Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Cytokines and Estradiol Across Age and Reproduction","authors":"Tomasz J. Nowak,&nbsp;Jeffrey Gassen,&nbsp;Sally P. Weaver,&nbsp;Erich J. Baker,&nbsp;Michael P. Muehlenbein","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00268-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00268-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Problem\u0000 <p>T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cells are crucial in mediating immune responses, with their balance influenced by factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), and estradiol (E2) levels. This study investigates the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio across different demographic and physiological variables to understand how these factors may interact and impact immune function.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Method of Study\u0000 <p>Serum levels of E2, IFN-γ, and IL-10 were measured in a community-based cross-sectional study involving 238 women and 143 men in Texas, USA. Participants completed a comprehensive survey on demographics, health status, and reproductive history. Multiple linear regression models assessed the relationships between the IFN-γ/IL-10 cytokine ratio and variables such as age, BMI, and reproductive status, with particular attention to sex differences and menopausal status.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Results\u0000 <p>The study found that females had a higher IFN-γ/IL-10 cytokine ratio compared to males. The IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio increased with age in both sexes and was positively associated with BMI in females. Estradiol levels were negatively correlated with the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, suggesting that higher estrogen levels may shift the balance toward IL-10 dominance. These patterns were consistent across pre- and post-menopausal women, indicating that age, BMI, and E2 levels play similar roles regardless of reproductive status.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Conclusion\u0000 <p>These findings provide new insights into the dynamic regulation of the IFN-γ/IL-10 balance, particularly highlighting the complex interactions between sex hormones and immune function across the lifespan.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Stress Responses to Competition and Status Differences among Emerging Adult Women","authors":"Krystal Duarte,&nbsp;Madison M. Smith,&nbsp;Jennifer Byrd-Craven","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00269-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00269-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Background\u0000 <p>Close female friendships provide emotional security and stress buffering, particularly during emerging adulthood, a life stage marked by heightened competition across life domains (e.g. academics; relationships). Yet, these relationships are also uniquely fragile, especially when status differences emerge between friends. The current study examined women’s emotional and physiological responses to imagined performance differences with a close same-sex friend.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Methods\u0000 <p>Eighty-one undergraduate women (<i>M</i>age = 20.15) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: outperform, equal performance, or underperform relative to a close friend in a self-selected life domain. Emotional responses, anticipated friend reactions, and physiological stress, measured via respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), were recorded. </p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Results\u0000 <p>As predicted, participants reported the greatest happiness and lowest expectations of negative emotion from their friend in the equal performance condition. RSA decreased significantly during the imagined competition phase, indicating physiological stress, and rebounded during recovery. A marginal interaction between time and hormonal birth control use revealed that naturally cycling women exhibited lower RSA, suggesting higher physiological stress, across all phases compared to those using hormonal contraception. </p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Conclusion\u0000 <p>These findings suggest that even hypothetical status differences with close friends can elicit measurable stress responses in women. Because ovulation was not directly assessed and hormonal profiles were not measured, interpretations regarding hormonal status should be viewed as preliminary. Results highlight the social and physiological costs of competition in female friendships and offer insight into the evolved trade-offs women navigate between affiliation and status.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Clinical Trial Registration\u0000 <p>Not applicable.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Jerk Bosses Stress Us: Burnout as an Evolved Appeasement Strategy","authors":"Hector A. Garcia,&nbsp;Jarad J. Reiss,&nbsp;Ray Garza","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00267-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00267-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Purpose\u0000 <p>Burnout is a pandemic and costly public health problem. Studies link leadership and peer behavior to burnout, but explanations are constrained to proximate mechanisms. Evolutionary models describe depression as an ancient appeasement response to avert dangerous physical conflict with higher-ranking group members and coalitions. In turn, psychometric research consistently finds high construct overlap between burnout and depression. This shared phenomenology suggests that burnout in response to workplace social stressors reflects appeasement. The purpose of the current study is to test the relationship between rank and competition related variables and burnout.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Method\u0000 <p>Participants (<i>N</i> = 256) completed an online survey comprised of burnout and rank-related variables.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Results\u0000 <p>Domineering leadership, self-perceived low rank, negative workgroup gossip, and perceptions of physical vulnerability predicted burnout. Negative workgroup gossip mediated the relationship between dominant leaders and burnout.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Conclusion\u0000 <p>Results suggest that occupational burnout may be rooted in an ancient appeasement response to powerful individuals and coalitions. Clarifying evolutionary mechanisms of burnout can inform prevention and treatment, while deepening our understanding of burnout as a construct.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-025-00267-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moral Decision-Making Style, Moral Persuasion, and Interpersonal Neurophysiological Synchronization: Insights from an EEG-BIO Hyperscanning Study","authors":"Flavia Ciminaghi,&nbsp;Laura Angioletti,&nbsp;Michela Balconi","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00266-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00266-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Moral decision-making often involves interpersonal interactions in which individuals seek to influence others’ moral judgments. The present hyperscanning study aimed to examine whether the alignment of moral decision-making style (emotional vs. cognitive) between two individuals modulates neural and autonomic synchronization during a moral persuasion task.