Accident; analysis and prevention最新文献

{"title":"Recognizing and explaining driving stress using a Shapley additive explanation model by fusing EEG and behavior signals","authors":"Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Ruoling Zhou ,&nbsp;Guofa Li ,&nbsp;Ying Yang ,&nbsp;Qianxi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107835","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driving stress is a critical factor leading to road traffic accidents. Despite numerous studies that have been conducted on driving stress recognition, most of them only focus on accuracy improvement without taking model interpretability into account. In this study, an explainable driving stress recognition framework was presented to quantify stress based on electroencephalography (EEG) and behavior data. Based on the extraction of key EEG and behavior features and feature selection, low, medium, and high levels of driving stress were identified using seven machine learning algorithms. The recognition results when only using EEG or behavior features were compared with the result when fusing EEG together with behavior features. Then, the dependency effects between brain activity, driving behavior, and stress were analyzed using the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method, and fuzzy rules were obtained by decision tree method. Results indicated that after feature selection, the accuracy of the combined EEG and behavior feature set improved by 8.56% and 26.51% compared to the single EEG and behavior feature sets respectively, and the accuracy rate of 84.93% was achieved. Furthermore, the variations in driver behavior and physiology under stress were identified by the visualization results of SHAP and the quantitative analysis method of decision tree. The changes of different brain regions in the same frequency band showed higher synchronicity under driving stress stimulation. The changes caused by increased stress can be explained by lower speed, smaller maximum lateral lane deviation, smaller accelerator pedal depth and larger brake depth, along with the power changes of the θ and β-band of the brain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107835"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142611899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding factors influencing e-scooterist crash risk: A naturalistic study of rental e-scooters in an urban area","authors":"Rahul Rajendra Pai,&nbsp;Marco Dozza","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, micromobility has seen unprecedented growth, especially with the introduction of dockless e-scooters. However, the rapid emergence of e-scooters has led to an increase in crashes, resulting in injuries and fatalities, highlighting the need for in-depth analysis to understand the underlying mechanisms. While helpful in quantifying the problem, traditional crash database analysis cannot fully explain the causation mechanisms, e.g., human adaptation failures leading to safety–critical events. Naturalistic data have proven extremely valuable for understanding why crashes happen, but most studies have addressed cars and trucks.</div><div>This study is the first to systematically analyze factors contributing to crashes and near-crashes involving rental e-scooters in an urban environment, utilizing naturalistic data. The collected dataset included 6868 trips, covering 9930 km over 709 h with 4694 unique participants. We identified 61 safety–critical events, including 19 crashes and 42 near-crashes, and subsequently labeled variables associated with each event according to the codebook using video data.</div><div>Our odds ratio analysis identified that rider experience and behavior (e.g., phone usage, single-handed riding, and pack riding) significantly increase the crash risk. Given the accessibility of rental e-scooters to individuals regardless of their experience, our findings emphasize the need for rider training in addition to education. Influenced by their experience with bicycles, riders may anticipate a similar self-stabilizing mechanism in e-scooters. We found that single-handed riding, which compromises balance, poses a heightened risk, underscoring the crucial role of balance in safe e-scooter operation. Furthermore, the purpose (leisure or commute) and directness (point-to-point or detour) of the trip were also identified as factors influencing the risk, suggesting that user intent plays a role in safety–critical events. Interestingly, our analysis underscores the importance of adapting the crash and near-crash definitions when working with two-wheeled vehicles, especially those in the shared mobility system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107839"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142611903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality, functional performance, and travel patterns related to older drivers’ risky driving behavior: A naturalistic driving study","authors":"Yuanfang Zhu ,&nbsp;Meilan Jiang ,&nbsp;Toshiyuki Yamamoto","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Older drivers are among the most vulnerable demographics within the road traffic system. The rising number of elderly motorists has raised public concern regarding their driving safety. It is crucial to understand the factors influencing risky driving behaviors among older drivers to enhance their safety. This study aimed to analyze the personality, functional performance, and travel patterns related to older drivers’ risky driving behavior. The analysis utilized a sample of 58 older drivers, aged 65 years and above (mean age = 72.41 years; 40 males and 18 females) from