Acta Oto-Laryngologica最新文献

Correction.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2485730

引用次数: 0

Speech perception and hearing preservation after cochlear implantation in patients with Meniere's disease.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2481501

Karin Hallin, Nadine Schart-Morén, Helge Rask-Andersen

{"title":"Speech perception and hearing preservation after cochlear implantation in patients with Meniere's disease.","authors":"Karin Hallin, Nadine Schart-Morén, Helge Rask-Andersen","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2481501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2481501","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cochlear implantation can be used as a treatment for severe sensorineural hearing loss in patients with Meniere's disease.Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate speech perception and the grade of hearing preservation in patients diagnosed with Meniere's disease. One additional aim was to investigate the effects of cochlear implant surgery on balance and tinnitus.Methods: Adult patients with a known diagnosis of Meniere's disease were evaluated. Their speech perception and the degree of hearing preservation were compared with adult patients with sensorineural hearing loss of different etiologies. For the patients with Meniere's disease, their subjective reports on balance and tinnitus pre- and post-surgery were also investigated.Results: Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in speech perception after cochlear implantation (p < .05); no statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Analysis of hearing preservation for the two groups showed no statistically significant difference. Tinnitus decreased in 44.4% of the Meniere's disease patients one year post surgery.Conclusion: We found no difference in speech perception with cochlear implant in patients with Meniere's disease compared with patients with other etiologies, and there was no difference in the rate of hearing preservation. Tinnitus improved after cochlear implant treatment in patients with Meniere's disease.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The 133-kDa N-terminal region of myosin XVa is critical for normal structure and function of auditory and hair cells.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2479632

Yong Li, Yanli Wang, Jiong Dang, Wenjing Zhuo, Baicheng Xu, Yufen Guo

{"title":"The 133-kDa N-terminal region of myosin XVa is critical for normal structure and function of auditory and hair cells.","authors":"Yong Li, Yanli Wang, Jiong Dang, Wenjing Zhuo, Baicheng Xu, Yufen Guo","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2479632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2479632","url":null,"abstract":"Background: MYO15A is a commonly implicated gene in severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Numerous studies have identified mutations in MYO15A in humans, analyzed their presence and co-segregation, and predicted their pathogenicity using software tools. However, few have investigated the pathogenic mechanisms of these mutations using mouse models. In a prior study, we identified the MYO15A c.2482 C > T mutation as a potential causative gene for deafness in a Uygur family from Xinjiang. To further explore the pathogenicity and mechanisms of this mutation, we constructed a mouse model harboring the Myo15a c.2455A > T mutation. This study demonstrates that mice with the Myo15a c.2455A > T spot knock-in exhibit the abnormal hair cell morphology, dysfunction, and hearing loss phenotype observed in humans.Objectives: To investigate the pathogenic mechanism of deafness caused by MYO15A c.2482C > T mutation.Material and methods: To assess the impact of the MYO15A mutation on hair cell morphology and function, mice underwent audiological tests, quantitative real-time PCR, scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis.Results: The p.Arg819* mutation located in the N-terminal domain of MYO15A showed marked differences in hair cell morphology and function between homozygous mutant mice and normal controls. Notably, the homozygous mutant mice retained residual hearing up to approximately five weeks of age.Conclusions and significance: Our findings confirm that Myo15a c.2455A > T spot knock-in mice replicate the abnormal hair cell morphology and dysfunction, as well as the hearing loss phenotype. Additionally, our results indicate that the novel c.2482C > T variant in the MYO15A gene can cause inner ear hair cell dysfunction and audiological disorders in this family.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143699236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Examining the causal relationship between hypertension and benign paroxysmal vertigo: a univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization study.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2479015