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Fourteen pairs of individuals were categorized as either homologous (same style) or heterologous (different styles) based on their responses to a real-life moral dilemma. During the task, one individual (Pder) attempted to persuade the other (Pdee) of the superiority of their own moral justification, while EEG activity across five frequency band (delta, theta, alpha, gamma and beta) and autonomic signals (SCL, HR, HRV) were simultaneously recorded. Neural and physiological synchrony was analyzed using a dissimilarity index based on Euclidean distance.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>EEG results revealed no significant differences between homologous and heterologous pairs, although dissimilarity in the delta band was significantly higher in frontal regions than in temporo-central and parieto-occipital areas. In contrast, autonomic results revealed greater SCL dissimilarity in heterologous pairs, indicating reduced emotional synchrony when moral styles diverge.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings suggest that, while cortical synchrony may be more strongly shaped by the task demands and structure, shared moral orientations may promote greater peripheral affective alignment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress and Strategic Decision Making","authors":"Benjamin G. Serpell,&nbsp;Blair T. Crewther,&nbsp;Phillip J. Fourie,&nbsp;Stephen P. J. Goodman,&nbsp;Christian J. Cook","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00264-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00264-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Psychology and social science research offer some promising work in the field of decision-making science. However, given the qualitative nature of much of this research, understanding some physiological bases of decision-making may assist by providing more objectivity. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore hormonal and neurophysiological biomarkers of stress relative to strategic decision making, with and without an accompanying exercise stress.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twenty-one competitive male chess players were recruited to this study. On two separate occasions prefrontal cortex (a brain region involved in executive decision making which is sensitive to stress) hemodynamics were measured while participants played a standardized game of chess against a computer bot, once after exposure to a physical stressor (experimental condition) and once without (control condition). Participant’s stress hormones (testosterone and cortisol) were also measured in the morning of each test and immediately prior to the game of chess.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Participants were more likely to win under experimental conditions. Interestingly, there was no difference between conditions for baseline testosterone and cortisol concentrations, and the exercise protocol did not elicit a hormonal change. However, significant differences were observed for prefrontal cortex hemodynamics following the physical stressor (vs. control condition), and changes in prefrontal cortex hemodynamics were observed as games progressed (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.034).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results speculatively suggest several independent pathways exist to explain how stress affects decision making. This work opens several vistas for future research exploring decision making using neurohormonal/physiological biomarkers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-025-00264-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Perceived Physical Resemblance on Ascriptions of Close Relationships of Siblings, Friends, and Romantic Partners","authors":"Susan M. Hughes,&nbsp;Cecelia K. Ensell","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00265-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00265-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Purpose\u0000 <p>This study experimentally tested the impact of perceived physical resemblance on ascriptions of close relationships between individuals. Following kin selection theory, if physical resemblance is a proxy for genetic relatedness, it is adaptive to act altruistically toward similar-looking individuals who may share genes in common, yet select dissimilar-appearing romantic partners to avoid mating that may result in inbreeding depression or lack of offspring diversity.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Methods\u0000 <p>Participants were shown sets of paired facial photos of two persons varying in physical resemblance to one another, who were labeled as being either friends, siblings, or romantic partners. Raters evaluated the closeness of each pair’s relationship based on their pictures. Another set of raters was shown the same pairs of photos without relationship labels and was asked to evaluate how likely they thought the pairs were siblings, friends, or romantic partners, respectively.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Results\u0000 <p>Across all conditions, pairs exhibiting greater perceived physical resemblance were rated as having closer/higher-quality relationships and were more likely thought to be siblings or friends, but were less likely seen as romantic partners. Similar patterns were found when participants (<i>n</i> = 526) were asked about their own personal relationships; generally, ratings of both perceived physical and behavioral similarity were positively associated with perceived relationship closeness across all relationship types, even when controlling for factors such as relationship length and residence distance.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <span>AbstractSection</span>\u0000 Conclusion\u0000 <p>In line with kin selection theory, participants ascribed closer relationships to those who appeared more genetically related but were less likely to identify similar-looking pairs as being romantic partners.</p>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of OXTR, HTR2A, and AR Gene Polymorphisms on Aggressive Behavior in Armenian Students","authors":"Prokhor A. Proshakov,&nbsp;Alex M. Kulikov,&nbsp;Ruzan A. Mkrtchyan,&nbsp;Liliya A. Revyakina,&nbsp;Marina L. Butovskaya,&nbsp;Oleg E. Lazebny","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00262-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00262-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Aggressive behavior is influenced by genetic factors, but findings in behavioral genetics remain inconsistent due to heterogeneous study samples. This study aims to investigate the relationship between aggression traits and polymorphisms of AR, HTR2A, and OXTR genes in a monoethnic sample of Armenian university students, and to compare the results with previously studied African and Siberian populations.