ,&nbsp;Rajeshwar Awatramani","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Opioids have strong addictive and rewarding effects, largely attributed to their interaction with the dopamine (DA) system. Within the ventral tegmental area (VTA), opioids increase DA neural activity by disinhibiting—or decreasing the tonic inhibition of—DA neurons. This disinhibition results in an increase in DA in the nucleus accumbens, which has been widely implicated in addiction. With recent developments suggesting rich VTA DA neuron heterogeneity, a key question is whether opioid exposure activates distinct DA neuron subsets. Here, we address (i) whether this activation is uniformly distributed across the midbrain or, alternatively, is enriched in specific anatomically restricted DA populations, and (ii) the specificity of projections of activated DA neurons, giving insight into the circuitry receiving DA following opioid administration. Using intersectional cFos-based labeling, we find that captured cells are biased towards the VTA over the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), specifically towards the <em>Aldh1a1</em>-rich paranigral region. We also find that the projection pattern of labeled cells is focused on the dorsomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens compared to the ventromedial shell, core, lateral shell, or dorsal striatum. Projections are also observed in the prefrontal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and basolateral amygdala. Our findings of pathway-specific opioid-induced recruitment of DA neurons provide potential for selective targeting of DA sub-circuits to decrease the addictive nature of opioids without disrupting overall DA function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145120847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adolescent social isolation associated changes in ethanol-induced dopamine regulation in the ventral pallidum","authors":"Gavin J. Vaughan ,&nbsp;Makenzie R. Lehr ,&nbsp;Gina M. Magardino ,&nbsp;Abigail M. Kelley ,&nbsp;Michelle A. Chan ,&nbsp;Madison C. Heitkamp ,&nbsp;Jordan T. Yorgason ,&nbsp;Anushree N. Karkhanis","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adolescent social isolation (aSI) has been demonstrated to increase anxiety-like behavior and ethanol consumption. The ventral pallidum (VP), a basal ganglia structure that receives dopaminergic projections from the VTA, contributes to reward and aversion processing, and is highly responsive to psychosocial stressors. In our study, we sought to characterize the effects of aSI on maladaptive behavioral phenotypes such as anxiety-like behavior, ethanol consumption, and aversion-resistant ethanol-intake as measured by the consumption of ethanol (20 %, v/v) adulterated with the bitterant quinine (0, 3, 10, 30, 100 mg/l). We further used <em>ex vivo</em> fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to probe dopamine release kinetics in the VP in response to aSI following both tonic and phasic stimulation. Finally, we measured the impact of an acute application of ethanol (80 mM, 150 mM) on dopamine release kinetics in the VP following both tonic and phasic stimulation. Our results indicated that aSI potentiates anxiety-like behavior and ethanol preference, but does not promote aversion-resistant ethanol drinking. While pallidal dopamine release kinetics were insensitive to aSI at baseline, ethanol perfused over slices containing the VP modulated <em>tonic</em> dopamine release in all rats, albeit at a lower magnitude in aSI rats. Furthermore, ethanol modulated <em>phasic</em> dopamine release in a stress-dependent and sex-specific manner. Thus, dopamine in the VP may contribute to the maladaptive consumption of ethanol following aSI, though the exact mechanism may be different between male and female rats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological neuroadaptations in prefrontal cortical regulation of abstinence and cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking","authors":"Saurabh S. Kokane ,&nbsp;Chevin M. Ray ,&nbsp;Ayteria D. Crow ,&nbsp;James M. Otis ,&nbsp;Jacqueline F. McGinty","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biphasic molecular adaptations in pyramidal neurons (PNs) projecting from prelimbic (PL) cortex to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) (PL→NAc PNs) are hallmarks of early withdrawal vs. later abstinence from cocaine. However, whether biphasic electrophysiological changes accompany these molecular adaptations is unknown. Here we investigated sex-specific, <em>ex vivo</em> physiological neuroadaptations in Drd1 (PL^D1)- and Drd2 (PL^D2)-expressing PL→NAc PNs 2 hr or 7 days after cessation of cocaine self administration. Drd1- and Drd2-Cre⁺ transgenic