Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Testosterone, estradiol, and immune response in women","authors":"Javier I. Borráz-León,&nbsp;Severi Luoto,&nbsp;Indrikis A. Krams,&nbsp;Markus J. Rantala,&nbsp;Giedrius Trakimas,&nbsp;Sanita Kecko,&nbsp;Tatjana Krama","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00201-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00201-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Findings on the associations between sex hormones and immune function are scarce and mixed, especially in women. To contribute to the understanding on how sex hormones and immune function interact, we analyzed relationships between testosterone, estradiol, and immune responses in women.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered to a group of 55 healthy women. Venous blood samples were collected at three time points: before the first vaccination (time I), one month after the first vaccination (time II), and one month after the second vaccination (time III), to quantify sex hormone levels (i.e., testosterone and estradiol) and the production of antibodies in response to the hepatitis B vaccinations.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Women’s immune response (i.e., the production of hepatitis B antibodies) was negatively associated with testosterone levels one month after the first vaccination and positively associated with estradiol levels one month after the second vaccination. A decrease in testosterone levels between time II and time III was also observed. No differences in estradiol levels over time were found.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results demonstrate negative associations between testosterone and immune responses in women as previously described for males of several animal species, including humans. There were also positive associations between estradiol and immune responses, highlighting the immunomodulatory role of sex hormones in women. Potential bidirectional effects between immune markers and sex hormones are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 3","pages":"344 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49290726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Cocksure Conundrum: How Evolution Created a Gendered Currency of Corporate Overconfidence","authors":"Richard Ronay,&nbsp;William W. Maddux,&nbsp;William von Hippel","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biological differences between men and women mandate that women’s obligatory investment in reproduction is significantly greater than that of men. As a result, women have evolved to be the “choosier” of the two sexes and men have evolved to compete for female choice. To the degree that overconfidence is an effective tool for attracting mates and driving away competitors, greater competition among men suggests that they should express more overconfidence than women. Thus, sexual selection may be the primary reason why overconfidence is typically more pronounced in men than it is in women. Sexual selection may also be a distal, causal factor in what we describe as a cult of overconfidence pervading modern organizations and institutions. Whereas overconfidence was once regulated and constrained by features of ancestral life, levels of social mobility and accountability in contemporary society and modern organizations make it increasingly difficult to keep this gendered bias in check.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"557 - 578"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41774495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fertility predicts self-development-oriented competitiveness in naturally cycling women but not hormonal contraceptive users","authors":"Lindsie C. Arthur,&nbsp;Khandis R. Blake","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>\u0000Objective\u0000</h3><p>\u0000A growing body of research has begun investigating the relationship between hormones and female competitiveness. Many researchers have focused on the effect of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives. Despite many attempts at understanding hormone-behavior associations, contradictory findings have made it difficult to determine the existence of true effects. The aim of the current research was to use a robust methodological design to investigate the effect of fertility probability on four competitive orientations in naturally cycling women and hormonal contraceptive users.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using a longitudinal diary study with over 3,900 observations from 21 countries, we explore the effect of fertility probability on four self-report competitive orientations after controlling for menstruation: self-developmental competition, hyper competitiveness, competition avoidance, and lack of interest toward competition.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Using Bayesian estimation for ordinal mixed models, we found that fertility probability was associated with an increase in self-development competitiveness amongst naturally cycling women but not hormonal contraceptive users. We also found weak evidence that hormonal contraceptive users show reduced interest in competing compared to naturally cycling women. There were no other robust effects of fertility or hormonal contraceptive use.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results suggest that fertility probability is associated with increased fluctuations in self-development competitive motivation and that hormonal contraceptives interfere with this effect. This research contributes to the growing body of literature suggesting that hormonal contraceptives may influence psychology and behavior by disrupting evolved hormonal mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"489 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44029749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender and Context-Specific Effects of Vocal Dominance and Trustworthiness on Leadership Decisions","authors":"Christoph Schild,&nbsp;Elisa Braunsdorf,&nbsp;Katharina Steffens,&nbsp;Franka Pott,&nbsp;Julia Stern","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The evolutionary-contingency hypothesis, which suggests that preferences for leaders are context-dependent, has found relatively consistent support from research investigating leadership decisions based on facial pictures. Here, we test whether these results transfer to leadership decisions based on voice recordings. We examined how dominance and trustworthiness perceptions relate to leadership decisions in wartime and peacetime contexts and whether effects differ by a speaker’s gender. Further, we investigate two cues that might be related to leadership decisions, as well as dominance and trustworthiness perceptions: voice pitch and strength of regional accent.