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study included 231 Armenian students. Aggression levels were assessed using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and proactive/reactive aggression scales. Genetic analysis focused on the OXTR-rs53576, HTR2A-rs6311, and AR(CAG)_n polymorphisms. The distribution of alleles was examined, and associations between genetic variations and aggression traits were analyzed, considering sex differences and gene–gene interactions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Men exhibited significantly higher levels of physical (<i>p</i> = 2.8e-8), proactive (<i>p</i> = 2.8e-8), and reactive aggression (<i>p</i> = 0.015), while hostility was more pronounced in women (<i>p</i> = 0.033). In women, OXTR-rs53576 interacted with AR(CAG)_n to influence reactive aggression (<i>p</i> = 0.015). In men, AR(CAG)_n independently affected physical aggression (<i>p</i> = 0.003), and its interaction with OXTR-rs53576 also influenced physical aggression (<i>p</i> = 0.005). Combined analysis revealed that AR(CAG)_n and OXTR-rs53576 interactions were associated with verbal aggression (<i>p</i> = 0.008), anger (<i>p</i> = 0.035), and reactive aggression (<i>p</i> = 0.029).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings suggest that genetic variations in AR and OXTR contribute to individual differences in aggression, with sex-specific effects and gene–gene interactions playing a significant role. In a comparative context, Armenians demonstrate intermediate levels of aggression between highly egalitarian and patriarchal societies, reinforcing the importance of both genetic and sociocultural factors in the expression of aggression.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145144895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No Evidence that People Born to Older Parents Show Weaker Preferences for Younger Adult Faces","authors":"Jingheng Li,&nbsp;Pengting Lee,&nbsp;Yasaman Rafiee,&nbsp;Benedict C. Jones,&nbsp;Victor K. M. Shiramizu","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00263-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00263-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>People can judge others’ ages from face images somewhat accurately and tend to rateyounger adults’ faces as more attractive than older adults’ faces. However, individual diff erences inthe strength of this preference for younger adult faces have also been reported, whereby peopleborn to older parents (i.e., people whose parents were older when the participant was born) showedweaker preferences for younger adult faces. However, work showing this pattern of results used facestimuli in which cues of age were experimentally manipulated using computer-graphics methods andmany researchers have recently raised concerns about how well fi ndings obtained using such stimuligeneralise to ratings of natural (i.e., unmanipulated) face images.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In light of the above, we tested whether people born to older parents showed weakerpreferences for younger faces when rating the attractiveness of natural (i.e., unmanipulated) faceimages.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Although our analyses demonstrated that participants generally showed strong preferencesfor younger adult faces, the strength of these preferences was not signifi cantly correlated withparental age at birth.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Thus, our results do not support the proposal that parental age at birth infl uencespreferences for facial cues of age.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-025-00263-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144091112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daddy’s Little Girl: The Role of Life History in Paternal Investment Towards Daughters","authors":"Ray Garza,&nbsp;Emily Woolman,&nbsp;Sepide Pazhouhi,&nbsp;Farid Pazhoohi","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00261-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00261-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study examines the complex dynamics of father-daughter relationships, focusing on how life history factors are associated with paternal behaviors towards daughters. Drawing on Life history Theory and the Daughter-Guarding hypothesis, the research investigates how these factors contribute to father-daughter interactions, such as attachment, protection, support, and control received from fathers.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two surveys were conducted: one with 120 daughters aged 18–21 (Study 1) and another with 120 fathers (Study 2), both recruited through online platforms. Study 1 examined the relationship from the daughters’ perspective, while Study 2 explored it from the fathers’ perspective.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Fathers with higher education and stable financial backgrounds showed stronger attachment, support, and protection to their daughters. Additionally, daughters’ self-perceived attractiveness was associated with paternal behaviors, suggesting that attractive daughters were more likely to receive support, protection, and develop stronger attachments to their fathers.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings emphasize the need for further research into the relationships of these factors, particularly across diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds, to better understand their role in shaping father-daughter relationships and the potential effects on female development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Probability of Reciprocity on Affective and Physiological Responses to the Suffering of Others","authors":"Ryo Oda,&nbsp;Natsuki Hayashi","doi":"10.1007/s40750-025-00260-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-025-00260-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Competence and prosociality of the person being helped are important indicators for ensuring a return on help, as reciprocity would not be possible if the person being helped lacked either the competence or the inclination to reciprocate in the future. A previous study that measured compassion using a Likert scale found that the controllability of the cause of the difficulty and the level of the sufferer’s prosociality independently influenced the degree of compassion. In this study, we aimed to examine how the probability of reciprocity affects physiological responses (such as heart rate), as well as psychological responses, to the suffering of others.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants’ heart rates were monitored while they watched a video of a man monologuing about his difficulty. Compassion was also measured using a Likert scale. In Study 1, we investigated the effect of the controllability of the difficulty on heart rate. In Study 2, we provided participants with additional information about the prosociality of the man in the video.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Controllability affected compassion ratings, replicating the results of previous studies. Although participants’ heart rates decreased when they learned that the man was suffering, the controllability of the cause did not influence the degree of decline.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The results suggest that people experience compassion at a physiological level, while the controllability of the difficulty (i.e., a cue for reciprocity) is processed subjectively and reflected only in consciously reported psychological measures, which may reflect the evolutionary history of compassion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}