Acta Biotheoretica最新文献

{"title":"Cooperative Equilibrium in Biosphere Evolution: Reconciling Competition and Cooperation in Evolutionary Ecology","authors":"John Herring","doi":"10.1007/s10441-021-09409-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-021-09409-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As our understanding of biological evolution continues to deepen, tension still surrounds the relationship between competition and cooperation in the evolution of the biosphere, with rival viewpoints often associated with the Red Queen and Black Queen hypotheses respectively. This essay seeks to reconcile these viewpoints by integrating observations of some general trends in biosphere evolution with concepts from game theory. It is here argued that biodiversity and ecological cooperation are intimately related, and that both tend to cyclically increase over biological history; this is likely due to the greater relative stability of cooperation over competition as a means of long-term conflict resolution within ecosystems. By integrating this view of the biosphere with existing models such as Niche Game Theory, it may be argued that competition and cooperation in ecosystems coexist at equilibria which shift preferentially towards increasing cooperation over biological history. This potentially points to a state of “cooperative equilibrium” as a limit or endpoint in long-term biosphere evolution, such that Black Queen and Red Queen behavior dominate different phases in an evolutionary movement towards optimal cooperative stability in ecological networks. This concept, if accepted, may also bear implications for developing future mathematical models in evolutionary biology, as well as for resolving the perennial debate regarding the relative roles of conflict and harmony in nature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 4","pages":"629 - 641"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-021-09409-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25375971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can a More Variable Species Win Interspecific Competition?","authors":"Janusz Uchmański","doi":"10.1007/s10441-021-09408-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-021-09408-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An individual-based approach is used to describe population dynamics. Two kinds of models have been constructed with different distributions illustrating individual variability. In both models, the growth rate of an individual and its final body weight at the end of the growth period, which determines the number of offspring, are functions of the amount of resources assimilated by an individual. In the model with a symmetric distribution, the half saturation constant in the Michaelis–Menten function describing the relationship between the growth of individuals and the amount of resources has a normal distribution. In the model with an asymmetric distribution, resources are not equally partitioned among individuals. The individual who acquired more resources in the past, will acquire more resources in the future. A single population comprising identical individuals has a very short extinction time. If individuals differ in the amount of food assimilated, this time significantly increases irrespectively of the type of model describing population dynamics. Individuals of two populations of competing species use common resources. For larger differences in individual variability, the more variable species will have a longer extinction time and will exclude less variable species. Both populations can also coexist when their variabilities are equal or even when they are slightly different, in the latter case under the condition of high variability of both species. These conclusions have a deterministic nature in the case of the model with the asymmetric distribution—repeated simulations give the same results. In the case of the model with the symmetric distribution, these conclusions are of a statistical nature—if we repeat the simulation many times, then the more variable species will have a longer extinction time more frequently, but some results will happen (although less often) when the less variable species has a longer extinction time. Additionally, in the model with the asymmetric distribution, the result of competition will depend on the way of the introduction of variability into the model. If the higher variability is due to an increase in the proportion of individuals with a low assimilation of resources, it can produce a longer extinction time of the less variable species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 4","pages":"591 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-021-09408-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25365198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Analysis of an Industrial HIV/AIDS Model that Incorporates Carefree Attitude Towards Sex","authors":"Baba Seidu,&nbsp;O. D. Makinde,&nbsp;Christopher S. Bornaa","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09407-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09407-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A nonlinear differential equation model is proposed to study the dynamics of HIV/AIDS and its effects on workforce productivity. The disease-free equilibrium point of the model is shown to be locally asymptotically stable when the associated basic reproduction number <span>(mathcal{{R}}_{0})</span> is less than unity. The model is also shown to exhibit multiple endemic states for some parameter values when <span>(mathcal{{R}}_{0}&lt;1)</span> and <span>(mathcal{{R}}_{0}&gt;1)</span>. Global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium is guaranteed only when the fractions of the Susceptible subclass populations are within some bounds. Optimal control analysis of the model revealed that the most cost effective strategy that should be adopted in the fight against HIV/AIDS spread within the workforce is one that seeks to prevent infections and the treatment of infected individuals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"257 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09407-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38865700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The comparative and the experimental revisited","authors":"Miguel García-Sancho","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09403-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09403-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"493 - 495"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09403-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50048640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching Biologists the Philosophy of Their Time","authors":"Sophie Juliane Veigl","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09404-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09404-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"483 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09404-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50025396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structure