Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica最新文献

{"title":"Digital quantification of nuclei in porcine experimental and forensic wounds: effects of wound age and body location on nuclei density.","authors":"Kristiane Barington, Anders Læsø Madsen, Henrik Elvang Jensen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00866-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-026-00866-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Age assessment of wounds is a challenge in both human and veterinary forensic pathology. This study aimed to evaluate the density, dimensions, and circularity of nuclei in experimental and forensic porcine wounds over time by application of software for nucleus detection and characterization. Moreover, to evaluate whether the nuclei density is affected by the location of the wound on the body.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>HE-stained tissue sections of granulation tissue from 181 porcine wounds (n = 47 pigs) from a porcine excisional wound model were included, together with 30 porcine skin wounds (n = 22 pigs) received for forensic examination. In addition, tissue sections of intact skin from 13 experimental pigs were included as controls. The experimental wounds had healed by second intention and were divided into seven groups based on wound age (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days). Forensic wounds were divided into three age groups based on the age assessment stated in the forensic reports (days, > 1 week, or several weeks). Moreover, the forensic wounds, several weeks old, were divided into three groups based on body location (umbilical outpouching, limbs, and ear/tail). All tissue sections were digitized, and nuclei were quantified and measured (area, diameter, and circularity) by application of the InstanSeg extension in QuPath.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The density of nuclei in granulation tissue from the experimental wounds showed a significant decrease over time (P < 0.05, η²_P ≥ 0.88). In granulation tissue from forensic wounds, the nuclei density also showed a tendency of a time-dependent pattern, but this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Nuclei density was significantly lower in wounds located on umbilical outpouchings compared to wounds located on ears/tails (P < 0.05). Nucleus area, diameter, and circularity did show significant differences between age groups (P < 0.05, η²_H ≤ 0.03). However, effect sizes were too low and differences too small to be suitable for age assessment of wounds.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Digital quantification of nuclei density is promising as a supportive tool for assessing wound age in veterinary forensic pathology. However, nuclei density can be affected by the body location of the wound and should not be used as a standalone method for age assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refinement of transvaginal ovum pick-up in sows increases oocyte recovery and supports in vitro embryo production.","authors":"Aslak Oltedal, Reina Jochems, Ann Helen Gaustad, Olli Peltoniemi, Stefan Björkman, Marianne Oropeza-Moe","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00865-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-026-00865-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Efficient recovery of oocytes from sows may facilitate embryo production and increase the number of offspring obtained from breeding sows with desired traits. However, robust protocols for consistent oocyte retrieval in sows are still lacking. The aim of this field study was to evaluate modifications of a transvaginal OPU protocol in multiparous sows, including the use of anaesthetics and analgesics, different aspiration flow rates, and hormonal treatments. Furthermore, the effect of partial in vivo oocyte maturation prior to in vitro embryo production (IVEP) was assessed. Thirty-two hybrid sows (parity 5-7) were included in three experiments. In Experiment 1, short-term altrenogest treatment combined with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was used to attempt synchronization of follicular development. In Experiment 2, the effects of superstimulation (1000 or 1500 IU eCG), day post-weaning, and two aspiration flow rates of 24 and 30 mL of water per minute were evaluated. In Experiment 3, OPU-derived oocytes collected 10-14 h or 34-36 h after hCG administration were subjected to IVEP to assess the effect of partial in vivo maturation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In Experiment 1, altrenogest-based synchronization was associated with low oocyte recovery in several animals. In Experiment 2, a mean of 30.3 ± 11.0 oocytes per OPU session was recovered from 54.8 ± 10.6 aspirated follicles, corresponding to a recovery rate of 55.3%. No significant differences were detected between the two aspiration flow rates or between superstimulation treatments. In Experiment 3, partially in vivo matured oocytes resulted in a 33% blastocyst rate, compared with 6% following full in vitro maturation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate that transvaginal OPU in sedated, epidurally treated sows can yield substantial numbers of oocytes under field conditions. Partial in vivo maturation prior to IVEP was associated with improved blastocyst rates. Further controlled studies are required to optimize synchronization protocols and to improve repeatability of oocyte retrieval and IVEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147697199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal variation in prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Neoehrlichia mikurensis in Ixodes ricinus nymphs in southern Norway.","authors":"Andrea Cotes-Perdomo, Arnulf Soleng, Kenedith Méndez-Gutierrez, Kristian Alfsnes, Hans Renssen, Vivian Kjelland, Rose Vikse, Åshild Andreassen, Andrew Jenkins","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00860-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-026-00860-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.) and Neoehrlichia mikurensis are the most prevalent pathogenic bacteria found in Ixodes ricinus in Norway. Here we evaluate the prevalence of both bacteria and the density of infected ticks, key factors to assess the human infection risk. The study was performed in one location in southern Norway.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An overall prevalence of 12% for B. burgdorferi s. l. and 8% for N. mikurensis was found. The most prevalent B. burgdorferi s. l. genospecies was Borrelia afzelii, followed by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia garinii. The highest density of infected nymphs with B. burgdorferi s. l. was in May and the lowest was in November. In the case of N. mikurensis, the highest density of infected nymphs was found in September and the lowest in November. B. burgdorferi s. l. prevalence was negatively correlated with tick density.