Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"Dynamic compression failure mechanisms in homogeneous mortar and three-dimensional mesoscopic concrete: a comparative study using the split Hopkinson pressure bar","authors":"Jing He,&nbsp;Dianah Mazlan,&nbsp;Fadzli Mohamed Nazri,&nbsp;Mohamad Al-Zaim Omar,&nbsp;Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03192-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03192-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>At the mesoscale, concrete is recognized as a three-phase composite comprising aggregates, mortar, and the interfacial transition zone. Despite mortar’s critical role in concrete’s mechanical behavior, its properties are frequently approximated by simply scaling down those of concrete without rigorous calibration. This approximation hinders a precise understanding of mortar’s contribution to the overall mechanical response and failure mechanisms of concrete. To address this, both quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were conducted to characterize the stress–strain responses and failure patterns of mortar specimens and to establish a quantitative characterization of strain-rate sensitivity. Complementary numerical simulations were performed with a modified Karagozian &amp; Case model calibrated by experimental findings. Comparative analyses were conducted to elucidate distinct differences in failure behaviors between mortar and concrete under dynamic compressive loading. The results revealed that while concrete exhibits greater compressive strength, mortar demonstrates a more pronounced strain-rate effect. This study provides new insights into the dynamic failure behavior of cementitious materials and advances the modeling and safety assessment of concrete structures under impact or blast loading.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axial compressive behavior of lightweight ultra-high performance concrete columns reinforced with steel and GFRP bars","authors":"Xiaobing Li,&nbsp;Wenbo Gao,&nbsp;Chunxiao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhijie Zhao,&nbsp;Qing Yin,&nbsp;Jinming Liu,&nbsp;Guanjun Wang","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03236-9","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03236-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study proposes a novel composite structural member, lightweight ultra-high performance concrete (LUHPC) columns reinforced with high-strength steel bars (HRB500) and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. Axial compression tests were conducted on nine specimens to investigate their structural behavior. The specimens included three LUHPC columns, three high-strength concrete (HC) columns, and three ordinary concrete (OC) columns, with different reinforcement types (HRB400, HRB500, and GFRP bars). The results indicate that LUHPC columns exhibited significantly enhanced axial bearing capacity and deformability. Their ultimate bearing capacities were 1.7–1.73 and 2.69–2.79 times those of HC and OC columns, respectively. Compared with the GFRP-reinforced LUHPC (LCG) column, the steel-reinforced LUHPC columns (LCS4 with HRB400 and LCS5 with HRB500) showed better bearing capacity and strain compatibility. Their ultimate bearing capacities were higher by 8.16% and 12.2%, respectively. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was developed using a modified concrete damage plasticity (CDP) constitutive model for LUHPC. The model was validated against experimental results and demonstrated good accuracy in simulating the axial compression behavior. Finally, a modified formula is proposed to reliably predict the ultimate bearing capacity of the LCG column.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behaviour and GWP-based environmental assessment of bi-layer reinforced concrete beams","authors":"Salma Es-Satte,&nbsp;Rayan Bzeih,&nbsp;Syed Yasir Alam,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Torrenti,&nbsp;Yann Lecieux,&nbsp;Ahmed Loukili","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03237-8","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03237-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bi-layer reinforced concrete beams represent a structural application of the functionally graded concrete concept, where materials with different properties are distributed along the section height to improve mechanical efficiency and reduce environmental impact. This study investigates the mechanical behaviour and global warming potential (GWP) of reinforced bi-layer concrete beams compared with conventional monolithic beams. An experimental program was conducted on reinforced concrete beams tested under four-point bending. Two bi-layer configurations incorporating steel fibre-reinforced concrete in the tensile zone were examined. The structural response was analysed using digital image correlation, acoustic emission, distributed fibre optic sensing and fiber Bragg gratings to monitor crack development, deformation fields and steel strain evolution. In parallel, a cradle-to-site environmental assessment was performed, and structural optimisation strategies based on variations of the geometric ratio h/b and reinforcement ratio were analysed using