Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology最新文献

{"title":"The Cocksure Conundrum: How Evolution Created a Gendered Currency of Corporate Overconfidence","authors":"Richard Ronay,&nbsp;William W. Maddux,&nbsp;William von Hippel","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biological differences between men and women mandate that women’s obligatory investment in reproduction is significantly greater than that of men. As a result, women have evolved to be the “choosier” of the two sexes and men have evolved to compete for female choice. To the degree that overconfidence is an effective tool for attracting mates and driving away competitors, greater competition among men suggests that they should express more overconfidence than women. Thus, sexual selection may be the primary reason why overconfidence is typically more pronounced in men than it is in women. Sexual selection may also be a distal, causal factor in what we describe as a cult of overconfidence pervading modern organizations and institutions. Whereas overconfidence was once regulated and constrained by features of ancestral life, levels of social mobility and accountability in contemporary society and modern organizations make it increasingly difficult to keep this gendered bias in check.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"557 - 578"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00197-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41774495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fertility predicts self-development-oriented competitiveness in naturally cycling women but not hormonal contraceptive users","authors":"Lindsie C. Arthur,&nbsp;Khandis R. Blake","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>\u0000Objective\u0000</h3><p>\u0000A growing body of research has begun investigating the relationship between hormones and female competitiveness. Many researchers have focused on the effect of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives. Despite many attempts at understanding hormone-behavior associations, contradictory findings have made it difficult to determine the existence of true effects. The aim of the current research was to use a robust methodological design to investigate the effect of fertility probability on four competitive orientations in naturally cycling women and hormonal contraceptive users.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Using a longitudinal diary study with over 3,900 observations from 21 countries, we explore the effect of fertility probability on four self-report competitive orientations after controlling for menstruation: self-developmental competition, hyper competitiveness, competition avoidance, and lack of interest toward competition.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Using Bayesian estimation for ordinal mixed models, we found that fertility probability was associated with an increase in self-development competitiveness amongst naturally cycling women but not hormonal contraceptive users. We also found weak evidence that hormonal contraceptive users show reduced interest in competing compared to naturally cycling women. There were no other robust effects of fertility or hormonal contraceptive use.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results suggest that fertility probability is associated with increased fluctuations in self-development competitive motivation and that hormonal contraceptives interfere with this effect. This research contributes to the growing body of literature suggesting that hormonal contraceptives may influence psychology and behavior by disrupting evolved hormonal mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"489 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00198-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44029749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender and Context-Specific Effects of Vocal Dominance and Trustworthiness on Leadership Decisions","authors":"Christoph Schild,&nbsp;Elisa Braunsdorf,&nbsp;Katharina Steffens,&nbsp;Franka Pott,&nbsp;Julia Stern","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The evolutionary-contingency hypothesis, which suggests that preferences for leaders are context-dependent, has found relatively consistent support from research investigating leadership decisions based on facial pictures. Here, we test whether these results transfer to leadership decisions based on voice recordings. We examined how dominance and trustworthiness perceptions relate to leadership decisions in wartime and peacetime contexts and whether effects differ by a speaker’s gender. Further, we investigate two cues that might be related to leadership decisions, as well as dominance and trustworthiness perceptions: voice pitch and strength of regional accent.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We conducted a preregistered online study with 125 raters and recordings of 120 speakers (61 men, 59 women) from different parts in Germany. Raters were randomly distributed into four rating conditions: dominance, trustworthiness, hypothetical vote (wartime) and hypothetical vote (peacetime).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that dominant speakers were more likely to be voted for in a wartime context while trustworthy speakers were more likely to be voted for in a peacetime context. Voice pitch functions as a main cue for dominance perceptions, while strength of regional accent functions as a main cue for trustworthiness perceptions.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study adds to a stream of research that suggests that (a) people’s voices contain important information based on which we form social impressions and (b) we prefer different types of leaders across different contexts. Future research should disentangle effects of gender bias in leadership decisions and investigate underlying mechanisms that influence how people’s voices contribute to achieving social status.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"538 - 556"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00194-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48252888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When Toughness Begets Respect: Dominant Individuals Gain Prestige and Leadership By Facilitating Intragroup Conflict Resolution","authors":"Joey T. Cheng,&nbsp;Nathan A. Dhaliwal,&nbsp;Miranda A. Too","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective\u0000</h3><p>Why do dominant leaders rise to power via the popular vote? This research tests whether when people feel threatened by intra-group disorder they desire stronger, more dominant leaders.