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results highlight the importance of assessing not only pathogen prevalences but also tick population densities. Extended periods of surveillance in questing ticks are necessary to understand the intricate dynamics of ticks and tick-borne pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13081410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147687302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discospondylitis caused by Brucella canis in a dog imported to Sweden.","authors":"Anna Bonnevie, Ruth Pleva, Tomas Jinnerot, Alexandra Leijon, Jennifer Spens, Andrés Álvarez Fernández, Emelie Pettersson, Bodil Ström Holst","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00859-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-026-00859-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13063614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First molecularly confirmed case of canine thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda infection in Estonia.","authors":"Kristi Sisask, Maare Mõtsküla, Urmas Saarma","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00864-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-026-00864-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic vector-borne nematode primarily affecting carnivores, lagomorphs, and humans. Over the past decades, the parasite has expanded across Europe. This report presents the first molecularly confirmed case of canine thelaziosis in Estonia. The findings highlight the urgent need for increased awareness of T. callipaeda among veterinarians, human medical professionals, and pet owners, as this parasite poses an important public health concern.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 6-year-old spayed female Swiss White Shepherd, with a recent travel history to several European countries, including the Baltic countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany, and Sweden, was presented to the Small Animal Clinic of Estonian University of Life Sciences with unilateral ocular discharge and hyperaemia. Ophthalmic examination revealed the presence of motile, threadlike nematodes in the left eye. The treatment involved manual removal of nematodes and oral administration of milbemycin oxime/praziquantel twice with 1 week interval in combination with topical lubrication. Follow-up examinations revealed significant improvement in ocular health, with no further signs of infection. The nematodes were identified as T. callipaeda based on molecular analysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case highlights the importance of obtaining a comprehensive travel history in veterinary ophthalmology and emphasizes the emerging risk of T. callipaeda in non-endemic regions, especially with increased pet travel. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for successful management. Preventive measures, such as antiparasitic treatment before and during travel, are essential to reduce the risk of transmission. The growing concern of T. callipaeda spread is further supported by previous ecological niche model predictions, suggesting the potential for the vector's geographic expansion across Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The diagnostic performance of point-of-care tests for serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein in lame sows.","authors":"Nadia Jakobsen, Inge Larsen, Nicolai Rosager Weber, Ken Steen Pedersen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00857-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-026-00857-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>For acute phase proteins to be implemented in routine diagnostics for pig herds, a fast, reliable, and portable point-of-care test is required. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of two point-of-care tests on lame gestating sows. The two tests were the Cobas b101 CRP test for C-reactive protein and OmniChek^TM-SAA for serum amyloid A. The reference test was an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The C-reactive protein point-of-care test had a concordance with the ELISA results of 0.12 (95% confidence limits: 0.12-0.23) and a mean difference of - 30.98 µg/mL (Limits of agreement: 27.45 and - 89.40 µg/mL), with a clear proportional bias. The serum amyloid A point-of-care test was only in agreement with the ELISA results in two out of 49 samples. The serum amyloid A test overestimated the serum amyloid A levels, whereas the C-reactive protein point-of-care test underestimated the C-reactive protein levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Currently, the two point-of-care tests cannot be reliably used to determine acute phase protein levels in blood samples from lame gestating sows.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13015171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147508666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot study on the novel use of an ultrasonic toothbrush in dogs: limited effect on dental calculus following a single treatment.","authors":"Karolina Brunius Enlund, Gunilla Andersson, Lina Dolfei, Molly Lavesson, Jenny Palm, Lena Olsén","doi":"10.1186/s13028-025-00843-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-025-00843-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dental calculus is common in dogs and contributes to periodontal disease by promoting plaque accumulation. While daily tooth brushing is the gold standard for prevention, the gold standard for calculus removal is professional dental cleaning under anesthesia at a veterinary clinic. Ultrasonic toothbrushes are marketed as alternatives for single-session calculus removal while the dog is awake; however, there is currently no scientific evidence supporting their effectiveness for this purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a single ultrasonic toothbrush session for canine dental calculus removal. The study consisted of two parts. In part one, beagle dogs with confirmed dental calculus underwent a single session of ultrasonic toothbrush application on the maxillary canine and maxillary fourth premolar, with six minutes per tooth. Stress levels were assessed using the FAS scale (Fear, Anxiety, and Stress). In part two, teeth with dental calculus from specimens were treated with the ultrasonic toothbrush for up to 40 min per tooth. A blinded assessor evaluated dental calculus index pre- and post-treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No visible reduction in calculus was observed in the dogs. Stress during brushing was low (< 2 out of 5 on FAS-scale) and significantly lower (P < 0.05) for canine teeth compared to the fourth premolar. Among the specimens, 7 out of 10 teeth lost small pieces of calculus during mechanical dislodgement with a fingernail after 6-28 min of ultrasonic toothbrush treatment; however, only two teeth showed sufficient reduction to lower the calculus index.