male and female rats with virally labeled PL→NAc neurons were trained to self administer cocaine followed by two hours of withdrawal or one week of forced abstinence with or without a cue-induced cocaine- seeking test. Intrinsic excitability was increased selectively in PL^D1→NAc PNs of males, but not females, after 2 hr of withdrawal and 7d of abstinence that was normalized by cue-induced relapse. Increased sEPSC frequency (measure of presynaptic glutamate release) in PL^D1→NAc PNs and decreased AMPA/NMDA ratio (measurement of excitatory synaptic strength) in PL^D2→NAc PNs in males, not females, was present during early withdrawal but normalized as abstinence progressed. In females, not males, an increased AMPA/NMDA ratio occurred after 7d of abstinence that was normalized by cue-induced relapse to cocaine seeking. In contrast to findings in heroin-abstinent rats, PKA inhibition using Rp-cAMPs had no effect on augmented intrinsic excitability of PL→NAc PNs after 7d abstinence. However, RP-cAMPs reversed cocaine-augmented AMPA/NMDA ratio exclusively in PL^D1→NAc PNs of females. These data reveal that cocaine abstinence-induced physiological neuroadaptations in PL^D1→NAc PNs are normalized by cue-induced cocaine seeking in a sex-specific manner.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The persistent effects of exposure to a predator odor stressor on sensitivity to alcohol","authors":"Ryan E. Tyler ,&nbsp;Maya N. Bluitt ,&nbsp;Kalynn J. Van Voorhies ,&nbsp;Wen Liu ,&nbsp;Sarah N. Magee ,&nbsp;Elisabeth R. Pitrolo ,&nbsp;Victoria L. Cordero ,&nbsp;Laura C. Ornelas ,&nbsp;Caroline G. Krieman ,&nbsp;Brooke N. Bender ,&nbsp;Alejandro M. Mosera ,&nbsp;Joyce Besheer","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traumatic stress is linked to problematic alcohol use, yet its persistent effects on alcohol sensitivity remain unclear. This study examined the long-term effects of traumatic stress on alcohol sensitivity in male and female Long-Evans rats. Rats were trained to discriminate alcohol (2 g/kg, i.g.) from water, and two weeks after a single, inescapable exposure to the predator odor stressor TMT, substitution for an alcohol dose curve and GABA_A agonism were assessed both systemically (pentobarbital, i.p.) and site-specifically [muscimol in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) or anterior insular cortex (aIC)]. Additional experiments in alcohol-naive rats examined the effects of TMT on alcohol-induced behaviors, c-Fos expression, and GABA_A receptor gene expression in the PrL and aIC. TMT exposure produced a leftward shift in the alcohol dose-response curve, indicating increased interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol in males, but not females. The alcohol-like effects of systemic pentobarbital were unaltered by TMT exposure. TMT reduced <em>Gabra1</em> expression and increased c-Fos in the PrL of males, whereas TMT increased <em>Gabra1</em> expression without altering c-Fos in the PrL of females. Alcohol-induced effects on locomotion and startle response were not observed in the TMT-exposed group when analyzed in both sexes. These findings highlight sex-specific effects of traumatic stress on alcohol sensitivity, with evidence that stress-induced PrL GABA_A adaptations may contribute to increased interoceptive sensitivity to alcohol in males. These results may help to better understand the association between traumatic stress and alcohol use disorder (AUD).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methadone and morphine have equivalent analgesic but not reward potency in female mice","authors":"Akash Shanmugam ,&nbsp;Samantha O. Vanderhoof ,&nbsp;Michael A. Kelberman ,&nbsp;Sergi Ferre ,&nbsp;Katharine E. McCann ,&nbsp;David Weinshenker","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic but carries high abuse potential. Some evidence indicates that the opioid methadone, used in maintenance therapy for opioid dependence, also provides analgesia with lower misuse liability, but direct behavioral comparisons of morphine and methadone under matched conditions remain limited.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dose responses curves for morphine and methadone (0.3–10 mg/kg) were generated in adult female C57BL6/J mice using paradigms to measure reward (conditioned place preference) and analgesia (von Frey and hot plate).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Morphine supported a conditioned place preference at all doses tested, while methadone induced a significant place preference at 1 and 10 mg/kg, but not at 0.3 mg/kg. Both opioids increased mechanical and thermal antinociceptive thresholds only at the highest dose tested (10 mg/kg).