the Nagoya metropolitan area. Risky driving behaviors and travel patterns were assessed using naturalistic driving data. Bivariate correlation analysis revealed that impulsivity and diminished contrast sensitivity were significantly correlated with more frequent risky driving behaviors. Additionally, both low driving exposure and high-risk driving routes (i.e., more frequent left and right turns, driving more on minor roads) were significantly correlated with an increased risk of harsh events. Moreover, a strong association was observed between driving exposure and driving route, indicating that the driving route of lower mileage drivers tend to be riskier. When the relationship between driving exposure and risky driving behaviors was adjusted for driving route, the strength of the correlation diminished from 0.35 to 0.16, rendering it insignificant. This partial correlation analysis suggests that the increased driving risk among low-mileage drivers can be partially attributed to their high-risk driving routes. The findings of this study provide further evidence regarding the role of personality in explaining older drivers’ risky driving behavior and the explanation of older drivers’ low-mileage bias.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107833"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting lane change maneuver and associated collision risks based on multi-task learning","authors":"Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Jike Zhang ,&nbsp;Nengchao Lyu ,&nbsp;Qianxi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The lane-changing (LC) maneuver of vehicles significantly impacts highway traffic safety. Therefore, proactively predicting LC maneuver and associated collision risk is of paramount importance. However, most of the previous LC risk prediction research overlooks the prediction of LC maneuver, limiting its practical utility. Furthermore, the effectiveness of LC maneuver recognition tends to be moderate as the prediction horizon extends. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes a multi-task learning model that simultaneously predicts the probability of LC maneuver, LC risk level, and time-to-lane-change (TTLC), while further analyzing the intrinsic correlation between LC maneuver and LC risk. The model consists of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and two Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM). The CNN is employed to extract and fuse shared features from the dynamic driving environment, while one LSTM is dedicated to estimating the probability of LC maneuver and TTLC, and the other LSTM focuses on estimating the LC risk level. Evaluation of the proposed method on the HighD dataset demonstrates its excellent performance. It can almost predict all LC maneuvers within 2 s before the vehicle crosses lane boundaries, with an 80% recall rate for high-risk LC levels. Even 3.6 s before crossing lane boundaries, the model can still predict approximately 95% of LC maneuvers. The use of the multi-task learning strategy enhances the model’s understanding of traffic scenarios and its prediction robustness. LC risk analysis based on the HighD dataset shows that the risk distribution and influencing factors for left and right lane changes differ. In right lane changes, collision risks primarily arise from the leading and following vehicles in the current lane, while in left lane changes, collision risks mainly stem from the leading vehicle in the current lane and the following vehicle in the target lane. The proposed approach can be applied to advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) to reliably and early identify LC during highway driving, while correcting potentially dangerous LC maneuvers, ensuring driving safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107830"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pedestrians’ Interaction with eHMI-equipped Autonomous Vehicles: A Bibliometric Analysis and Systematic Review","authors":"Siu Shing Man ,&nbsp;Chuyu Huang ,&nbsp;Qing Ye ,&nbsp;Fangrong Chang ,&nbsp;Alan Hoi Shou Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autonomous vehicles (AVs) should prioritise pedestrian safety in a traffic accident. External human–machine interfaces (eHMIs), which enhance communication through visual and auditory signals, become essential as AVs become prevalent. This study aimed to investigate the current state of research on eHMIs, with a specific focus on pedestrian interactions with eHMI-equipped AVs. A bibliometric analysis of 234 papers published between January 2014 and December 2023 was conducted using the Web of Science database. The analysis revealed a remarkable increase in eHMI research since 2018, with the principal research topics on crossing behaviour and eHMI evaluations of pedestrians. Subsequently, 38 articles were selected for a systematic review. The systematic review, conducted through a detailed examination of each selected article, showed that pedestrian crossing behaviour is usually measured using crossing initiation time, response time, walking speed and eye tracking data. The eHMI evaluations of pedestrians were made through questionnaires that measure clarity, preference and acceptance. Research findings showed that pedestrians’ crossing behaviour and eHMI evaluations are influenced by human factors (age and nationality), vehicle factors (eHMI type, eHMI colour and eHMI position) and environmental factors (signalisation and distractions). The results also revealed that current eHMI experiments often use virtual reality and video methodologies, which do not fully replicate the complexities of real-world environments. Additionally, the exploration regarding the impact of human factors, such as gender and familiarity with AVs, on pedestrian crossing behaviour is lacking. Furthermore, the investigation of multimodal eHMI systems is limited. This review highlighted the importance of standardising eHMI design, and the key gaps in the current eHMI research were revealed. These insights will guide future research towards effective eHMI solutions through informed theoretical studies and practical applications in autonomous driving.