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ultrasonic toothbrushes show no significant impact on dental calculus removal as claimed by service providers. While extended use on a single area (> 10 min) may slightly weaken calculus, its clinical relevance is minimal. These brushes are effective for daily prevention of calculus formation but not for its removal once formed. Professional dental cleaning at a veterinary clinic is recommended to address calculus and ensure other dental issues are not overlooked.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13007360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147502733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibodies against tick-borne pathogens in domestic dogs in Norway: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.","authors":"Hanne Kloster, Camilla Stormo, Anita Haug Haaland, Wenche Okstad, Åshild Kristine Andreassen, Snorre Stuen, Vivian Kjelland","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00863-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-026-00863-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ticks are important vectors of zoonotic pathogens, posing a growing threat to animals and humans in Europe. In Norway, the tick species Ixodes ricinus is expanding its range, increasing the risk of tick-borne infections. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s. l.), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic dogs residing in Norway, and to assess their potential role as sentinel species for tick-borne pathogen surveillance at the northernmost limit of I. ricinus' geographical range. Serum samples (n = 433) from domestic dogs were collected across 15 counties between 2016 and 2023 and analysed using immunoblot assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 38% of the dogs were seropositive for one or more tick-borne pathogens. The seroprevalence was 20% for B. burgdorferi s. l., 19% for TBEV, and 11% for A. phagocytophilum. Statistically significant regional differences were observed for the latter two pathogens.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicated widespread exposure of Norwegian dogs to tick-borne pathogens and support their role as sentinel species for assessing human risk. Continued surveillance and preventive measures are recommended to reduce tick infestation and pathogen transmission to both dogs and humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13104503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147462517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteria identified from deep nasopharyngeal swabs and non-endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in calves on farms with a history of bronchopneumonia.","authors":"Jasmin Laschinger, Joachim Spergser, Benedikt Taxacher, Thomas Wittek, Katharina Lichtmannsperger","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00861-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-026-00861-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We describe the occurrence of bacteria associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on Austrian beef operations and compare bacterial culture results from double guarded deep nasopharyngeal swab (DNS) and non-endoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. Fifty pre-weaned beef calves from 13 conveniently selected commercial beef operations with a history of BRD were sampled between April and August 2024. From each calf a DNS and a BAL sample was obtained and cultured for Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Bibersteinia trehalosi, Mannheimia spp. and Mycoplasma bovis. Additionally, a M. bovis specific PCR was carried out on all samples. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the occurrence of bacteria in DNS and BAL samples from Austrian beef calves on beef operations with a history of BRD, and to determine the agreement between M. bovis culture and PCR test results in these samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 21 bacterial isolates were obtained from 15 of the 50 DNS samples and 22 isolates from 17 of the 48 BAL samples. P. multocida, Ma. haemolytica, H. somni, B. trehalosi and Mannheimia spp. were isolated from 4, 2, 5, 0, and 3 DNS samples, and from 4, 3, 3, 2, and 1 BAL samples, respectively. M. bovis was cultured most frequently, i.e. from 7/50 DNS samples and 9/48 BAL samples. All PCR positive BAL (21/48) samples showed a PCR positive DNS (26/50) as well. Of the PCR positive samples, M. bovis was cultured in 27% of DNS samples and in 43% of BAL samples. A consistent culture result was found in 4/48 calves from both DNS and BAL samples, with M. bovis identified in all cases. The study showed moderate agreement for M. bovis culture (κ = 0.45) and almost perfect agreement for PCR (κ = 0.88) between DNS and BAL, respectively, but poor agreement for other bacteria (κ=-0.91 - -0.03).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Common BRD-associated bacteria occur on beef operations in Austria even in calves with mild BRD signs. Additionally, BAL and DNS are suitable for bacterial isolation from the respiratory tract and can provide an overview of the BRD-associated bacteria involved on the farm. We detected a poor agreement between the results of bacterial isolation from DNS and BAL samples in this study, except for M. bovis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13104290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147454842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allometry of litter size in dog breeds.","authors":"Klara Hanefeld Egeriis, Helle Friis Proschowsky, Bernt Guldbrandtsen","doi":"10.1186/s13028-026-00862-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13028-026-00862-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Litter size varies among dog breeds and is related to body size. Generally, the relationship is described as small breeds having smaller litters, and larger breeds larger litters, though the trend does not extend to very large breeds. Allometric relationships are often log-log relationships. This study aims to investigate the relationship between body weight, body conformation, and litter size, with the hypothesis that: (1) body size and litter size are positively related with a power relationship and (2) breed-specific genetic characteristics, which impact body conformation, influence litter size. The present analysis addressed variation in litter size among 115 breeds and the effect of two breed-typical phenotypes, chondrodysplasia and brachycephaly. Log-log regression was used to investigate the relationship between litter size and body weight. A second-order relationship between log litter size and log body weight was observed. In conclusion, body size and litter size were strongly related. Brachycephaly had a significant negative effect on average litter size whereas litter size was unaffected by chondrodysplasia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7181,"journal":{"name":"Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097871/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147442300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}