Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced UV Protection of Aqueous PBSA Solutions by Incorporating Hydrophilic Polymers","authors":"EunSuk Lee,&nbsp;YeRin Kim,&nbsp;Jun Pil Hwang,&nbsp;SeoYoung Choi,&nbsp;EunSol Park,&nbsp;MuHyeon Baek,&nbsp;Hwi Yeob Kim,&nbsp;Hang Eui Cho,&nbsp;Tae Hoon Kim,&nbsp;KyuHan Kim","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00565-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00565-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (PBSA) is a representative water-soluble UV filter, yet its practical use is hampered by poor spreading and film formation in aqueous formulations, leading to limited UV-blocking efficiency. To address this, we examined the effect of hydrophilic polymers—poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), gelatin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and dextran (DEX)—on PBSA performance. UV–Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging showed that PVA and gelatin facilitated continuous film coverage and enhanced UV absorbance, whereas PEG and DEX produced discontinuous coatings with little improvement. Rheological analyses revealed that PVA–PBSA maintained network stability via hydrogen bonding, while gelatin–PBSA formed weaker gels and PEG/DEX–PBSA exhibited negligible effects. Interfacial adsorption measurements further confirmed synergistic film formation only for PVA and gelatin. Overall, our findings demonstrate that effective UV protection with water-soluble PBSA requires the combined presence of suitable bulk rheology and strong interfacial activity, establishing oil-free, water-based polymer–PBSA formulations as a sustainable route for next-generation sunscreens.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"243 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Analysis of Energy Consumption and Efficiency in a Commercial On-site Hydrogen Refueling Station","authors":"Daewoong Jung,&nbsp;Jongyeon Oh,&nbsp;Kyuhwan Hyun","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00562-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00562-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Based on empirical data from a commercial on-site hydrogen refueling station, this study quantitatively analyzes the system’s energy consumption structure and the root causes of its inefficiency. The analysis revealed that while the share of total energy consumption was highest in the order of production (51.0%), compression (36.3%), and dispensing (12.7%), the contribution to overall inefficiency, as measured by Specific Energy Consumption (SEC), showed a different distribution: production (35.9%), compression (28.9%), and dispensing (35.2%). Notably, the dispensing process, despite being the smallest total energy consumer, was a primary source of the system’s overall energy inefficiency, revealing a significant structural problem. The inefficiency in the production process was primarily caused by performance degradation under low-load conditions, whereas the dispensing process’s inefficiency stemmed from substantial standby power losses from its continuously operating chiller. These findings quantitatively demonstrate that a mismatch between operating conditions and actual demand is the most fundamental problem degrading the efficiency of the on-site hydrogen refueling station.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 on","pages":"3569 - 3581"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anionic Micropollutant Removal by Ion-Exchange Resin Amberjet4200: Experimental Evaluation and QSAR Modeling","authors":"Min-Kyeong Seon,&nbsp;Si-Hyeon Park,&nbsp;Jeong-Min Cheon,&nbsp;Chul-Woong Cho","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00564-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00564-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anion-exchange resins are widely used for removing anionic micropollutants from aqueous environments, yet predictive understanding across structurally diverse pollutants remains limited. To address this gap, we present the first combined experimental–computational QSAR framework for anion-exchange resins that explicitly incorporates a concentration-dependent descriptor, namely activity degree of the ion (log <i>α</i>). Adsorption isotherms of 26 anionic compounds were systematically measured on Amberjet™ 4200 at multiple initial concentrations, providing a robust experimental dataset. Two complementary descriptor sets were employed for model development: (i) empirically derived linear free energy relationship (LFER) parameters and (ii) in silico-calculated COSMOtherm descriptors. Incorporating log α into both frameworks substantially improved accuracy, reflecting the critical role of ionic strength and activity effects in adsorption processes. The optimized models achieved excellent predictive power, with training <i>R</i>² values &gt; 0.93 and external validation using test set yielding <i>R</i>² = 0.938 (SE = 0.193 log units) for the LFER-based model and <i>R</i>² = 0.953 (SE = 0.150 log units) for the COSMOtherm-based model. Analysis of LFER descriptor contributions revealed that the excess molar refractivity term had a negative coefficient—suggesting that electronic lone pairs, hydrogen-bond acidity, and volume-related lipophilic effects exert a repulsive influence on adsorption—whereas polar