Luyao Wang, Feilun Cui, Xiangping Chen, Qing Zhang, Jun Yang, Shuna Li

{"title":"Examining the causal relationship between hypertension and benign paroxysmal vertigo: a univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Luyao Wang, Feilun Cui, Xiangping Chen, Qing Zhang, Jun Yang, Shuna Li","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2479015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2479015","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) may be at increased risk for hypertension.Objectives: To examine the causal relationship between hypertensive disorders and benign paroxysmal vertigo (BPV).Materials and methods: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to assess the causal relationship between hypertension and BPV. Summary statistics for BPV and hypertension were obtained from the FinnGen biobank to support the primary MR analysis. Five complementary methods - inverse variance weighted, weighted median, MR-Egger, simple mode, and weighted mode - were applied to obtain MR estimates. Furthermore, a multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was conducted to examine whether hypertension independently influences BPV.Results: The MR analysis indicated a significant causal effect of hypertension on BPV, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02-1.22, p = .019), indicating an increased risk of BPV associated with hypertension. MVMR analysis further indicated that the causal effect of hypertension on BPV remained significant even after adjusting for menopausal disorders and ischemic stroke (OR: 1.108, 95% CI: 1.003-1.225, p = .043).Conclusions and significance: This MR study provided evidence supporting a causal effect of hypertension on BPV.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of single versus multiple surgeries in CRSwNP patients undergoing treatment with dupilumab.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-23 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2481233

Matteo Alicandri-Ciufelli, Carla Cantaffa, Costanza Galloni, Ignazio Javier Fernandez, Daniele Marchioni, Carlotta Pipolo, Massimiliano Garzaro, Letizia Nitro, Valeria Dell'Era, Francesco Ferella, Massimo Campagnoli, Paolo Russo, Angelo Ghidini, Eugenio De Corso, Daniela Lucidi

{"title":"Impact of single versus multiple surgeries in CRSwNP patients undergoing treatment with dupilumab.","authors":"Matteo Alicandri-Ciufelli, Carla Cantaffa, Costanza Galloni, Ignazio Javier Fernandez, Daniele Marchioni, Carlotta Pipolo, Massimiliano Garzaro, Letizia Nitro, Valeria Dell'Era, Francesco Ferella, Massimo Campagnoli, Paolo Russo, Angelo Ghidini, Eugenio De Corso, Daniela Lucidi","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2481233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2481233","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prior to the introduction of biologic drugs, the natural history of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) was characterized by multiple recurrences, thus necessitating multiple surgical interventions.Aims/objectives: To understand whether Dupilumab efficacy in recurrent CRSwNP varies based on number of previous surgeries.Materials and methods: This is a multicentric retrospective study on patients with CRSwNP under Dupilumab, who underwent at least one previous surgery. Correlations between number of previous surgeries and clinical outcomes at baseline and during treatment were investigated.Results: 141 patients were included. Mean number of prior surgeries was 2.19 (median 2; range 1-13). For all patients, significant improvements were observed across all time points. Poorer results were observed in patients subjected to more than one prior surgery in terms of NPS at T2 (p .04), SNOT-22 at T4 (p .03), VAS for olfactory dysfunction at T3 (p .01) and T5 (p .009), VAS for nasal obstruction at T4 (p .047), VAS for rhinorrhea at T4 (p .02), VAS for craniofacial pain at T1 (p .02) and T2 (p .04) and of VAS for sleep disturbances at T1 (p .04).Conclusions and significance: Patients subjected to multiple surgeries have worse outcomes during treatment with Dupilumab, particularly for what concerns craniofacial pain and olfactory dysfunction.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143690781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preservation of waves VI and VII of ABR in pediatric and adult patients with lesions in bilateral auditory cortices or radiations.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2475052

