Accident; analysis and prevention最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating safety countermeasures at suburban arterial intersections: Addressing unobserved heterogeneity and selection bias","authors":"Xuesong Wang ,&nbsp;Ziyuan Huang ,&nbsp;Mingjie Feng ,&nbsp;Xiao Qin ,&nbsp;Bangyu Wang ,&nbsp;Siyi Zheng ,&nbsp;Syed Zaier Zaidi","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>About 40% of road traffic crashes occur at intersections, with suburban arterial intersections facing significant safety challenges due to urban sprawl. Over the past two decades, highways in suburban areas of many Chinese cities, originally designed for medium- and long-distance vehicle travel, now accommodate more short- and medium-distance trips, including pedestrians and cyclists. Discrepancies between original planning characteristics and current usage have led to increased safety risks at suburban arterial intersections. This study evaluates the effectiveness of safety countermeasures implemented at 32 intersections across six suburban arterials in Suzhou, China, which were improved in 2021. To address unobserved heterogeneity and selection bias, a propensity score matching-full Bayes (PSM-FB) method was employed to calculate crash modification factors (CMFs) by balancing the distribution of variables between treatment and control groups. The random effects negative binomial (RE-NB) model was used as the safety performance function (SPF) to account for unobserved heterogeneity among arterials and intersections. Three safety countermeasures were analyzed: physical separation of bicycle lanes, installation of mandatory stop signs for large vehicles at right turns, and removal of obstructions to improve sight distances. Results indicate significant reductions in crashes across all types and severities, with CMFs below 1.0 for all countermeasures. Physical separation of bicycle lanes demonstrated notable effectiveness in reducing bicycle- and pedestrian-related crashes. The PSM-FB method effectively addressed unobserved heterogeneity and selection bias, offering a robust framework for safety evaluation. This study contributes to improving suburban arterial intersection safety and provides methodological insights for future evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108217"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “A discrete choice latent class method for capturing unobserved heterogeneity in cyclist crossing behaviour at crosswalks”. [Acc. Anal. Prevent. 211 (2025) 107850]","authors":"Rulla Al-Haideri,&nbsp;Adam Weiss,&nbsp;Karim Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108214","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108214","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"222 ","pages":"Article 108214"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Riding safely with kids: Uncovering key factors driving parents’ safe riding intentions","authors":"Duy Q. Nguyen-Phuoc ,&nbsp;Bien Van Nguyen ,&nbsp;Nhat Dinh Quang Vo ,&nbsp;Y.D. Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing rate of traffic-related injuries among children is a growing social issue in motorcycle-dependent countries, primarily driven by unsafe riding behaviors among parents. To mitigate this problem, it is essential to understand factors influencing parents’ safe riding behaviors when transporting their children. By integrating the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this research aims to provide valuable insights into the key elements that shape parents’ riding behaviors. Data were collected using a face-to-face survey design involving 444 parent motorcyclists in Danang City, Vietnam. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived benefits from the HBM model, as well as attitude and perceived behavioral control from the TPB model, directly influence parents’ intentions to engage in safe riding behaviors. The impact of knowledge about traffic laws on safe riding behaviors intention is also confirmed. In addition, control variables such as age, frequency of carrying children and experience accidents with children also play a role in shaping these intentions. The results of the moderation analysis indicate that perceived severity has a stronger influence on safe riding intentions among parents with low child passenger safety knowledge, whereas this effect is weaker for those with high knowledge. The analysis also reveals that subjective norms positively affect parents with low knowledge but have a negative impact on those with higher levels of knowledge. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for policymakers and relevant authorities to develop policies aimed at reducing unsafe riding behaviors among parents. This, in turn, can enhance road safety for children and contribute to creating a safer traffic environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108209"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the safety and speed impacts of the 20mph speed limit in the UK: Evidence and insights","authors":"Mohammed Quddus ,&nbsp;Athanasios Theofilatos ,&nbsp;Mingjie Feng ,&nbsp;Rune Elvik","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Studies on the effectiveness of 20mph speed limits in the UK vary due to differences in context, methods, data, environments, and schemes. Many of them do not account for confounding factors like regression-to-the-mean, long-term trends, or changes in traffic volume, making it difficult to generalise their overall impact. Moreover, there is a need to account for the different effects of physical measures (speed humps, cameras) and sign-only measures, when examining the