Addiction neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Editorial: Dopamine circuitry and heterogeneity in addiction","authors":"Talia N. Lerner","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100250","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure on motivated responding for sucrose and gene expression in adult male and female rats","authors":"Kelsea R. Gildawie ,&nbsp;Kerri E. Budge ,&nbsp;Fair M. Vassoler ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Yen ,&nbsp;Elizabeth M. Byrnes","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The opioid crisis has resulted in escalating rates of opioid use disorder in women of reproductive age and increased prevalence of fetal drug exposure. While medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) – e.g., buprenorphine or methadone – improves maternal health outcomes, infants exposed to MOUD show a variety of physical and behavioral consequences. There are, however, few clinical or preclinical studies investigating long-term effects of MOUD exposure. The current work investigates the long-term effects of prenatal MOUD exposure on effort-based responding to a palatable food reward and gene expression in regions of the brain related to reward and feeding, including the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. Female Sprague Dawley rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps filled with methadone (10 mg/kg/day) or buprenorphine (1 mg/kg/day) or saline control (2.5 μL/hour for 28 days) and mated four days later. In adulthood, male and female offspring began sucrose pellet self-administration to assess the motivational strength of a food reward in MOUD-exposed animals compared to saline controls, followed by analysis of gene expression via RNAscope <em>in situ</em> hybridization. We observed long-term changes in reward motivation, where adults gestationally exposed to methadone – but not buprenorphine – demonstrated increased motivated responding for sucrose. We observed modest sex-dependent effects of MOUD on gene expression in the nucleus accumbens and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus following sucrose self-administration. These data suggest differential effects of methadone and buprenorphine on the brain and behavior, providing insight into the potential neuromolecular underpinnings of MOUD-induced changes in neural modulation of reward-motivated behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100256"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of sex, anxiety, and risk-taking behavior on opioid and alcohol polysubstance consumption patterns","authors":"Makenzie Patarino ,&nbsp;Ziheng Christina Wang ,&nbsp;Andrew Byungwook Kim ,&nbsp;Katrina Wong ,&nbsp;Suhjung Janet Lee ,&nbsp;Emma Skillen ,&nbsp;Richa Nag ,&nbsp;Britahny Baskin ,&nbsp;Abigail G. Schindler","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polysubstance use is prevalent in the population but remains understudied in preclinical models. Alcohol and opioid polysubstance use is associated with negative outcomes, worse treatment prognosis, and higher overdose risk; but underlying mechanisms are still being uncovered. Examining factors that motivate use of one substance over another in different contexts in preclinical models will better our understanding of polysubstance use and improve translational value. Here we assessed baseline anxiety-like and locomotive behavior and then measured voluntary consumption of multiple doses of alcohol and fentanyl in group housed male and female mice using our novel Socially Integrated Polysubstance (SIP) system. Fifty-six male (<em>n</em> = 32) and female (<em>n</em> = 24) adult mice were housed in groups of 4 for one week with continuous access to food, water, two doses of ethanol (5 % and 10 %) and two doses of fentanyl (5 ug/ml and 20 ug/ml). Our analyses revealed sex differences across multiple domains - female mice consumed more liquid, had higher activity, a higher preference for fentanyl over the other available substances, and their fentanyl preference increased over the seven days. Furthermore, both male and female mice displayed polysubstance consumption patterns (drinking multiple substances within an hour), with female mice displaying more prolonged polysubstance use across days in the SIP cages. We then used machine-learning techniques to reveal underlying relationships between baseline behavioral phenotypes and subsequent polysubstance consumption patterns, where anxiety- and risk-taking-like behavioral phenotypes mapped onto discrete patterns of polysubstance use, preference, and escalation. By simulating more translationally relevant substance use and improving our understanding of the motivations for different patterns of consumption, this study contributes to the developing preclinical literature on polysubstance use with the goal of facilitating