Ryohei Akiyoshi, Kimitaka Kaga

{"title":"Preservation of waves VI and VII of ABR in pediatric and adult patients with lesions in bilateral auditory cortices or radiations.","authors":"Ryohei Akiyoshi, Kimitaka Kaga","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2475052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2475052","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Auditory-evoked brainstem response (ABR) is widely used in various areas of clinical medicine. There is a common understanding regarding the origins of waves I to V in human ABR. However, little is known from where wave VI or VII originates in the central auditory pathway.Aims/objectives: The aim of our research is to elucidate the origins of waves VI and VII by studying ABR amplitude and latency and conducting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and methods: Eleven patients diagnosed as having central auditory disorders participated in this study. They include five pediatric patients with herpes simplex infection and six adult patients with cerebrovascular events manifesting auditory agnosia or cortical deafness with lesions in the bilateral auditory cortices.Results: We found that waves VI and VII formed into one complex wave with biphasic peaks and the origin of these waves can be the medial geniculate body (MGB).Conclusions: On the basis of anatomical and electrophysiological findings, we suggest that the latency of VI-I or VII-I nerve conduction time is the auditory brainstem-thalamus transmission time.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Minigene assay for verifying the splicing effects of the rare variants in the SLC12A2 gene at c.2930-1G>a.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2475486

Lin Mengsi, Zhu Qingwen, Cui Aimin, Wang Jing

{"title":"Minigene assay for verifying the splicing effects of the rare variants in the SLC12A2 gene at c.2930-1G>a.","authors":"Lin Mengsi, Zhu Qingwen, Cui Aimin, Wang Jing","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2475486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2475486","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hearing loss (HL) is a prevalent sensory impairment with a genetic basis. The SLC12A2 gene, encoding NKCC1, is vital for inner ear ion balance. The c.2930-1G > A variant is a novel mutation potentially linked to sensorineural hearing loss.Objectives: To investigate the splicing and protein expression effects of the c.2930-1G>A variant in SLC12A2 and its role in hearing loss.Material and methods: Minigene assays and plasmid transfection in HEK-293T and Hela cells were used to study splicing. Protein expression and modification were also assessed.Results: The c.2930-1G>A variant caused partial exon skipping, altering mRNA splicing in both cell types. This suggests a potential involvement in sensorineural hearing loss. Protein analysis showed the E21del mutation increased expression without altering modification patterns, whereas the 2930_2977del mutation reduced both, possibly impacting stability or modification sites.Conclusions and significance: The c.2930-1G>A variant likely contribute to hearing loss by disrupting splicing and protein expression. Currently a Variant of Uncertain Significance (VUS), its pathogenicity is supported by these findings. Further research is needed to confirm its role, emphasizing the need for integrated genetic and clinical data in auditory disorders management.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postoperative outcome of palatine tonsillectomy by tonsil pillar suture with knot-free suture.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2476191

Yusei Yamaguchi, Shinya Ohira, Kota Wada

{"title":"Postoperative outcome of palatine tonsillectomy by tonsil pillar suture with knot-free suture.","authors":"Yusei Yamaguchi, Shinya Ohira, Kota Wada","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2476191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2476191","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Postoperative haemorrhage following palatine tonsillectomy occurs in 5-14% of cases. Since 2021, our department has used knot suturing with 3-0 Vicryl, and from 2023, continuous suturing with the V-Loc™ closure device to reduce suture time. While knot suturing is reported to reduce postoperative bleeding and pain, no studies have compared outcomes between different suture methods.Aims: This study retrospectively analysed postoperative bleeding, pain, and complications in 125 patients undergoing palatine tonsillectomy, with or without sutures.Methods: Patients aged ≥15 years who underwent bilateral tonsillectomy from October 2019 to March 2024 were grouped into no-suture, knot-suture, and knot-free-suture categories. Data on operative time, pain, bleeding, suture dissection, and complications were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for nominal variables.Results: Knot-free sutures had the shortest operative time (53 ± 16 min) compared to no sutures (62 ± 19 min) and knot sutures (94 ± 22 min). Pain decreased over time across all groups. Bleeding rates were similar, though knot-free sutures required frequent removal (76%). Knot sutures had a significantly lower dissection rate (<0.001).Conclusions and significance: Knot-free sutures improve surgical efficiency but may require additional postoperative interventions, representing a cost-effective alternative to high-energy devices.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Allogeneic composite amniotic membrane in tympanic membrane repair: a randomized parallel controlled study.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2475487