benefits of 20mph limits. Hence, the present paper attempts to add to current knowledge in the field and address these issues by developing a methodology to assess and classify the quality and validity of existing studies on 20mph speed limits in the UK. In this research we reviewed 21 studies and more than 260 effect estimates in total, applying fixed-effects and random-effects analyses to evaluate the impact on crashes, personal injuries as well as speed changes. Our analyses show that 20mph speed limits reduced traffic crashes by an average of 26.45%, with a 21.64% reduction for schemes with signs only. Casualties decreased by 22.92% for all schemes, compared to 10.91% for sign-only schemes. Furthermore, the introduction of 20mph speed limits with physical measures resulted in greater reductions in crashes and casualties than sign-only schemes. Additionally, sign-only schemes reduced mean speed by 1.63 mph. These findings are expected to assist policymakers to make informed decisions on implementing 20mph speed limits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108210"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety evaluation for heavy vehicle drivers using extreme value model based on the multi-source sensing data","authors":"Chenxiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongfeng Ma ,&nbsp;Tarek Sayed ,&nbsp;Yanyong Guo ,&nbsp;Pan Liu ,&nbsp;Guanyang Xing","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Increasingly, the collection of multi-source sensing data from heavy vehicles through intelligent networked platforms has become prevalent for safety management and supervision. However, practical approaches for crash risk management and safety evaluation have not been fully developed to capitalize on this high-value driving data. This study proposed a safety evaluation framework for heavy vehicles using the extreme value modeling approach. First, univariate extreme value models were developed to determine the thresholds of crash risk for two kinematic indicators under different loading conditions. Then, various bivariate logistic-based extreme value models were developed to analyze the dependence structure between the two kinematic indicators, construct probability-based crash risks, and estimate them according to the thresholds. The univariate and bivariate block maxima models were applied to the dataset containing 3,452 trips from 64 heavy vehicles recorded in Hangzhou, China. The results show that the Speed time-varying stochastic volatility (Speed-<span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></math></span>) and Jerk are effective indicators for assessing the driving risks of heavy vehicles. Meanwhile, unloaded conditions and extremely high distraction and fatigue warning frequencies are identified as trip-level factors contributing to the crash risk of heavy vehicles. The optimal thresholds of 1.49 and 1.47 for Speed-<span><math><msub><mi>V</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></math></span> and 1.23 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></math></span> and 1.25 <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></math></span> for Jerk under two loading conditions, respectively, were identified for crash estimation. Additionally, the bivariate logistic-based models can effectively capture dependency structures and provide robust crash risk estimations, outperforming their univariate counterparts. Overall, this study demonstrates a safety evaluation framework for heavy vehicles that includes determining crash estimation thresholds under different driving tasks, analyzing the joint probabilities of crashes to model dependence between indicators, and selecting the best safety evaluation model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108211"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do the drivers react to different C-V2X-based communication conditions in dilemma zones? A driving simulator study","authors":"Shi Ye ,&nbsp;Tiantian Chen ,&nbsp;Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios ,&nbsp;Yasir Ali ,&nbsp;Taeho Oh ,&nbsp;Inhi Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drivers should react quickly in dilemma zones at signalized intersections, where ill-timed decisions may result in rear-end or angular collisions with other vehicles. Recent advancements in connected vehicle (CV) technologies, particularly cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X), are expected to enhance driver decision-making by providing real-time traffic information. Despite this, most previous studies have not considered the latest C-V2X specifications, leaving critical questions unanswered about how drivers interact with and benefit from this technology in dilemma-zone scenarios. To address this gap, this study builds a co-simulation platform that integrates Unity and VISSIM to simulate four communication conditions: (1) no communication (baseline), (2) perfect communication (green-light countdown), (3) interrupted communication (green-light countdown with loading delays), and (4) communication loss due to the absence of smart infrastructure (out of service information). Sixty-two licensed drivers participated in four randomized trials, each with multiple unpredictable green-to-yellow transitions designed to capture dilemma-zone responses. Driving performance was assessed in terms of stop-or-go decisions and red-light running outcomes. Results of the random parameters binary logit model for stop-or-go decisions indicate that, compared to no communication, drivers are more inclined to proceed through the intersection when communication is lost. In contrast, perfect