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants (<i>N</i> = 1,026) read a vignette that depicts a within-group norm violation. We then used a between-subjects design to randomly assign participants to a specific version of the vignette in which (a) a focal target individual in the scenario varied in their dominance (punitiveness: from no to moderate to strong); and (b) the local group faced little or substantial intra-group conflict and disorder (threat: from low to high). Following this, participants reported how much they endorse the target individuals as leader and the individual’s perceived prestige.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We find that intra-group conflict motivates a psychology that favors the rise of dominant leaders: Highly punitive individuals (seen as highly dominant) are endorsed as leaders when in-group threat is high, but comparably disfavored when threat is low. Under low threat, non-punitive individuals (who are seen as less dominant) are endorsed as leaders. Subsequent analyses reveal that these shifts in leader preferences are explained by corresponding changes in prestige. Under conditions of high threat, dominance confers prestige, whereas under low threat, dominance suppresses prestige. Tests of mediation further show that the effect of dominance on increased leader support under high threat is mediated by prestige.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In contexts of threat, such as internal disorder, dominant leaders are favored and gain prestige, owing to their perceived ability to supply benefits such as in mediating internal conflicts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"383 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00196-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42113154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What You See May Be What You Want: Mate Copying in a Natural Setting","authors":"Ryan C. Anderson, Ashleigh A. Armstrong","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"296 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52893523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What You See May Be What You Want: Mate Copying in a Natural Setting","authors":"Ryan C. Anderson,&nbsp;Ashleigh A. Armstrong","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h2>Abstract\u0000</h2><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>The phenomenon of mate copying (MC) suggests that an individual’s romantic desirability varies, to some degree, as a function of their romantic experiences. By manipulating relationship history, this research aimed to determine whether male desirability varied similarly for static stimuli (photographs) as it did for dynamic stimuli (short clips). Here we present 2 studies examining this idea.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In both studies heterosexual women aged 18–34 were recruited from social media and evaluated the desirability of men, before and after being given information about the level of relationship experience the men had previously had (either ‘none’, ‘some’, or ‘lots’).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In Study 1 (<i>N</i> = 278), we employed static images of men and Study 2 (<i>N</i> = 66) was methodologically similar but employed dynamic stimuli. Study 1 indicated that a man’s desirability to heterosexual women increased when it was revealed that he had a moderate amount of relationship experience but decreased if he had none. Results from Study 2 suggested that desirability was not affected by an individual’s relationship experience.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>MC was indicated when stimuli were static, but not when they were dynamic. These results suggest that MC may be a phenomenon that exists to a greater extent when stimuli are less informative.</p></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 3","pages":"296 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40750-022-00193-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50517652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Females as a Dispersal-Egalitarian Species: A Hypothesis about Women and Status","authors":"Joyce F. Benenson","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00191-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00191-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>A paradox exists in research on girls and women. On the one hand, they behave in a more egalitarian fashion than their male counterparts. On the other hand, status increases their own and their children’s survival.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Evidence from non-human primates can help reconcile these findings. In species that do not reside with female kin for life, females are relatively egalitarian and individualistic. They typically do not cooperate or engage in direct competition and exhibit little tolerance for status differentials.</p><h3>Results and Conclusions</h3><p>Women follow this pattern. While a husband’s status and her female relatives’ support enhance a woman’s status and reproductive success, her own actions too influence her access to resources and allies. Evidence on girls’ and women’s same-sex competition and quests for status supports the hypothesis that human females inhabit dispersal-egalitarian communities in which competition is avoided, an egalitarian ethos prevails, competitive behavior is disguised, and status differentials are not tolerated.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 4","pages":"433 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48103980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Sexual Desire and Within-Individual Testosterone and Cortisol in Men and Women","authors":"Kevin A Rosenfield,&nbsp;Heather Self,&nbsp;Talia Shirazi,&nbsp;Rodrigo Cardenes,&nbsp;Justin Carré,&nbsp;Triana Ortiz,&nbsp;Khytam Dawood,&nbsp;David A. Puts","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00184-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00184-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The dual-hormone hypothesis (DHH) posits that some effects of testosterone on human behavior and psychology related to status-seeking are moderated by cortisol, such that they are stronger when cortisol levels are low. In support of the DHH, studies have found that cortisol negatively moderated the relationship between testosterone and such traits as status-seeking and interest in uncommitted sex. Others indicate a positive moderating influence of cortisol in some cases. Here, we test whether two psychosexual indices—sexual desire and sociosexuality—meet the expectations of the DHH in a large sample of men and women.