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107826"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collaborative effects of vehicle speed and illumination gradient at highway intersection exits on drivers’ stress response capacity","authors":"Hongtao Li ,&nbsp;Linhong Wang ,&nbsp;Menglin Yang ,&nbsp;Yiming Bie","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inadequate visibility is a critical factor contributing to the heightened occurrence of nighttime accidents at highway intersections. The installation of smart streetlights which are equipped to detect vehicle positions and speed information, thereby dynamically adjusting illumination, offers a promising solution to significantly reduce nighttime accident rates while conserving lighting energy. Nevertheless, as vehicles travel through illuminated intersections in a relative high speed and enter unlighted highway segments, drivers often experience dynamic visual illusions during dark adaptation, consequently impairing their stress response capacity and generating driving safety concerns. Therefore, we investigate the collaborative impact of illumination gradient and vehicle speed at intersection exits on driver stress response, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for gradual illumination designs dynamically aligning with various vehicle speeds. Specifically, with reaction time employed as a metric to quantify driver stress response, and intersection area illuminance and vehicle speed utilized as input parameters, a safety assessment method for illumination gradients at exit sections is developed using variance analysis and multiple comparison techniques. Subsequently, a high-fidelity nighttime driving simulation platform is established, integrating initial illuminance, vehicle speed, and illumination gradient distance within exit sections as influential factors. Through simulated driving experiments, the collaborative effects of illumination gradient schemes and vehicle speed on reaction time is systematically examined. Ultimately, we propose optimal illumination gradient schemes and the minimum required number of streetlights for exit sections corresponding to specific vehicle speeds. Results reveal that exit section illumination is unnecessary when the vehicle speed is below 40 km·h⁻¹. For vehicle speeds of 50, 60, and 70 km·h⁻¹, the minimum required exit section lengths are determined to be 35, 70, and 105 m, respectively. Moreover, it is established that a minimum of one streetlight is indispensable within the exit section at a speed limit of 50 km·h⁻¹, while at 60 km·h⁻¹, at least two streetlights are required. Lastly, under a speed limit of 70 km·h⁻¹, the exit section should accommodate no fewer than three streetlights to ensure optimal safety conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107829"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142567183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk of apprehension for road traffic law violations in Norway","authors":"Rune Elvik","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Violations of road traffic law are widespread in all countries. Probably the most common violation is speeding. It is not uncommon that 50 % of vehicles are speeding. Little is known about the risk of apprehension for various traffic law violations, although it is often assumed that nearly all violations go undetected. This paper quantifies the risk of apprehension for common traffic law violations in Norway, based on data for the period 2006–2022. The violations included are speeding, non-use of seat belts, driving with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (above 0.02 %), driving while impaired by medicines or illegal drugs, use of a hand-held mobile phone while driving and violations of the regulations of hours of service and rest for drivers of heavy vehicles. Risk of apprehension is stated as the number of detected violations per million vehicle kilometres driven while committing the violation. The risk of apprehension is in most cases between 10 and 50 per million vehicle kilometres driven while committing a violation. This is quite low. For speeding, the risk of apprehension was between 10 and 12 per million vehicle kilometres of speeding during 2006–2022. For an average driver, this means that he or she could speed on every trip for about 8–10 years before getting caught. Reducing traffic law violations may contribute to a large reduction of the number of traffic fatalities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneity in crash patterns of autonomous vehicles: The latent class analysis coupled with multinomial logit model","authors":"Qiaoqiao Ren,&nbsp;Min Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the heterogeneity in autonomous vehicle (AV) crash patterns is crucial for enhancing the safety and public acceptance of autonomous transportation systems. In this paper, 584 AV collision reports from the California Department of Motor Vehicles (CA DMV) were first extracted and augmented by a highly automatic and fast variable extraction framework. Crash damage severities, classified as none, minor, moderate, and