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted a preregistered online study with 125 raters and recordings of 120 speakers (61 men, 59 women) from different parts in Germany. Raters were randomly distributed into four rating conditions: dominance, trustworthiness, hypothetical vote (wartime) and hypothetical vote (peacetime).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that dominant speakers were more likely to be voted for in a wartime context while trustworthy speakers were more likely to be voted for in a peacetime context. Voice pitch functions as a main cue for dominance perceptions, while strength of regional accent functions as a main cue for trustworthiness perceptions.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study adds to a stream of research that suggests that (a) people’s voices contain important information based on which we form social impressions and (b) we prefer different types of leaders across different contexts. Future research should disentangle effects of gender bias in leadership decisions and investigate underlying mechanisms that influence how people’s voices contribute to achieving social status.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"538 - 556"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Toughness Begets Respect: Dominant Individuals Gain Prestige and Leadership By Facilitating Intragroup Conflict Resolution","authors":"Joey T. Cheng,&nbsp;Nathan A. Dhaliwal,&nbsp;Miranda A. Too","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective\u0000</h3><p>Why do dominant leaders rise to power via the popular vote? This research tests whether when people feel threatened by intra-group disorder they desire stronger, more dominant leaders.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants (<i>N</i> = 1,026) read a vignette that depicts a within-group norm violation. We then used a between-subjects design to randomly assign participants to a specific version of the vignette in which (a) a focal target individual in the scenario varied in their dominance (punitiveness: from no to moderate to strong); and (b) the local group faced little or substantial intra-group conflict and disorder (threat: from low to high). Following this, participants reported how much they endorse the target individuals as leader and the individual’s perceived prestige.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that intra-group conflict motivates a psychology that favors the rise of dominant leaders: Highly punitive individuals (seen as highly dominant) are endorsed as leaders when in-group threat is high, but comparably disfavored when threat is low. Under low threat, non-punitive individuals (who are seen as less dominant) are endorsed as leaders. Subsequent analyses reveal that these shifts in leader preferences are explained by corresponding changes in prestige. Under conditions of high threat, dominance confers prestige, whereas under low threat, dominance suppresses prestige. Tests of mediation further show that the effect of dominance on increased leader support under high threat is mediated by prestige.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In contexts of threat, such as internal disorder, dominant leaders are favored and gain prestige, owing to their perceived ability to supply benefits such as in mediating internal conflicts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"383 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42113154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What You See May Be What You Want: Mate Copying in a Natural Setting","authors":"Ryan C. Anderson, Ashleigh A. Armstrong","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"296 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52893523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What You See May Be What You Want: Mate Copying in a Natural Setting","authors":"Ryan C. Anderson,&nbsp;Ashleigh A. Armstrong","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Abstract\u0000</h2><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The phenomenon of mate copying (MC) suggests that an individual’s romantic desirability varies, to some degree, as a function of their romantic experiences. By manipulating relationship history, this research aimed to determine whether male desirability varied similarly for static stimuli (photographs) as it did for dynamic stimuli (short clips). Here we present 2 studies examining this idea.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In both studies heterosexual women aged 18–34 were recruited from social media and evaluated the desirability of men, before and after being given information about the level of relationship experience the men had previously had (either ‘none’, ‘some’, or ‘lots’).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 278), we employed static images of men and Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 66) was methodologically similar but employed dynamic stimuli. Study 1 indicated that a man’s desirability to heterosexual women increased when it was revealed that he had a moderate amount of relationship experience but decreased if he had none. Results from Study 2 suggested that desirability was not affected by an individual’s relationship experience.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>MC was indicated when stimuli were static, but not when they were dynamic. These results suggest that MC may be a phenomenon that exists to a greater extent when stimuli are less informative.