Pareto optimisation. Bi-layer beams exhibit an increase in flexural capacity of approximately 16–18% and improved crack control compared with monolithic beams. The environmental optimisation shows a reduction in embodied carbon up to 13% for equivalent bending capacity. The results demonstrate that the bi-layer concept improves both structural performance and environmental efficiency, highlighting its potential for eco-efficient reinforced concrete design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-panel characterization of early-age dynamic contact stress in fresh dry-mix shotcrete and its relation to rebound","authors":"Jongbeom Kim,&nbsp;Marc Jolin","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03226-x","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03226-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dry-mix shotcrete rebound depends not only on spray kinematics but also on the early-age response of the receiving-surface during placement. This paper presents a full-scale on-panel experimental approach to characterize this response and relate it to rebound within one controlled dry-mix shotcrete material–equipment system. In this study, the term <i>fluid zone</i> denotes a hypothesized transient, localized, low-resistance near-surface region beneath the spray axis, identified from a wet/glossy appearance and lower on-panel <i>dynamic contact stress (</i><span>({p}_{d})</span><i>)</i> measured by a dynamic bead-impact test. A robot-mounted, 3D-printed magnetic catapult and high-speed imaging were used to measure <span>({p}_{d})</span> on the panel at 0.5 s after the nozzle passage and again at 3 and 6 min. Full-scale dry-mix spraying tests with controlled nozzle motion and real-time mass/flow measurements were conducted using a reference mixture and two air-entrained mixtures over a range of placement consistencies represented by <span>({left(w/bright)}_{text{c}text{a}text{l}text{c}})</span>. Under the tested setup, <span>({p}_{d})</span> at 0.5 s was consistently lower than later values, providing indirect mechanical evidence consistent with a rapidly evolving low-resistance near-surface response. Lower early-age <span>({p}_{d})</span> was associated with lower rebound. Air entrainment shifted both <span>({p}_{d})</span> and rebound downward, while higher <span>({left(w/bright)}_{text{c}text{a}text{l}text{c}})</span> toward the upper end of the accepted placement range were associated with lower rebound. The proposed on-panel test provides a comparative indicator of early-age receiving-surface response during dry-mix shotcrete placement. Although broader validation is required (equipment, mixture design, etc.), this measurement method appears to be a significant improvement of our understanding of rebound mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03226-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chloride interaction and transport in CSA cement under accelerated carbonation curing: comparison with Portland cement","authors":"Seonhyeok Kim,&nbsp;Solmoi Park,&nbsp;Jihoon Park,&nbsp;H. K. Lee","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03193-3","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03193-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the alteration of chloride interaction mechanisms and chloride transport characteristics in calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement under accelerated carbonation curing. Portland cement (PC) was included as a reference system to provide a benchmark comparison under identical curing and testing conditions. The interaction of chloride with the reaction products in normal- or carbonation-cured CSA and PC samples was investigated through various analysis tools. In addition, the chloride transport and the environmental impact by adoption of CSA cement and accelerated carbonation curing were evaluated. The AFm phase in the PC samples contributed to the chloride binding by the Friedel’s salt formation, whereas this is not the case in the CSA sample and carbonation-cured samples. Nevertheless, the normal-cured CSA sample and carbonation-cured samples exhibited chloride binding by the presence of C–(A)–S–H gel, which physically captures chloride ions. In addition, the CSA and carbonation-cured samples has a lower chloride migration coefficient than PC and normal-cured samples, leading to resistance of the fundamental chloride ingress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of material monitoring protocols for nature-inclusive designed concrete units in harbor-fronts","authors":"Siff N. Lørup,&nbsp;Marie Salgues,&nbsp;Lisbeth M. Ottosen,&nbsp;Wolfgang Kunther","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03215-0","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03215-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human activities are putting stress on earth’s ecosystems, and with increasing populations in coastal zones, the pressure on the marine environments intensifies. To accommodate the increase in anthropogenic activities in these areas, concrete is often used to adapt the coast to human requirements. By mimicking nature-inspired substrates, ecologically designed concrete aims to facilitate biological growth, thereby increasing biodiversity and enhancing the local marine ecosystem. As this practice becomes more frequently applied, a need for material monitoring protocols fitted towards these designs arises.