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings demonstrate that methadone has a lower reward, but similar analgesic potency compared to morphine in female mice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific transcriptional signatures of oxycodone persist during withdrawal and abstinence in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of heterogeneous stock rats","authors":"Tara C. Delorme ,&nbsp;Snehal Sambare ,&nbsp;Benjamin R. Williams ,&nbsp;Mackenzie C. Gamble ,&nbsp;Lieselot L.G. Carrette ,&nbsp;Leah C Solberg Woods ,&nbsp;Lisa Maturin ,&nbsp;Abraham A. Palmer ,&nbsp;Olivier George ,&nbsp;Ryan W. Logan","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health problem. Sleep and circadian disruptions are recognized as hallmarks of substance use disorders, often emerging during withdrawal and lasting into abstinence. Little is known about the impact of opioids on the brain’s primary circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We examined SCN transcriptomic changes in genetically diverse heterogeneous stock rats across different opioid physiological and behavioral states (naïve, oxycodone intoxication, acute withdrawal, and prolonged abstinence), alongside behavioral assessments. In females, intoxication and withdrawal altered pathways related to neurotransmission, circadian rhythms, and inflammation, while in males, changes involved immune regulation and DNA damage. During abstinence, females showed enrichment in stress-related pathways, particularly those involved in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter function, whereas males exhibited enrichment in pathways related to cellular detoxification and oxidative stress, suggesting lasting, sex-specific effects during withdrawal and abstinence. The highest proportion of sex-specific rhythmic differentially expressed genes were identified during abstinence compared to other states. Co-expression network analysis identified a module linked to synaptic signaling and another linked to ciliary function, which were positively and negatively associated with intoxication, respectively. The genes in the synaptic signaling module were positively correlated with addiction-related behaviors during abstinence, while the genes in the ciliary module inversely correlated with these behaviors during intoxication, linking opioid-induced alterations in the SCN to addiction-like phenotypes. These findings highlight the SCN as a dynamic, sex-specific target of opioid exposure and suggest that SCN alterations may contribute to long-term behavioral and physiological consequences of OUD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145320460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dysregulation of inhibitory control in young adult binge drinkers: Neuroimaging evidence of gender differences associated with misusing alcohol to cope with negative affect","authors":"Austin B. Alderson Myers,&nbsp;David R. White,&nbsp;Ksenija Marinkovic","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Impaired inhibitory control contributes to compulsive drinking and increased risk of alcohol misuse. While the neural underpinnings of inhibitory control have been well documented, imaging evidence in binge drinkers (BDs) is scarce. Notably lacking are studies that consider gender differences, even though women are at greater risk of alcohol use disorder, cognitive deficits, and emotion dysregulation comorbidities. To address these gaps, the present study recruited young adult women and men (<em>N</em> = 83; women = 44) differing in levels of alcohol consumption who were scanned with fMRI during an inhibitory Go/NoGo task. Deficient inhibition in BDs was reflected in lower accuracy on NoGo trials and a tendency to respond faster than light drinkers (LDs) who drink regularly but in low-risk patterns. fMRI revealed greater activation to NoGo trials in BDs than LDs in the left inferolateral and medial frontal cortices and bilateral basal ganglia, which was positively associated with a recent history of binge drinking. Importantly, these differences were particularly pronounced in BD women, who showed enhanced activation in the left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC) compared to BD men. LIFC activation correlated with binge drinking and drinking to cope with negative emotions only in BD women. Moreover, greater LIFC activation mediated the impact of coping motives on binge drinking in BD women, suggesting that coping-related negative affect may exacerbate their alcohol misuse. This novel finding offers insight into potential gender differences in inhibitory control dysregulation in young BDs supporting other evidence of women’s heightened sensitivity to the effects of alcohol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100243"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticostriatal cocaine-seeking ensembles are defined by differing gene expression from sucrose-seeking ensembles using a within-subject dual self-administration and seeking mouse model","authors":"Carl G. Litif ,&nbsp;Levi T. Flom ,&nbsp;Kathryn L. Sandum ,&nbsp;Skylar L. Hodgins ,&nbsp;Lucio Vaccaro ,&nbsp;Jerry A. Stitzel ,&nbsp;Nathan Ungerleider ,&nbsp;Maria Constanza Mannino ,&nbsp;Jason P. Gigley ,&nbsp;Todd A. Schoborg ,&nbsp;Ana-Clara Bobadilla","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100242","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recurrent cocaine seeking is a hallmark of cocaine use disorder. To develop therapeutic targets, it is critical to understand the neurobiological changes specific to cocaine-seeking in context with the seeking of non-drug rewards, e.g., sucrose. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are known regions associated with cocaine- and sucrose-seeking ensembles, i.e., a sparse population of co-activated neurons linked with behavior. Within ensembles, transcriptomic alterations in the NAc and mPFC underlie the learning and recall of cocaine- and sucrose-seeking behavior. However, the transcriptomics exclusively driving cocaine seeking independent from sucrose seeking have not yet been defined using a within-subject approach. Using Ai14:cFos-TRAP2 transgenic mice in a dual cocaine and sucrose self-administration model, we fluorescently sorted and characterized the transcriptomes defining cocaine-seeking in reference to the sucrose-seeking ensemble, overlapping ensemble in between cocaine and sucrose-seeking, and the non-ensemble population. Our data suggests there are robust transcriptomic changes linked with cocaine-seeking that differ from sucrose-seeking ensembles and the non-ensemble population which could guide future studies aimed to detangle cocaine-seeking behavior without altering non-drug reward seeking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No evidence for exosome treatment in reducing alcohol relapse – a failed confirmatory multi-center study","authors":"Marcus W. Meinhardt ,&nbsp;Bettina Habelt ,&nbsp;Ivan Skorodumov ,&nbsp;Cindy Schwarz ,&nbsp;Nadine Bernhardt ,&nbsp;Christine Winter ,&nbsp;Ravit Hardar ,&nbsp;Christian P. Müller ,&nbsp;Yedy Israel ,&nbsp;Fernando Ezquer ,&nbsp;Rainer Spanagel","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preclinical studies have suggested that intranasal administration of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes can reduce alcohol intake and relapse-like behavior in rodents. To assess the translational potential of these findings, we conducted a preregistered, multi-center preclinical randomized controlled trial (preRCT) across several German research sites. Using the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) model in both male and female Wistar rats, we evaluated whether exosome treatment attenuates relapse-like drinking behavior following repeated deprivation phases. Given the hurdles in standardizing exosome isolation, dosage, and intranasal delivery into the brain, we performed first a functional validation experiment of intranasally delivered exosomes. For providing such a functional proof, we conducted electrocorticography (ECoG) recording and showed that exosomes are capable of mitigating impaired electrophysiological activity in the prefrontal cortex in rats that underwent the ADE procedure. However, contrary to previously published positive findings, our confirmatory multi-site preRCT results did not demonstrate a significant reduction in ethanol consumption during an ADE in Wistar rats following exosome treatment. No sex or site-specific effects were observed. Given the absence of efficacy, the study was terminated early in alignment with the 3R principles of animal research ethics. These findings suggest that the previously reported benefits of exosome treatment may be model-specific and do not generalize to a broader genetic background or experimental model. Our results emphasize the necessity of replication across diverse preclinical models and rat lines prior to clinical translation and highlight the importance of publishing null results to improve transparency and reproducibility in addiction research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100234"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice to “Concurrent and prospective relations between aberrant stress-induced frontal alpha asymmetry and cannabis use disorder” [Addiction Neuroscience 14 (2025) 100195]","authors":"Brandon S. Schermitzler ,&nbsp;Julia Y. Gorday ,&nbsp;Michael Griffin ,&nbsp;Richard J. Macatee","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145465299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}