major, were set as the dependent variables. Factors including crash, road, temporal, vehicle, and environment characteristics were identified as potential determinants. To account for the heterogeneity inherent in crash data and identify key factors influencing the damage severity in AV crashes, a methodology integrating the latent class analysis and multinomial logit model was employed. Two heterogeneous clusters were determined based on the skewed distributions of vehicle status and driving mode. The model estimation results indicate a positive association between severe crash damage and some risk factors, such as head-on, intersection, multiple vehicles, dark with street lights, dark without street lights, and early morning. This study also reveals significant differences among the variables influencing the damage severity across two distinct subclasses. Moreover, partitioning the AV crash dataset into heterogeneous subsets facilitates the identification of critical factors that remain obscured when the dataset is analyzed as a whole, such as the evening indicator. This paper not only enhances our understanding of AV crash patterns but also paves the way for safer AV technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142543028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can retroreflective rings enhance drivers’ safety perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels? A simulation exploration","authors":"Shoushuo Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Han ,&nbsp;Zhigang Du ,&nbsp;Shiming He ,&nbsp;Haoran Zheng ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Fangtong Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to investigate whether retroreflective rings can enhance drivers’ perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels, this paper explores a simulation test. The characteristics of spatial right-of-way in tunnels are elucidated, and a comparative test is conducted using commonly used delineators and raised pavement markers against retroreflective rings to enhance the perception of spatial right-of-way. The test employs the perception of lateral deviation and longitudinal distance as indicators to reflect the lateral and longitudinal right-of-way. Video scenarios, incorporating different facilities and spacing, are created using 3Ds Max software following the design standards of freeway tunnels. The indicators of Stimulation of Subjectively Equal Distance (SSED), lateral deviation, and perception reaction time (PRT) are chosen to assess the effects of different facilities on drivers under varying spacing conditions. Fifty-two participants, divided into two groups of novice drivers and experienced drivers, underwent perception testing in a simulated driving environment. The results indicate that drivers exhibit the highest overestimation of longitudinal distance and the longest PRT of lateral deviation in the absence of facilities. Installing retroreflective rings with a spacing of 50–200 m significantly mitigates the overestimation of longitudinal distance, while reducing the PRT of lateral deviation. On the other hand, setting up delineators and raised pavement markers with a spacing of 6–12 m significantly reduces the PRT of lateral deviation, while there is no significant enhancement to the perception of longitudinal distance. A spacing of 200 m for retroreflective rings and 10 m for delineators and raised pavement markers in the straight section is recommended as a safer and more economical setting scheme. The combination of these facilities can enhance drivers’ safety perception of spatial right-of-way in freeway tunnels, facilitating rapid perception, correct judgment, and timely decision-making for the safe passage of vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107825"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142492634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring patterns in older pedestrian involved crashes during nighttime","authors":"Mahmuda Sultana Mimi ,&nbsp;Rohit Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Jinli Liu ,&nbsp;Swastika Barua ,&nbsp;Subasish Das","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2024.107815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nighttime crashes involving older pedestrians pose a significant safety concern due to their age-related vulnerabilities such as reduced vision and slower reaction times. This study analyzes crash data from Texas for six years (2017–2022) using Association Rules Mining (ARM) to identify patterns and associations affecting crash severity for older pedestrians aged 65–74 years and those over 74 years under varying lighting conditions. The findings reveal that high-speed limits and complex road environments significantly increase the risk of fatal or severe injuries for both age groups, particularly under inadequate lighting. Additionally, demographic factors, adverse weather conditions, and specific road features further influence crash outcomes. These insights highlight the need for interventions, including lower speed limits, enhanced street lighting, and the implementation of advanced technologies such as modern pedestrian detection systems, sensor technology, pedestrian bags, accessible pedestrian signals, to improve the safety of older pedestrians. Policymakers should leverage these insights to formulate strategies that improve road safety for older pedestrians, addressing their unique vulnerabilities in various nighttime conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 107815"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142492669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}