interaction and hydrogen-bond basicity terms showed positive coefficients, indicating that these interactions enhance adsorption affinity. Comparative analysis further indicated that COSMOtherm descriptors more effectively captured electronic and solvation effects, whereas LFER descriptors provided clearer mechanistic interpretability. This study establishes a versatile framework for predictive evaluation of anionic micropollutant adsorption, providing mechanistic insights and supporting the preliminary assessment of adsorbent suitability for structurally novel or data-scarce pollutants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"195 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Capacitance of Flexible Supercapacitors by Utilizing Novel Li- and Co-Based Electrolytes Synthesized from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes","authors":"L. A. Garcés-Patiño,&nbsp;T. A. Esquivel-Castro,&nbsp;S. Galan,&nbsp;A. I. Mtz-Enriquez,&nbsp;H. J. Ojeda-Galván,&nbsp;E. G. Villabona-Leal,&nbsp;H. C. Rosu,&nbsp;L. Perez-Mayen,&nbsp;J. Oliva","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00557-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00557-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To reduce the environmental damage caused by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and plastic waste, this study focused on the synthesis of Li-based (AME) and Co-based (PURE) electrolytes using electrodes recycled from spent LIBs obtained from cell phones. In addition, graphene (Gr) based supercapacitor (SC) electrodes were developed using recycled high-density polyethylene as the supporting material. First, reference SCs were made with AME (Gr-AME-SC) and PURE (Gr-PURE-SC) electrolytes, which exhibited specific capacitance/energy–density of 661.0 F g⁻¹/132.2 W·h kg⁻¹ and 426.1 F g⁻¹/85.2 W·h kg⁻¹, respectively. Next, the TiO₂/MoS₂ (TMS) composite was integrated into the SC electrodes, resulting in a 52.5% increase in specific capacitance for the SC fabricated with AME electrolyte (Gr/TMS-AME-SC) and a 20% increase in capacitance occurred for the device with PURE electrolyte (Gr/TMS-PURE-SC), respectively. Notably, the Gr/TMS-AME-SC device, which used the AME electrolyte, exhibited a specific capacitance that was 97% higher than that of the Gr/TMS-PURE-SC device, which employed the PURE electrolyte. Furthermore, both the Gr/TMS-AME-SC and Gr/TMS-PURE-SC devices exhibited remarkable electrochemical stability, attributed to the high decomposition voltages of the AME (1.51 V) and PURE (1.48 V) electrolytes. Additionally, analyses performed using UV–Vis, Raman, and XPS spectroscopies revealed that oxygen vacancies, together with Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺, Mo⁴⁺/Mo⁶⁺, and S²⁻/S⁶⁺ species, act as redox centers responsible for charge storage by redox reactions in the SC electrodes. Moreover, this study revealed that exposing the SC made with AME electrolyte to sunlight for 2 h enhanced the capacitance to the ultimate value of 1361.8 F g⁻¹. Hence, SCs studied here could help to reduce the environmental pollution because they were fabricated with materials recycled from spent LIBs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"207 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11814-025-00557-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective CO2 Transport in Cellulose-Based Electrolyte Membranes Enabled by Ag+–π Complexation and Al3+ Stabilization","authors":"Hyojeong Sim,&nbsp;Sang Wook Kang","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00561-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00561-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A polymer electrolyte membrane based on cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl ether, and incorporating silver tetrafluoroborate (AgBF₄) and aluminum nitrate (Al(NO₃)₃) was designed to achieve enhanced CO₂ separation performance. Utilizing a facilitated transport mechanism, silver ions (Ag⁺) embedded within the membrane serve as selective carriers by forming reversible <i>π</i>-complexes with CO₂ molecules, substantially increasing their solubility and permeability. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimized membrane achieved remarkable CO₂ permeance of 1.3 GPU and a CO₂/N₂ selectivity of 131, underscoring its suitability for advanced gas separation processes. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a selective layer thickness of approximately 5.51 µm, an essential parameter for efficient gas transport. UV–Vis spectroscopy provided further confirmation of the stabilization of Ag⁺ ions by aluminum salts, effectively preventing their reduction into silver nanoparticles, thereby preserving their functionality as efficient CO₂ transport carriers. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis illustrated pronounced interactions between AgBF₄ and the ether functional groups of the polymer, evidenced by characteristic spectral shifts indicative of electron donation from ether oxygen atoms to Ag⁺ ions. The addition of Al(NO₃)₃ was found to significantly influence polymer free volume and ionic coordination environments, further facilitating effective CO₂ transport.