better treatment outcomes and novel therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hippocampal volume and brain tau pathology in opioid use disorder: Associations with non-fatal opioid overdose","authors":"Delaney McKinstry ,&nbsp;Zhenhao Shi ,&nbsp;Astrid P. Ramos-Rolón ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Phillips ,&nbsp;Sandhitsu Das ,&nbsp;Xinyi Li ,&nbsp;Nathan M. Hager ,&nbsp;Timothy Pond ,&nbsp;Nora D. Volkow ,&nbsp;Henry R. Kranzler ,&nbsp;Jacob G. Dubroff ,&nbsp;Ilya M. Nasrallah ,&nbsp;Corinde E. Wiers","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with high rates of overdose (OD)-related morbidity and mortality. OD can cause hypoxic-ischemic injury to oxygen-sensitive brain regions such as the hippocampus. Post-mortem studies show Alzheimer’s disease-like hyperphosphorylated tau pathology in the brains of individuals with OUD. Neurocognitive impairments in individuals with OUD may reflect incipient dementia and contribute to poor clinical outcomes. Alternatively, OUD and OD could be independent risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. To date, no study has evaluated the effects of non-fatal ODs or chronic OUD on hippocampal volume and tau deposition in the human brain <em>in vivo</em>. To fill this gap, we examined hippocampal volumes in OUD individuals (n=60) and healthy controls (HC, n=30) using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We found lower bilateral hippocampal volumes in OUD patients than HCs (p&lt;0.001), but no differences between OUD individuals with a history of OD and those without (NOD) (p=0.92). We measured brain tau deposition using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with [¹⁸F]PI-2620 in n=4 HC, n=4 OUD-NOD, and n=4 OUD-OD individuals, and found no difference in brain tau between groups. Functional MRI assessment of episodic memory showed no differences in memory performance or hippocampal activity between groups, although OUD-OD individuals had poorer performance than HC with a medium effect size (d=0.56). In summary, we confirm prior findings of smaller hippocampal volumes in participants with OUD than in HC. However, with a limited sample size, our findings do not show evidence of brain tau deposition in OUD participants with or without OD histories.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparable reductions in subcortical activity during Stroop task performance in individuals with opioid use disorder receiving treatment for cocaine use disorder and a healthy control group","authors":"Jannis Engel ,&nbsp;Elise E. DeVito ,&nbsp;Cheryl M. Lacadie ,&nbsp;Li Yan McCurdy ,&nbsp;Brian D. Kiluk ,&nbsp;Tami Frankforter ,&nbsp;Marc N. Potenza","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cocaine use disorder (CUD) and Opioid use disorder (OUD) are public health concerns warranting treatment development efforts. This study investigated changes in neural activity in individuals undergoing treatment for CUD to inform brain mechanistic understanding.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A CUD/OUD group (<em>n</em> = 32) engaged in a color-word Stroop-task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after 12 weeks of treatment. They were compared to a healthy control group (<em>n</em> = 15) who were also scanned approximately 12 weeks apart. The CUD/OUD group was part of a larger randomized controlled trial in which methadone-maintained patients with CUD/OUD were randomly assigned to computer-based training for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT4CBT) and/or galantamine (or placebo). Analyses assessed changes in Strooprelated activity in the entire sample as well as within and between groups. An additional analysis compared a CUD/OUD group who has received at least five treatment sessions with the control group.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In the entire sample, a reduction of Stroop-related activity was observed in the midbrain, inferior frontal gyrus, putamen, caudate, and middle cingulate cortex at the second fMRI scan, relative to baseline. The comparison of the treatment-engaged subgroup with the healthy control group showed comparable reductions of Strooprelated activity in the putamen.