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>646 women and 185 men attended lab sessions during which they provided saliva samples for hormonal analysis and responded to the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory-Revised and the Sexual Desire Inventory (180 women and 43 men returned for a second session approximately two months later). We quantified salivary hormone concentrations using ELISA and assessed within- and between-participant effects of hormones on psychosexual measures with mixed-effects models.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We observed a positive interaction between within-subjects cortisol and testosterone in models of sexual desire in both men and women. For women, these effects emerged in models of general sexual desire and in models of the dyadic desire subscale and were robust to many analytical configurations. For men, the effects were limited to models of solitary desire, but were also robust to alternative analyses. We present data to quantify our risks of both type I and type II error.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Some of our results contrast with usual dual-hormone hypothesis predictions of negative interactions between testosterone and cortisol. We suggest several potential explanations for these results, including a positive feedback loop whereby elevated testosterone prompts increases in sexual desire and behavior, necessitating cortisol-induced mobilization of energy stores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 2","pages":"156 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41416908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voice Changes Across the Menstrual Cycle in Response to Masculinized and Feminized Man and Woman","authors":"Irena Pavela Banai,&nbsp;Robert P. Burriss,&nbsp;Nataša Šimić","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00190-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00190-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Research has demonstrated that men prefer women’s voices with higher pitch and that women’s voices recorded at high compared to low fertility phases of the menstrual cycle are rated as more attractive. These findings suggest that voice conveys information relevant to reproductive success. Because voice attractiveness is higher during the high fertility phase and voice pitch positively predicts attractiveness ratings, it has been hypothesized that cyclical changes in vocal attractiveness are driven by changes in voice pitch. However, attempts to detect acoustic changes have produced mixed results. With the higher degree of ecological validity achieved by including social context (simulated interactions with men and women) and by recording voice in the three phases of menstrual cycles, the present study addresses limitations of previous research.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Forty-eight naturally cycling women were recorded during the menstrual, late follicular (high fertility), and luteal phases while leaving voice messages to masculinized and femininized men and women.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>No cycle-related changes in pitch and pitch variability for the recordings directed to masculinized and femininized men and women were detected. By including relationship status as predictor in additional models, higher-order interaction effects showed that single and partnered women displayed opposite cycle-related pitch changes directed only to women, but not men.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The cycle-related voice changes found in the present study do not support the hypothesis that cyclic pitch variations represent an adaptive mechanism for attracting partners. We discuss cyclic changes in voice pitch in relation to intrasexual competition by taking into an account that the present study is likely underpowered for adequate testing of the complex higher-order interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 2","pages":"238 - 262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45687908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetically-predicted trait-BMI, everyday discrimination and life satisfaction among older U.S. adults","authors":"Aniruddha Das Ph.D.","doi":"10.1007/s40750-022-00189-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40750-022-00189-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study tested whether genetically predicted trait-body mass index (trait-BMI) was linked to more general daily discrimination among older adults, and consequently to decline in their life satisfaction.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data were from the Health and Retirement Study, nationally representative of U.S. adults over 50. Genetic prediction models were used to extract the trait component of BMI, which was then deployed in regression models for discrimination. A recently developed “regression with residuals” approach was used to test associations with subsequent change in life satisfaction.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Genetically predicted trait-BMI was linked to more general discrimination reports. It also had negative associations with change in life satisfaction—linkages not consistently or strongly mediated by discrimination.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Trait-BMI—arguably resistant to sustained alteration through individual efforts—seems linked to decline in older adults’ life satisfaction. General daily discrimination, however, may not be an important mechanism.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7178,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology","volume":"8 2","pages":"179 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48053165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}