Acta historica Leopoldina最新文献

{"title":"[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker - supporter of the concept of the East German movement in favor of self-organization during the political turning point 1989/90].","authors":"Gerd Gebhardt","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The luminosity of Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's holistic thinking in the former German Democratic Republic (DDR) is reviewed. Broad-minded academics sought, in accordance with the modern paradigm of self-organization, beyond the ideological template for ways out of the dead end of incrustations of society and innovation blockages under the constraints of a dictatorship. Right after the fall of the wall, Weizsäcker willingly backed a \"community of free researchers for self-organization\" (Freie Forschungsgemeinschaft Selbstorganisation, FFGSO). This group, conceived as a nonpartisan \"think tank\" of civil activism, is also discussed. At a number of its meetings Weizsäcker debated the dangers of ideologically influenced science. The effectiveness of the dual leadership at his own Starnberg Institute, for instance, was stymied by the tensions arisen out of such conflicting aims. Against the voluntaristic anticipations of the mainstream in sociology, precisely that system proved to be more viable that was meant to be overcome: faulty and purportedly futureless capitalism. Weizsäcker repudiated social prognoses made in the absence of rules for their falsification resp. verification. Weizsäcker acted as a leading figure at the FFGSO's Potsdam conference, opened on 30 Mar. 1990, on the \"DDR--and afterwards?\". Its intention was in order to trigger a nationwide discussion of scientific scenarios in designing German unification in the face of gross practical disparities between East and West Germany. The Trust Agency inspired by the FFGSO at the Round Table between opposition and old government was supposed to transfer the national public property \"Volkseigentum\" of the DDR into private property of the East German citizens, to enable them to realize a role as subject through self-organization. At the group's request, Weizsäcker mediated the readiness by the Lutheran World Federation to assume the role of ombudsman in anticipation of conflicts of interest within the Trust Agency in processing the total assets of an entire country. Weizsäcker also opened contacts with competent earlier fellows from his Starnberg institute on practical cooperative projects at the beginning of the 1990s.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"449-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32464577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Weizsäcker's concept of time from the current viewpoint].","authors":"Claus Kiefer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker's concept of time is deeply based on the asymmetry between past and future, which he considers as a fundamental aspect of Nature. I review these ideas and their philosophical back ground and confront them with a presentation of the concept of time in modern physics. I argue that the observed irreversibility of our world can be understood from fundamental laws which are invariant under time reversal. I conclude with an outlook on the expected theory of quantum gravity.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"177-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32463620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Space for the new. Archive - library - study center].","authors":"Danny Weber","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article features a short outline of both the architectural history and the inventories of Leopoldina's archive and library. Moreover, the article presents the construction plans that will--when implemented in the near future--generate and provide outstanding working facilities in the form of a building ensemble consisting of an archive, library and study center. The future infrastructure of these Leopoldina buildings, located in the area of Emil-Abderhalden-/August-Bebel-Strasse, will sustainably foster and support the establishment of research projects at the Leopoldina Study Center.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 66","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32474691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Science cultures in the global perspective. Thoughts on content design and operation of the Leopoldina Study Center].","authors":"Alfons Labisch","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Leopoldina Center for the Study of the History of Science and Science Academies is a place to openly discuss the cooperation between science and society across all of the disciplines represented at the Leopoldina and beyond. This dialogue shall, by all means, also include researchers who are not members of the Leopoldina and people from outside of the academia who are interested in the topic. Like the Leopoldina, its Study Center builds bridges: between various academic disciplines, across generations and in local, national, and international communities. All interested members of the Leopoldina--not just members from the humanities, the social sciences or the behavioral sciences, but also scientists from the areas of the natural sciences, technology, the life sciences and physicians--are kindly invited to incorporate their research interests, with regard to the history and theory of their respective academic disciplines, in the research portfolio of the Leopoldina Study Center. In so doing, the Leopoldina Center for the Study of the History of Science and Science Academies should and will become a source of energy for permanent reflection and innovation when contemplating the issues of science and society.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 66","pages":"25-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32474692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Weizsäcker's cosmogony, Farm Hall and the origin of modern turbulence theory].","authors":"Michael Eckert","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The modem statistical theory of turbulence was originated by Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (1903-1987), Lars Onsager (1903-1976), Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953), Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) und Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912-2007). With the exception of Kolmogorovs theory which was published in 1941 but became widely known only after the war, these contributions emerged largely independently from another in a \"remarkable series of coincidences\" (Batchelor 1946). Heisenberg and Weizäscker developed their theories during their detention at Farm Hall. Their work was motivated by von Weizsäcker's interest in astrophysics. Weizsäcker aimed at an understanding of the role of turbulence for the motion of interstellar matter for his theory about the origin of the planetary system which he had published in 1943. Weizsäcker's work on cosmogony and turbulence illustrates an early interaction between the disciplines of astronomy and fluid mechanics that became characteristic for astrophysics in the second half of the twentieth century.