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Activity of brain areas associated with higher cognitive functions, such as cognitive control, differs at a second assessment, suggesting possible habituation. In contrast to previous findings, we did not detect changes in Stroop-related activity associated with treatment outcomes in CUD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100254"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The central amygdala corticotropin releasing factor system regulates anxiety-like behavior in an age- and sex- dependent manner in rats","authors":"Kelcie C Schatz ,&nbsp;Margaret Agajanov ,&nbsp;Elena I Varlinskaya ,&nbsp;Marvin R Diaz","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) system is a key regulator of anxiety-like behavior and a major contributor to addiction. The canonical anxiogenic role of CRF has been largely based on CRF manipulations in adult male rodents, particularly within the central amygdala (CeA), despite evidence that underlying neurobiological mechanisms of anxiety are sex- and age-dependent. Our lab has shown that the physiological response to CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) activation within the medial CeA, a brain region associated with anxiety and addiction, varies with both age and sex. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the effects of CRFR1 activation in the CeA on anxiety-like behavior in naïve juvenile (∼postnatal day [P] 25), adolescent (∼P45), or adult (∼P80) male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Rats were given bilateral cannula in the CeA and then tested in the light-dark box test following an infusion of either the CRFR1 agonist, Stressin-1 (1 µM), or vehicle. In contrast to the previously established anxiogenic effects of CRF agonists, we found that intra-CeA Stressin-1 decreased anxiety-like behavior in females, regardless of age, and juvenile males, with no significant effects evident in adolescent or adult males. Notably, RNAscope <em>in situ</em> hybridization revealed no differences in CRFR1 or CRF mRNA across age or sex. Taken together, these findings further highlight the importance of age and sex on CRF system regulation of anxiety-like behavior, providing a background for the development of more targeted treatments of anxiety disorders and addiction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100257"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medial prefrontal cortical neurotransmitters reactive to relapse-promoting and relapse-suppressing cues in male rats trained to self-administer cocaine or alcohol","authors":"Hermina Nedelescu ,&nbsp;Cristina Miliano ,&nbsp;Grant E. Wagner ,&nbsp;Ayla M. Carroll ,&nbsp;Genna L. De Ness ,&nbsp;Tony M. Kerr ,&nbsp;Richard Nana Abankwah Owusu Mensah ,&nbsp;Eisuke Koya ,&nbsp;Ann M. Gregus ,&nbsp;Friedbert Weiss ,&nbsp;Matthew W. Buczynski ,&nbsp;Nobuyoshi Suto","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental cues signaling drug availability (<em>S</em>+) vs. omission (S-) each recruit specific prefrontal cortical neurons to promote vs. suppress drug seeking in rats, suggesting similarly cue-specific neurotransmission regulates such behavior. We here determined extracellular neurotransmitter fluctuations in the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices of rats reactive to <em>S</em>+ vs. S-. For this, male rats were trained to recognize both <em>S</em>+ and S- within the context of either cocaine or alcohol self-administration and then subjected to <em>S</em>+ vs. S- cue-tests during which animals engaged in active drug seeking vs. suppression of this behavior. In cocaine-trained rats, serotonin, taurine and adenosine in PL were preferentially modulated during the <em>S</em>+ (vs. S-) cue-test, while glutamate in PL was preferentially modulated during the S- (vs. <em>S</em>+) cue-test. In alcohol-trained rats, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in IL was preferentially modulated during the <em>S</em>+ cue-test, while histamine in PL as well as glutamate and dopamine in IL were preferentially modulated during the S- cue-test. In summary, prefrontal neurotransmissions reactive to drug discriminative cues are dependent on cue types (<em>S</em>+ vs. S-), brain regions (IL vs. PL) and drugs used for cue-conditioning (cocaine vs. alcohol), thereby suggesting cocaine- and alcohol-seeking are each regulated by distinct neurochemical processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The need to incorporate polysubstance use in neuropsychopharmacology research: Biological lessons and new opportunities","authors":"Max E. Joffe ,&nbsp;Susan M. Ferguson ,&nbsp;Nick W. Gilpin ,&nbsp;Melissa A. Herman ,&nbsp;Lori A. Knackstedt ,&nbsp;Patrick A. Randall ,&nbsp;Abigail G. Schindler ,&nbsp;Mary M. Torregrossa ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Rinker","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Critical evaluation and refinement of animal models is essential for neuroscientists to understand complex physiological and pathological processes related to psychiatric diseases. In general, preclinical studies modeling drug dependence and problematic substance use have been limited to the administration of a single substance; however, there is a growing appreciation that this approach has failed to capture the complexities of humans and has stifled translational efforts. Polysubstance use represents the overwhelmingly common patterns of alcohol and drug use in humans. For