Anchi Sun, Rongrong Lv, Zhiwei Xing, Xiaomin Wang, Mingjie Zhang, Mengjun Wang, Qianqian Shao, Hui Li

{"title":"Allogeneic composite amniotic membrane in tympanic membrane repair: a randomized parallel controlled study.","authors":"Anchi Sun, Rongrong Lv, Zhiwei Xing, Xiaomin Wang, Mingjie Zhang, Mengjun Wang, Qianqian Shao, Hui Li","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2475487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2475487","url":null,"abstract":"Backgrounds: Composite amniotic membranes have been widely used in ophthalmology and orthopedics. For the repair of tympanic membrane perforation, the introduction of amniotic membrane is still under study.Objectives: To analyse the effectiveness of a homograft composite amniotic membrane in tympanic membrane repair.Methods: A total of 76 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 39) and the control group (n = 37). The test group employed a composite amniotic membrane for the repair of the tympanic membrane, while the control group utilized cartilage from the auricular for the same purpose. The efficacy of composite amniotic membrane was evaluated through a comparative analysis of postoperative tympanic membrane healing, complications, and hearing recovery.Results: Hearing improved significantly in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The results of the postoperative pain scores demonstrated that the majority of patients were experiencing mild pain, with a notable discrepancy between the test group and the control group. Intraoperative bleeding time was also significantly lower in the test group than in the control group.Conclusion: Allogeneic composite amniotic membrane can be used as a material for repairing tympanic membrane perforation, which can effectively improve postoperative hearing of patients.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of functional and aesthetic outcomes following open technique septorhinoplasty: assessing the utility and correlation of the Rhinoplasty Health Inventory and Nasal Outcomes, Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation, and Nasal Obstructive Symptom Evaluation questionnaires.

IF 1.2 4区医学

Acta Oto-Laryngologica Pub Date : 2025-03-13 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2025.2477210

Gamze Ozturk Yilmaz, Gokhan Yilmaz

{"title":"Evaluation of functional and aesthetic outcomes following open technique septorhinoplasty: assessing the utility and correlation of the Rhinoplasty Health Inventory and Nasal Outcomes, Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation, and Nasal Obstructive Symptom Evaluation questionnaires.","authors":"Gamze Ozturk Yilmaz, Gokhan Yilmaz","doi":"10.1080/00016489.2025.2477210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00016489.2025.2477210","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The importance of subjective quality of life questionnaires in evaluating post-rhinoplasty outcomes and patient satisfaction is increasing.Objective: This study aimed to measure the aesthetic and functional satisfaction of patients following septorhinoplasty using the Rhinoplasty Health Inventory and Nasal Outcomes (RHINO), Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE), and Nasal Obstructive Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaires.Methods: This prospective study included 306 patients who underwent a primary open-technique septorhinoplasty. The NOSE, ROE, and RHINO questionnaires were given to all patients before surgery and in the sixth month following surgery.Results: Preoperative NOSE, ROE, and RHINO scores significantly improved postoperatively in all patients (p < .001). Postoperative satisfaction was higher among young people, women, those with functional indications, single people, and those who were unemployed. Additionally, positive correlation existed between the RHINO and ROE scores (p < .001), and negative correlation existed between the postoperative RHINO and NOSE scores (p < .001).Conclusions: Thus, septorhinoplasty likely improves the functional and aesthetic quality of life in all patients. Our results suggest that a patient who scores favorable on the NOSE and ROE questionnaires is also likely to score favorable on the RHINO questionnaire.Significance: It is possible to evaluate septorhinoplasty results both functionally and aesthetically using just one questionnaire.","PeriodicalId":6880,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oto-Laryngologica","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0