communication and communication interruption generally reduce this tendency. Furthermore, significant interaction effects revealed the observed heterogeneity, indicating that drivers with specific driving histories respond differently under communication interruption and loss conditions. For the red-light running outcomes, the descriptive analysis shows that under the perfect communication condition, the proportion of red-light running decreases by 3.44% among drivers. Interestingly, even interrupted communication leads to a 2.19% decrease in the proportion of red-light running outcomes. These findings demonstrate the complex ways in which C-V2X-based information can influence driver decisions, emphasizing the need for robust implementation strategies that are context-aware. This study sheds light on how drivers interact with emerging C-V2X systems and provides insights for road authorities and policymakers seeking to enhance safety and reduce crash risks at signalized intersections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108208"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which guiding information performs best in metro station: a side-by-side comparison based on an editable VR platform","authors":"Zhongyi Huang ,&nbsp;Hao Shan ,&nbsp;Zhiming Fang ,&nbsp;Xiaolian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To evaluate the effectiveness of various types of guiding information in metro stations, an experiment in a virtual reality (VR) environment was designed. Two hundred and twenty-four participants were recruited, and seven groups of VR experiments were conducted to make a side-by-side comparison between the guider, the sign (traditional and new designed), the subtitle, the video, the broadcast and non-player characters (NPCs). Four parameters, the perception rate (<span><math><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow></math></span>), the comprehension time (<span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></math></span>), the accuracy of path selection (<span><math><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>), and the hesitation time (<span><math><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>), were proposed, and the entropy weighting method was used to evaluate the performance quantitatively. Results showed the score of the new designed sign and the subtitle had the highest and lowest score, respectively. The broadcast and the guider outperformed the traditional sign and the video. NPCs generally had a negative impact on perception rate, accuracy of path selection and hesitation time, with mixed effects on comprehension time. Findings also indicated optimal sign placements: pattern-based signs should be positioned vertically, while color-based ones should align with movement direction. The proposed method provides a quantitative framework for comparing different types of guiding information, and the findings provide definitive reference on choosing the right directional cues for metro stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108205"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A personalized driving risk assessment and rolling prediction method by integrating multiple indicators","authors":"Yuran Li ,&nbsp;Guizhen Chen ,&nbsp;Yikai Luo ,&nbsp;Bangju Chen ,&nbsp;Jin Shao ,&nbsp;Yan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are significant differences in driving styles among different drivers. A personalized perspective on driving risk assessment and prediction can help to proactively prevent traffic safety and provide a risk prediction basis for intelligent driver assistance systems. A personalized driving risk assessment and rolling prediction method is proposed to predict a driver’s potential accident risk in real-time by integrating vehicle dynamics and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indicators. A natural driving experiment is designed to obtain Critical Incident Events (CIEs) and changes in each indicator. The frequency of CIEs is used as a driving risk characterization. To identify the significant personalized indicators affecting various CIEs, an improved Bayesian network model is developed to obtain the influence mechanism of each indicator on CIEs. The Dynamic Time Warping Barycenter Averaging (DBA) method is used to calculate the representative series of each significant indicator, which can obtain the characteristic time series under different risk levels. The weights of each CIE class are calculated by the entropy weight Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to get the risk score calculation rule. These scores are then clustered by the Fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm to determine the different risk levels. Finally, the Bayesian Optimization (BO) −based Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) is integrated with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to construct the BCBGE (BO-CNN-BiGRU-EKF) model, which enables continuous prediction of driving risk. Results from a natural driving experiment involving 60 drivers in Xi’an indicate that driving risk can be grouped into four levels. A personalized risk indicator analysis was conducted for each driver. The results indicate that each type of CIE is associated with three to four key indicators of vehicle dynamics or HRV. When the observation window length is 3.8 s and the prediction window length is 2.4 s, the proposed rolling prediction model achieves an accuracy of 92.03%, which is 3.37% to 15.88% higher than the accuracies obtained using the GRU, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) −EKF, and BO-CNN-BiLSTM-EKF