example, epidemiological studies generally determine that between 70–95 % of individuals with alcohol use disorder use tobacco daily, and upwards of 60 % of individuals who use cocaine have a comorbid alcohol use disorder. Based on this, it is imperative for preclinical researchers to consider incorporating nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs into preclinical models of drug use. Here, we discuss the complexities of polysubstance use in the real-world and in rodent models, describing core findings from recent studies that illustrate how the neurobiological mechanisms that drive polysubstance use can differ critically from monosubstance use. Despite these compelling data that justify the support for polysubstance use research, these studies face systemic challenges and barriers to funding that have throttled research in this area. We bring these challenges to light and identify new opportunities for improving the rigor and reproducibility of polysubstance use research in animal models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transgenerational memory deficits in cocaine-sired male rat offspring and grand-offspring","authors":"Mathieu E. Wimmer ,&nbsp;Bruno Fant ,&nbsp;Sarah E. Swinford-Jackson ,&nbsp;Alexander Testino ,&nbsp;Duncan Van Nest ,&nbsp;Angela Bongiovanni ,&nbsp;Keith Campagno ,&nbsp;R. Christopher Pierce","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2026.100249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmental insults, including exposure to drugs of abuse, can influence offspring physiology and behavior through intergenerational epigenetic modifications. The present data indicated that paternal rat cocaine self-administration had no effect on stress responses, impulse control or cocaine seeking in male offspring. We also replicated previous findings showing that paternal cocaine intake impaired memory function, measured by the object location memory task, only in male offspring. We extended this work by breeding cocaine-exposed males with naïve females 90 days after the last cocaine self-administration session; that is, after one complete cycle of spermatogenesis. Impaired object recognition was observed in cocaine-sired male offspring with delayed mating, suggesting persistent cocaine-induced changes in sperm. We next wanted to discern if this hippocampal-dependent memory deficit would extend to the grand-offspring (i.e. the F2 generation). Our results indicated that male, but not female, cocaine grand-sired offspring displayed object location memory deficits, although the hippocampal mechanisms underlying this effect appear to differ between F1 and F2 generations. Taken together, our findings indicate that paternal cocaine exposure results in transgenerational hippocampal-dependent memory deficits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145978162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol Withdrawal Alters the Inhibitory Landscape of the Prelimbic Cortex in an Interneuron- and Sex-specific Manner","authors":"Sema G Quadir,&nbsp;S. Danyal Zaidi,&nbsp;Meredith G Cone,&nbsp;Sachin Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addicn.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. While there are currently three FDA-approved medications for AUD, none specifically target the withdrawal/negative affect stage of AUD, underscoring the need to understand the underlying neurobiological adaptations associated with this critical stage of the addiction cycle. One key region involved in alcohol withdrawal and negative affect is the prelimbic cortex, a subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex. In the present study, we used male and female PV, SOM, and VIP reporter mice to examine cellular and synaptic adaptations in all three major classes of prelimbic cortex interneurons following 72-hour withdrawal from a continuous-access to two-bottle choice model of alcohol. We found that alcohol withdrawal increased PV interneuron excitability in the male cohort but reduced it in the female cohort. In SOM interneurons, withdrawal increased the action potential threshold in males, whereas in VIP interneurons it hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential and reduced membrane resistance in females. Withdrawal also altered synaptic transmission: it enhanced glutamate release onto SOM and VIP interneurons in males but reduced glutamate release onto SOM interneurons in females, and it decreased GABA release onto PV interneurons in males. Together, these findings reveal alcohol withdrawal–induced adaptations in both intrinsic properties and synaptic inputs across prelimbic interneurons, with several patterns differing across the male and female cohorts studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72067,"journal":{"name":"Addiction neuroscience","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}