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"101-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32461767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Living with responsibility: Max Born and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker as philosophers with distance].","authors":"Arne Schirrmacher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Both Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker und Max Born belong to the most active scientists, which have raised their voice for peace in the 1950s. While Born, senior to Weizsäcker by one generation, engaged in peace movements at an early stage, which was also due to his emigration, and was a driving force for the Einstein-Russell memorandum, Weizsäcker entered the stage essentially with the Göttingen declaration but quickly dominated the discourse. The comparison of their different engagements for peace sheds new light on Weizsäcker. Unlike the German emigrant with a British passport, who was mainly influenced by EInstein and Russell as well as some socialist thoughts he had encountered at an early age, the son of a noble diplomat and the physicist, who was saved from military duties because of his work in the German wartime nuclear project, had quite a different perspective on the postwar atomic threat. The relation of Born and Weizsäcker remained marked by a certain distance even when both took up very similar roles of 'public scientists' active for peace, be it as delegates at Pugwash conferences, on the air, or as speakers in the Frankfurt Paulskirche.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"357-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32462139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and the Bethe-Weizsäcker cycle].","authors":"Michael Wiescher","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Carbon- or Bethe-Weizsäcker Cycle plays an important role in astrophysics as one of the most important energy sources for a quiescent and explosive hydrogen burning in stars. This paper presents the historical background and the contributions by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Hans Bethe who provided the first predictions of the cycle. Furthermore, it discussed the experimental verification of the predicted process in the following decades. Also discussed is the extension of the initial Carbon cycle to the CNO multi-cycles and the hot CNO cycles which followed from the detailed experimental studies of the associated nuclear reactions. Finally discussed is the impact of the experimental and theoretical results on our present understanding of hydrogen burning in different stellar environments and on our understanding of the chemical evolution of our universe.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"117-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32463196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[From \"physical idealist\" to \"freedom fighter\". The change in the perception of Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in the DDR - exemplified by honorary doctorate and the Leipzig Colloquium 1987/88].","authors":"Peter Ackermann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article draws a representative picture of the official public perception of Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in the GDR. In the beginning Weizsäcker served as a classic example of a successful scientist with bourgeois philosophical ideas. So he was often a target of philosophical criticism. This changed with Weizsäcker's activities in peace studies, and the official GDR made an attempt to monopolize him. This could be seen, for example, in connection with his honorary doctorate awarded by the University of Leipzig in 1987 and with the scientific colloquium in 1988. From these examples we can also see that efforts took place to change the focus towards his physical und philosophical achievements. Weizsäcker's official recognition was also helpful for other activities in which he played a leading role. The article looks behind the scenes of a part of the academic machinery in the GDR. It shows that CFvW was an eminent stimulator also in the GDR.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"437-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32464576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Association of the Berlin German Academy of Science and the German Leopoldina Academy of Natural Scientists with the Nazi medical crimes of its members after 1945].","authors":"Annette Hinz-Wessels","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The paper examines how two renowned academies based in East Germany handled the Nazi medical crimes of its members after 1945. It should be noted that both institutions were differently affected by these crimes. This applies both in terms of number of incriminated members, which is a consequence of the different membership structure of the two academies, as well as the extent of their involvement. Despite being apparently the less affected of the two, the former Prussian Academy of Sciences responded more radically to the Nazi past of its members and removed those accounted guilty from the academy before it was reopened by the Soviet military administration on 1 July 1946. The reasons for this are to be found mainly in the exposed situation of the academy, which was in the center of the Soviet occupying power. The Leopoldina did not make such adjustments of the membership lists. The reasons for the moderate dealing with the Nazi crimes of its members are primarily in the attitude of the leading representatives of the Leopoldina in Halle after 1945, in the continuity of the members, and thus the thought structures--regardless of the ruling political systems--and in the particular status of the Leopoldina as an all-German academy tolerated by the SED.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 64","pages":"375-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34643008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Living without atomic power? Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker as expert in the nuclear energy debate of the 1970's].","authors":"Elke Seefried","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker crossed the boundaries separating science, politics and the public sphere. In this he was led by the conviction that scientists in the modern 'technical age' are responsible for consequences resulting from their applied knowledge. Weizsäcker tried to introduce his knowledge into the policy process by advising politicians or by using the public sphere, thus applying pressure on politics. This was not only true for the 'Göttinger Erklärung' in 1957 but also for his engagement in the nuclear energy debate of the 1970s. Influenced by the 'Limits to Growth' discourse, Weizsäcker more and more gravitated towards an ecological world view and increasingly questioned material growth as well as a techno-scientific based understanding of progress. Weizsäcker thought about risks of the technical age in general and of the use of nuclear energy in particular. In the light of a growing fragmentation of scientific authority, Weizsäcker revealed uncertainty as he became fully aware that expertise cannot be based on scientific reason and cannot code the problems in terms of truth, but is inextricably linked with value spheres and contingencies. Nevertheless, his expertise was utilized as he encouraged parts of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) around Erhard Eppler to think about alternatives in energy policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":7006,"journal":{"name":"Acta historica Leopoldina","volume":" 63","pages":"389-412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32464574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}