models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108201"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative and quantitative hybrid analysis of heterogeneous crowds involving individuals with diverse types of disabilities passing through bottleneck","authors":"Xiangxia Ren ,&nbsp;Zhiming Fang ,&nbsp;Rui Ye ,&nbsp;Shaocong Xie ,&nbsp;Shuchao Cao ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a series of controlled experiments involving a heterogeneous disabled group composed of individuals with various types of disabilities and normal pedestrians passing through a bottleneck. A hybrid qualitative-quantitative analysis was applied to examine the movement characteristics. The disabilities include physical impairment, lower limb impairment, visual impairment, hearing impairment, mental impairment and intellectual impairments. Qualitatively, typical phenomena of the interaction between the visually and hearing-impaired individuals, and spatial features around the wheelchair users can be observed through the video recordings. Qualitatively, the path length ratio (PLR) and entropy of trajectories for different disabled are calculated and compared. With regard to the typical phenomenon, the Cross-Correlation Function (CCF) was quantified to measures the similarity between the interaction, including “shoulder guide” cooperative movement of the visual disabled and interacting with each other of the hearing disabled. The results show that the speeds of visually impaired individuals and their guides are strongly correlated both temporally and spatially.</div><div>Further, the fundamental diagram of the heterogeneous crowds with various types of disabilities was quantified. The heterogeneous group exhibits slightly higher speeds compared to the elderly group at the same density. Due to the high heterogeneity within the crowd, it is challenging to achieve a stable state at the exit. The impact of heterogeneity on traffic efficiency is assessed through cumulative passage times, flow, and flow rates. It is demonstrated that the traffic efficiency of the heterogeneous group is lower than that of the elderly group and the building code standards. Various parameters such as passage time, actual speed, effective speed, instantaneous speed, stagnation time, and acceleration are calculated to analyze the impact of disability types on pedestrian passage efficiency. Factors contributing to the reduced traffic efficiency of the heterogeneous group are analyzed from temporal and spatial perspectives. Wheelchair users experience more pronounced stoppages due to their larger space requirements. Additionally, the reaction time and the collision avoidance behaviors of pedestrians in the heterogeneous group lead to longer exit intervals. This results in a relatively dispersed concentration of crowd density within the experimental space. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing crowd management and optimizing traffic designs for heterogeneous groups with various types of disabilities for ensuring their mobility and safety. The results provide reliable data support for transportation modifications and guidelines for the development of evacuation models, as well as the formulation of management strategies for heterogeneous populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108204"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144866404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of cognitive distractions and driving experience on hazard perception performance during partially automated driving","authors":"Meng Sun ,&nbsp;Dengbo He","doi":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aap.2025.108202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drivers of partially automated vehicles are relieved from operational driving tasks but are still expected to be prepared to assume control of the vehicle when the capabilities of driving automation are exceeded. Thus, drivers’ capability to perceive hazards and react proactively may still benefit driving safety in the context of driving automation. Previous research has found that experience and distractions can affect drivers’ hazard perception performance in vehicles without automation, while the influential factors of hazard perception performance in partially automated vehicles are still unclear. In this study, a driving simulator experiment was conducted to explore the effects of driving experience and cognitive distractions (i.e., auditory n-back task) on hazard perception in partially automated vehicles when drivers are faced with different predictable hazards, i.e., behavioral prediction (BP) hazard, environmental prediction (EP) hazard, and anticipatory prediction (AP) hazard, with the increase of the scenario complexity. In total, 18 experienced and 18 novice drivers drove with adaptive cruise control and lane-centering control systems. We found that experienced drivers exhibited more proactive behaviors than novice drivers when handling AP hazards and were less likely to get involved in crashes. At the same time, cognitive distractions failed to affect drivers’ visual attention behaviors but affected proactive behaviors in response to hazards. Additionally, drivers noticed BP hazards later than EP and AP hazards. This study extends the understanding of drivers’ hazard perception skills, highlights the role of driving experience, and provides insights into training programs in the context of driving automation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":6926,"journal":{"name":"Accident; analysis and prevention","volume":"221 ","pages":"Article 108202"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}