of Causal Explanations in Population Biology","authors":"Erik Weber,&nbsp;Roxan Degeyter","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09405-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09405-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The scope of this paper can be clarified by means of a well-known phenomenon that is usually called ‘industrial melanism’: the fact that the melanic form of the peppered moth became dominant in industrial areas in England in the second half of the nineteenth century. Such changes in relative phenotype frequencies are important explananda for population biologists. Apart from trying to explain such changes over time, population biologists also often try to explain differences between populations, e.g. why yellow shell colour is dominant in certain colonies of land snails and almost absent in other colonies. The causal explanations that are given to address such explananda are the objects of analysis in this paper. Our primary aim is to explicate their structure: we want to capture the typical ingredients of causal explanations in population biology, and their organisation. Based on this explication, we discuss how natural selection fits into recent mechanical philosophy of science, and engage in the debate on the nature of evolutionary theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"449 - 476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09405-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38820919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teaching Biologists the Philosophy of Their Time","authors":"S. J. Veigl","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09404-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10441-020-09404-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 1","pages":"483 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09404-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52125280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Control and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of an HPV–Chlamydia trachomatis Co-infection Model","authors":"A. Omame,&nbsp;C. U. Nnanna,&nbsp;S. C. Inyama","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09401-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09401-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, a co-infection model for human papillomavirus (HPV) and <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> with cost-effectiveness optimal control analysis is developed and analyzed. The disease-free equilibrium of the co-infection model is shown not to be globally asymptotically stable, when the associated reproduction number is less unity. It is proven that the model undergoes the phenomenon of backward bifurcation when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. It is also shown that HPV re-infection (<span>(varepsilon_{textsc{p}} ne 0)</span>) induced the phenomenon of backward bifurcation. Numerical simulations of the optimal control model showed that: (i) focusing on HPV intervention strategy alone (HPV prevention and screening), in the absence of <i>C. trachomatis</i> control, leads to a positive population level impact on the total number of individuals singly infected with <i>C. trachomatis</i>, (ii) Concentrating on <i>C. trachomatis</i> intervention controls alone (<i>C. trachomatis</i> prevention and treatment), in the absence of HPV intervention strategies, a positive population level impact is observed on the total number of individuals singly infected with HPV. Moreover, the strategy that combines and implements HPV and <i>C. trachomatis</i> prevention controls is the most cost-effective of all the control strategies in combating the co-infections of HPV and <i>C. trachomatis</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"185 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09401-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38774549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photosynthetic Systems Suggest an Evolutionary Pathway to Diderms","authors":"Scott O. Rogers","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09402-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09402-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacteria are divided primarily into monoderms (with one cell membrane, and usually Gram-positive, due to a thick peptidoglycan layer) and diderms (with two cell membranes, and mostly Gram-negative, due to a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between the two membranes). Photosynthetic species are spread among the taxonomic groups, some having type I reaction centers (RCI in monoderm phylum Firmicutes; and diderm phyla Acidobacteria and Chlorobi), others with type II reaction centers (RCII in monoderm phylum Chloroflexi; and diderm taxa Gemmatimonadetes, and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-Proteobacteria), and some containing both (RCI and RCII, only in diderm phylum Cyanobacteria). In most bacterial phylograms, photosystem types and diderm taxa are polyphyletic. A more parsimonious arrangement, which is supported by photosystem evolution, as well as additional sets of molecular characters, suggests that endosymbiotic events resulted in the formation of the diderms. In the model presented, monoderms readily form a monophyletic group, while diderms are produced by at least two endosymbiotic events, followed by additional evolutionary changes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"343 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09402-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38681013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Continuity Principle and the Evolution of Replication Fidelity","authors":"Seymour Garte","doi":"10.1007/s10441-020-09399-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10441-020-09399-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evolution in modern life requires high replication fidelity to allow for natural selection. A simulation model utilizing simulated phenotype data on cellular probability of survival was developed to determine how self-replication fidelity could evolve in early life. The results indicate that initial survivability and replication fidelity both contribute to overall fitness as measured by growth rates of the cell population. Survival probability was the more dominant feature, and evolution was possible even with zero replication fidelity. A derived formula for the relationship of survival probability and replication fidelity with growth rate was consistent with the simulated empirical data. Quantitative assessment of continuity and other evidence was obtained for a saltation (non-continuous) evolutionary process starting from low to moderate levels of survival probability and self-replication fidelity to reach the high levels seen in modern life forms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7057,"journal":{"name":"Acta Biotheoretica","volume":"69 3","pages":"303 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s10441-020-09399-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38311338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}