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"279 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Chlorine Doping of Graphene Oxide Synthesized via Chronoamperometry for Enhanced Sodium-Ion Battery Anode Performance","authors":"MohammedMustafa Almarzoge,&nbsp;Metin Gencten,&nbsp;Gamzenur Ozsin","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00556-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00556-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithium-ion batteries dominate the landscape of electrochemical energy storage, driving research on sodium-ion batteries to focus on enhancing sustainability and cost-effectiveness through the innovation of advanced electrode materials. In this study, chlorine-doped graphene oxide (ClGO) powders were synthesized as an anode Material for sodium-ion batteries using a straightforward one-step chronoamperometric method. The morphology of the as-prepared sample has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. XRD shows that the interlayer distance was increased due to chlorine doping, with an averaged spacing around 0.67 nm of the plane (002). The charge/discharge curves show initial specific discharge capacity of 389.7 mAh.g⁻¹ at a current rate of 0.1 C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements indicate that the powder surface is covalently doped by C–Cl formation. Doping also led to the formation of Cl-containing oxygenated groups –ClO_x, (<i>x</i> = 2, 3, 4). Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy showed that the synthesized powder had double layers with nanocrystalline domain size (Lα) ~ 49 nm, and the number of sp² carbon rings was calculated to be ~ 19. The diffusion coefficient for ClGO determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) measurements, was found to range between 10^–13 and 10^–10 cm² s⁻¹. Besides, the capacity retention for long-term cycling of 100 cycles at 2C rate was ~ 100%. The results show that this ClGO synthesis method presents a promising approach for developing potential, feasible, and tunable carbon-based anodes for Na-ion batteries.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 on","pages":"3499 - 3514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145600886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Biodiesel Synthesis via Microbubble-Aided Transesterification and Leaf-Derived Green Carbon Catalyst","authors":"Mian Hamood ur Rehman,&nbsp;Murid Hussain,&nbsp;Chiraz Zidi,&nbsp;Parveen Akhter,&nbsp;Farrukh Jamil,&nbsp;Khaliq Majeed,&nbsp;Young-Kwon Park","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00558-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00558-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents an innovative and sustainable approach to biodiesel production by introducing <i>Bismarckia nobilis</i> leaf—an underutilized biomass—as a novel precursor for synthesizing a green carbon heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was developed through an optimized process involving controlled carbonization and acid treatment, and its application in a custom-designed bubble reactor significantly enhanced mass transfer and mixing efficiency compared to conventional batch systems. Green carbon was synthesized from waste <i>Bismarckia nobilis</i> leaf pretreated with hydrochloric acid and carbonized at several temperatures (250 °C, 350 °C, and 450 °C) and periods (60–120 min), followed by washing with different acids (hydrochloric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid). Characterization employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for functional group analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller for surface area measurement, and scanning electron microscopy for morphological evaluation revealed that the sample treated at 350 °C for 90 min and washed with hydrochloric acid exhibited the maximum surface area and well-developed mesoporosity, making it optimal for catalytic applications. This optimized waste <i>Bismarckia nobilis</i> leaf-derived green carbon served as a heterogeneous catalyst in the transesterification step of a dual-stage biodiesel production process, following acid-catalyzed esterification for free fatty acids reduction. The process achieved 92.86% biodiesel yield from waste cooking oil within 35 min using only 0.5 wt.% catalyst, outperforming most previously reported green catalysts under longer reaction times and higher catalyst loadings. This work presents a sustainable and economically viable approach for synthesizing a value-added functional catalyst from waste biomass through acid pretreatment and low-temperature carbonization, supporting waste valorization and biodiesel production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"179 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlled Thermal Pyrolysis for Optimizing the Stability and CO2 Adsorption Performance of Metal–Organic Frameworks Synthesized under Ambient Conditions","authors":"Giwook Lee,&nbsp;Jongkook Hwang","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00559-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00559-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zn-based metal–organic frameworks (Zn MOFs) synthesized under ambient conditions offer a scalable and energy-efficient route to porous materials, but their poorer moisture stability compared to conventionally prepared MOFs limits their use in gas adsorption. To overcome this limitation, thermal pyrolysis has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance structural durability and tailor the pore structure of MOF-derived materials. In this study, a Zn-based pillared-layer MOF, [Zn₂(BDC)₂DABCO]_<i>n</i> (ZnBD), was synthesized under ambient conditions and subsequently subjected to thermal pyrolysis under an inert atmosphere at 500–700 °C. The resulting materials, denoted as ZnBD-T (T = pyrolysis temperature), were systematically characterized in terms of morphology, pore structure, surface functionality, and CO₂ adsorption performance. Among them, ZnBD-600 exhibited the highest CO₂ uptake and CO₂/N₂ selectivity at 298 K. This superior performance is attributed to the combined effects of abundant ultramicropores and high pyridinic nitrogen content, both of which enhance CO₂ affinity. Furthermore, ZnBD-600 not only demonstrated excellent stability but also outperformed the unpyrolyzed parent ZnBD in CO₂ adsorption capacity and selectivity. These results highlight that moderate-temperature pyrolysis offers a simple and scalable route to transform unstable Zn MOFs into durable and high-performance CO₂ adsorbents suitable for practical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"227 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Green Solvent-Based Extraction to Improve Lutein Recovery from Dunaliella tertiolecta Targeting Nutraceutical Applications","authors":"Kang Hyun Lee,&nbsp;Han-Sol Kim,&nbsp;Hyunjun Park,&nbsp;Jang-Seu Ki,&nbsp;Hah Young Yoo","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00552-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00552-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The sustainable utilization of marine bioresources has emerged as a promising strategy to develop high-value products for nutraceutical and biotechnological applications, offering an alternative to conventional petroleum-based industries. However, their industrial application remains limited by inefficient extraction processes, which are typically energy-intensive and unsustainable. In this study, a biorefining approach with optimized green extraction was developed using the marine microalga <i>Dunaliella tertiolecta</i> as a model biomass, with lutein as the extraction target. Ethanol, recognized for its extraction efficiency and environmental safety, was selected as the green solvent. The extraction process was statistically optimized to maximize lutein recovery, with the optimal conditions determined as 25 °C, 5.0 h reaction time, and 93.3 g/L solid loading. The antioxidant activities of the lutein-containing extract obtained under these conditions were determined as follows: ABTS IC₅₀ of 4.4 μg/mL, SOD IC₅₀ of 9.3 μg/mL, and FRAP of 7622.9 μmol/L. Mass balance analysis confirmed that optimized extraction conditions improved lutein recovery by 2.4-fold, yielding 83.0 g from 1000 g of <i>D. tertiolecta</i>. This study highlights the potential of optimized green solvent-based extraction for scalable lutein production, supporting sustainable biorefining and nutraceutical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"167 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145808722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Glucose Sensing through Optimization of Glucose Oxidase and Osmium-Based Redox Polymer on Gold Electrodes","authors":"Xue Wang,&nbsp;Keerthi Booshan Manikandan,&nbsp;Hyug-Han Kim,&nbsp;Chang-Joon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00553-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00553-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based electrodes offer promising applications in glucose sensing and as potential power sources for implantable devices, yet their performance remains critically dependent on efficient electron transfer and enzyme immobilization strategies. This study systematically investigated the co-immobilization of GOx and a redox-active osmium polymer, poly (N-vinylimidazole)-[Os(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)₂Cl])^+/2+ (PVI-Os-dme), using poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) as a crosslinker to enhance both the catalytic and electron-transfer properties of the electrode. By varying the enzyme-to-mediator ratio and applying a layer-by-layer assembly approach, we demonstrated that both loading quantity and composition critically influenced current generation, charge transfer resistance, and overall electrode efficiency. While current output increased with additional layers, the catalytic activity per unit mass of enzyme or mediator decreased, indicating a trade-off at high loadings. The optimized electrode, composed of six composite layers (2 μg GOx, 3.6 μg PVI-Os-dme, 2.2 μg PEGDGE per layer), achieved the highest peak current of 23.7 ± 1.7 μA at 0.3 V and retained over 85% of initial current after 3 cycles and 57% after 5 cycles, demonstrating favorable reusability. Kinetic analysis revealed an apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (<i>K</i>_m^app) of 9.0 mM and a maximum current (<i>I</i>_max) of 29.2 μA, confirming the electrode’s high affinity and catalytic efficiency toward glucose. These results highlight the importance of optimizing GOx/PVI-Os-dme loadings, ratio, and the number of layers for enhancing the electrode performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"2835 - 2843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}