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 3","pages":"296 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50517652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) moderates the influence of perceived parental attention on social support seeking","authors":"Shaofeng Zheng,&nbsp;Keiko Ishii,&nbsp;Takahiko Masuda,&nbsp;Masahiro Matsunaga,&nbsp;Yasuki Noguchi,&nbsp;Hidenori Yamasue,&nbsp;Yohsuke Ohtsubo","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00192-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00192-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Caring, sensitive parenting is known to be associated with higher levels of engagement in support-seeking behaviors among children and young adolescents. However, no study has yet explored the role of perceived parental attention in social support seeking in early adulthood. Growing evidence suggests that the µ-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (<i>OPRM1</i> A118G) moderates one’s responsiveness to social environments. Prompted by the differential susceptibility theory of gene–environment interaction, the present study examined whether the <i>OPRM1</i> polymorphism would moderate the association between perceived parental attention and social support seeking in early adulthood.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Six hundred and twenty Japanese undergraduate students self-reported the amount of attention they subjectively perceived their parents to have given them during childhood and completed scales that assess support-seeking behaviors. Clippings of their fingernails were collected for genotyping.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results showed that the interactive effect of perceived parental attention and <i>OPRM1</i> genotypes on social support seeking was significant. Specifically, perceived parental attention only significantly and positively predicted <i>OPRM1</i> GG carriers’ social support seeking in response to stress.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings support the view that <i>OPRM1</i> polymorphism moderates the association between early experiences and developmental outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 3","pages":"281 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00192-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46689411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Females as a Dispersal-Egalitarian Species: A Hypothesis about Women and Status","authors":"Joyce F. Benenson","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00191-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00191-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>A paradox exists in research on girls and women. On the one hand, they behave in a more egalitarian fashion than their male counterparts. On the other hand, status increases their own and their children’s survival.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Evidence from non-human primates can help reconcile these findings. In species that do not reside with female kin for life, females are relatively egalitarian and individualistic. They typically do not cooperate or engage in direct competition and exhibit little tolerance for status differentials.</p><h3>Results and Conclusions</h3><p>Women follow this pattern. While a husband’s status and her female relatives’ support enhance a woman’s status and reproductive success, her own actions too influence her access to resources and allies. Evidence on girls’ and women’s same-sex competition and quests for status supports the hypothesis that human females inhabit dispersal-egalitarian communities in which competition is avoided, an egalitarian ethos prevails, competitive behavior is disguised, and status differentials are not tolerated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"433 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48103980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Sexual Desire and Within-Individual Testosterone and Cortisol in Men and Women","authors":"Kevin A Rosenfield,&nbsp;Heather Self,&nbsp;Talia Shirazi,&nbsp;Rodrigo Cardenes,&nbsp;Justin Carré,&nbsp;Triana Ortiz,&nbsp;Khytam Dawood,&nbsp;David A. Puts","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00184-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00184-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The dual-hormone hypothesis (DHH) posits that some effects of testosterone on human behavior and psychology related to status-seeking are moderated by cortisol, such that they are stronger when cortisol levels are low. In support of the DHH, studies have found that cortisol negatively moderated the relationship between testosterone and such traits as status-seeking and interest in uncommitted sex. Others indicate a positive moderating influence of cortisol in some cases. Here, we test whether two psychosexual indices—sexual desire and sociosexuality—meet the expectations of the DHH in a large sample of men and women.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>646 women and 185 men attended lab sessions during which they provided saliva samples for hormonal analysis and responded to the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory-Revised and the Sexual Desire Inventory (180 women and 43 men returned for a second session approximately two months later). We quantified salivary hormone concentrations using ELISA and assessed within- and between-participant effects of hormones on psychosexual measures with mixed-effects models.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We observed a positive interaction between within-subjects cortisol and testosterone in models of sexual desire in both men and women. For women, these effects emerged in models of general sexual desire and in models of the dyadic desire subscale and were robust to many analytical configurations. For men, the effects were limited to models of solitary desire, but were also robust to alternative analyses. We present data to quantify our risks of both type I and type II error.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Some of our results contrast with usual dual-hormone hypothesis predictions of negative interactions between testosterone and cortisol. We suggest several potential explanations for these results, including a positive feedback loop whereby elevated testosterone prompts increases in sexual desire and behavior, necessitating cortisol-induced mobilization of energy stores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 2","pages":"156 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41416908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}