</p><p>Reinforced concrete exposed to marine environments is subjected to an increased risk of corrosion due to the aggressive nature of seawater and environmental conditions that affect concrete. Material monitoring/testing of concrete used in infrastructure is essential to understand the state of structural integrity. However, when using nature-inclusive designs that differ from the classically designed grey concrete with a smooth surface structure, there are no standards in place for monitoring these structures and their potential positive interaction with biogenic layers.</p><p>In this study, we present a multi-method monitoring protocol developed based on our experiences with nature-inclusive designs on concrete used in a pilot project in a Spanish harbor front and discuss potential further developments of these types of protocols. The protocol includes methods that investigate mechanical properties, transport rates, mineralogical changes, and density/porosity.</p><p>The complex surface structure, the different densities of the material and small size of the units tested presented several challenges and limitations for commonly applied assessment methods, which require additional steps and creative solutions to gain reliable results.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03215-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanostructure and chemistry of amorphous Al-rich C-(N)-A-S–H-type gels via aqueous precipitation: insights for alkali-activated materials","authors":"Farnaz Aghabeyk,&nbsp;Boyu Chen,&nbsp;Mayank Gupta,&nbsp;Chen Liu,&nbsp;Guang Ye","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03216-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03216-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcium-sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-(N)-A-S–H) gels are the primary phases in alkali-activated slag (AAS) systems and govern paste-scale microstructural evolution. Conventional models assume cross-linked and non-cross-linked C-(N)-A-S–H gels with Ca/(Si + Al) &gt; 0.67 and Al/Si &lt; 0.25. However, several studies have reported Al-rich gels (Al/Si &gt; 0.25) in both AAS and in alkali-activated blends with lower calcium content, whose nanostructure and chemistry remain insufficiently resolved. In this study, four amorphous Al-rich C-(N)-A-S–H gels spanning Al/Si = 0.31–0.57 and Ca/Si = 0.56–1.04 were synthesized to enable two orthogonal comparisons: (i) varying Al/Si at constant Ca/Si to isolate Al-for-Si substitution effects, and (ii) varying Ca/Si at constant Al/Si to probe calcium role on network connectivity. Comprehensive characterization revealed the coexistence of local structural environments characteristic of C-(N)-A-S–H/C-A-S–H, (N,C)-A-S–H, and N-A-S–H-like gel domains without the formation of crystalline secondary phases. ²⁹Si NMR revealed a progressive increase in Q⁴(mAl)-rich sites with increasing Al incorporation, while the relative proportion of the C-(N)-A-S–H/C-A-S–H environments decreased with decreasing Ca/Si ratio. ²⁷Al NMR confirmed tetrahedral Al coordination, with chemical shifts varying with Ca/Si ratio, reflecting changes in interlayer charge-balancing. Octahedral Al was detected exclusively in gels with a higher Al/Si at 0.5, indicating the formation of more highly polymerized aluminosilicate environments under high-Al conditions. ²³Na NMR revealed chemical shifts of − 5.81 to − 6.21 ppm, correlating strongly with the Na/Al ratio. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that gels with Al/Si &gt; 0.25 deviate from classical tobermorite-like structures and exhibit increasingly polymerized and structurally heterogeneous aluminosilicate environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03216-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging early-age particle packing parameters and later surface electrical resistivity: mechanistic insights into silica fume cementitious systems","authors":"Emanoel Cunha Araújo,&nbsp;Marcelo Henrique Farias de Medeiros,&nbsp;Nayara Soares Klein","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03189-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03189-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electrical resistivity (ER) is a well-established property of cementitious materials, widely used as a durability parameter in the quality control and inspection of concrete structures. However, the relationship between ER and particle packing parameters remains unclear. This study investigates how the water-to-binder ratio, solid particle packing parameters, and the water film thickness (WFT), a spatial parameter that defines interparticle spacing, correlate with surface electrical resistivity (SER) in cementitious pastes with silica fume (SF) replacement at ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (by weight). The SER measurements were carried out from 7 to 180 days. In addition, the study investigates compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and eco-efficiency indexes. The results show a strong correlation among SER, particle packing parameters, WFT, and SF cement replacement. At 180 days, SER increases were approximately 480% (5% SF), 653% (10% SF), 438% (15% SF), and 877% (20% SF) compared with the control mixture. This non-linear trend, specifically the lower relative increase in SER observed for the 15% SF mixture compared to the 10% and 20% SF mixtures, is directly linked to a lower WFT, which spatially restricts the progression of the pozzolanic reaction, as evidenced by TGA. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the link between microstructural packing parameters and the electromechanical behaviour of cementitious materials. Regarding mechanical behaviour, initial clinker dilution reduced early-age strength for replacements exceeding 10%, but pozzolanic activity compensated at 28 days. SF improved the ecoefficiency of cementitious pastes by reducing cement consumption and the contributions of pozzolanic reactions.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03189-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148750566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion-induced cracking in LC3 and OPC mortars: influence of binder type and mechanical properties","authors":"Talles Felix,&nbsp;Arezou Babaahmadi,&nbsp;Jelke Dijkstra,&nbsp;Karin Lundgren","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03224-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03224-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Limestone calcined clay cement (<span>(text {LC}^{3})</span>) is a promising low- <span>({hbox {CO}_2})</span> alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), but its long-term performance with respect to corrosion-induced cracking in reinforced concrete remains poorly understood. This study investigates the interplay between binder type, material properties, and corrosion-induced cracking in steel-reinforced mortars made with OPC and LC³. Accelerated corrosion experiments were conducted using the impressed current technique, and the time-to-cracking was determined from electrical potential measurements to assess the corrosion level leading to matrix cracking. LC³ mortars exhibited cracking at lower corrosion levels compared with OPC mortars, indicating a lower resistance to corrosion-induced mechanical stresses. This behavior could be correlated to fracture energy, which was lower in the LC³ systems. Although LC³ mortars showed superior resistance to chloride ingress, their reduced fracture performance suggests a potential trade-off. These findings highlight that durability assessments may benefit from considering both transport and fracture-related properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-026-03224-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding masonry behaviour through DEM: influence of mortar quality and pre-existing damage under compression","authors":"Rhea Wilson,&nbsp;Semih Gönen,&nbsp;Marco Francesco Funari,&nbsp;Bora Pulatsu","doi":"10.1617/s11527-026-03219-w","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-026-03219-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Uncertainty is inherent in masonry structures due to a wide range of factors, including material variability and construction history. Pre-existing damage, such as cracking, joint erosion, and material loss, further contributes to this phenomenon by significantly altering stiffness, strength, and durability. High-fidelity numerical approaches help address these challenges by enabling detailed predictions of material response across a wide range of potential conditions. To this end, the present research proposes a discontinuum-based analysis framework where the material is represented by discrete, irregular, rigid triangular blocks that transfer forces at their contact points. This approach is well-suited for analysing the behaviour of quasi-brittle construction materials, such as masonry, since it allows direct tracking and visualisation of damage initiation and crack propagation throughout the loading sequence. In this study, the effects of mortar quality and pre-existing damage on the compressive behaviour of masonry prisms are examined. A stochastic analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of key mortar properties. Additionally, the study evaluates the impact of pre-existing damage, both localised (representing joint erosion) and dispersed (representing freeze–thaw deterioration or salt crystallisation), on the macro behaviour of masonry composites. Comparison with experimental databases from the literature demonstrates that the localised damage representation provides a credible abstraction of aging effects, producing stiffness and strength reductions that fall within the range of experimentally observed deterioration and align with established environmental degradation mechanisms. In contrast, the distributed damage scenario results in substantially greater strength reductions and altered failure modes. These findings highlight the critical role of mortar quality, particularly its shear resistance and the extent of material degradation, on the global compressive behaviour of masonry prisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"59 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}