{"title":"Development and evaluation of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomal gel: rheology and in vitro drug release properties","authors":"Premanarayani Menon, Yin Yin Teo, Misni Misran","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00082-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00082-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liposomes have emerged as pivotal entities in the field of therapeutics, particularly in the domain of protein and vaccine administration. Hence, the development of novel liposomal formulations has garnered considerable interest. Liposomal delivery systems are considered advantageous as medication carriers, especially in the field of dermatology, owing to their moisturizing and restorative characteristics. Nevertheless, a significant drawback in the utilization of liposomes in topical applications is the inherent fluidity of the formulation, which might result in leakage following delivery to the skin surface. The use of liposomes inside the gel matrix, while maintaining the integrity of the vesicles, presents a potentially appealing method for topical administration. The primary objective of this work is to develop a liposomal-loaded gel formulation and assess its in vitro release characteristics as well as its rheological profile, including viscoelastic properties and flow behaviour. This study incorporated two different types of drugs, namely hydrophilic (specifically diphenhydramine hydrochloride) and hydrophobic (namely curcumin), inside its formulations. A liposome, composed of a long alkyl chain lipid such as DPPC with a chain length of 16, was synthesized using the thin film hydration process and subsequently integrated into a carbopol gel. It is noteworthy that the introduction of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) resulted in a substantial decrease in the elastic modulus and cohesiveness of the liposomal gel. Conversely, the incorporation of curcumin-loaded liposomal gel led to an increase in critical strain and cohesiveness when compared to the plain liposomal gel. In contrast, the liposomal gel containing DPH and curcumin demonstrated a reduced release rate compared to the plain liposomal gel, spanning a duration of 48 h. The in vitro release studies offer the potential for the utilization of liposomal gels as a sustained delivery system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"45 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139069814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing the suitability of various grades of polypropylene for injection molding through flow-length measurements","authors":"Ahmed Hamdi","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00081-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00081-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The capability of a polymer to be molded by the injection molding process is referred to as its moldability. Injection molding technicians typically estimate moldability using a parameter known as the Melt Flow Index (MFI), but this metric can be misleading as it reflects the polymer’s ability to flow under specific conditions that may differ considerably from those encountered during injection molding. A more relevant parameter is the flow length, which represents the distance a polymer travels in a thin, cold mold cavity during the injection molding process. In this study, three types of commercial polypropylene were injection molded in cavity and the flow lengths were measured based on injection pressure and temperature. The outcomes were then compared to the polymer’s rheological properties. The findings indicate that the MFI is not a reliable indicator of polypropylene’s moldability. An empirical equation is suggested to predict polypropylene’s flow length as a function of injection pressure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"33 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138517928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yeeun Kim, Eun Hui Jeong, Byoung Soo Kim, Jun Dong Park
{"title":"Comparative study on the rheological properties of natural and synthetic graphite-based anode slurries for lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Yeeun Kim, Eun Hui Jeong, Byoung Soo Kim, Jun Dong Park","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00079-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00079-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rheological behavior of anode slurries for lithium-ion batteries, containing both natural and synthetic graphite as active material, was investigated with a focus on the different graphite morphologies. When the solid content is low, slurries containing synthetic graphite with a discotic shape display greater viscoelasticity than slurries containing natural graphite with a relatively more spherical shape. This result is attributed to the anisotropic geometry and interparticle force of the synthetic graphite. When the solid content is high, slurries comprising synthetic graphite exhibit lower viscoelasticity than slurries containing natural graphite. Tap density and sedimentation experiments reveal that, due to discotic shape and surface-to-surface attraction, synthetic graphite aggregates to a more densely packed aggregate than natural graphite. Consequently, in conditions of high solid contents where graphite has a greater chance of formation of densely packed aggregates, it is expected that synthetic graphite will have a more compact aggregate structure and a smaller effective volume. The smaller viscoelasticity of synthetic graphite slurries at more concentrated regions, where the effective volume of clusters plays more important role than in dilute regions, is attributed to the surface-to-surface aggregated structure of the synthetic graphite and the resulting small effective volume. Although the effective volume fraction of the graphite aggregates is reduced, slurries made of synthetic graphite demonstrate significant strain stiffening. Our findings suggest that the strain stiffening observed may originate from the anisotropic morphology, which possesses a significant surface area and is accompanied by jamming and high friction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"25 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135285843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A multi-particle sedimentation stability investigation of magnetorheological fluid using the DEM","authors":"Na She, Bingsan Chen, Minrui Lu, Yongchao Xu, Xiaodong Peng, Shangchao Hung","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00080-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00080-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The settling stability of magnetorheological fluid (MRF) is an important aspect of magnetorheological research and an important indicator of MRF quality. The discrete element method (DEM) was proposed to study the multi-particle settling process of particles dispersed in silicon oil with different iron powder content, particle size, base viscosity, and added magnetic field. Then by preparing MRF, the zero-field viscosity, dynamic magnetic field viscosity, and settling stability of various MRF were measured and analyzed. The results show that the average kinetic energy of MRF settling decreases as particle content, particle size, and base fluid viscosity increase. With 50% iron powder content, 300 nm particle size, and 5% bentonite additive, MRF has the highest viscosity under zero field; under a dynamic magnetic field, the larger the particle size, the larger the viscosity; the MRF settling rate decreases by 18% with a change in iron powder content, decreases by 22.5% with a change in particle size to 300 nm, and decreases by 22% with a change in bentonite content. Under the application of a magnetic field, MRF hardly settles. The final experimental and simulation results are comparable, indicating that the MRF settlement characteristics can be predicted to some extent with the help of DEM simulation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comprehensive review of food rheology: analysis of experimental, computational, and machine learning techniques","authors":"Osita Sunday Nnyigide, Kyu Hyun","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00075-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00075-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main objective of food rheology is to identify food structure and texture by rheological measurements, thereby reducing the requirement for sensory analysis in evaluating food products. However, determining food texture and structure exclusively from rheological measurements can be challenging because of the complicated composition and structure of food, as well as the complexities of factoring in the changes that occur during food mastication. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current experimental, computational and machine learning techniques used in food rheology to probe the structure and texture of food products. The textural attributes and structural information that can be inferred from each measurement technique is discussed and recent studies that carried out the measurements are highlighted. Also presented in this review are the recent progress in the experimental techniques and challenges.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"35 4","pages":"279 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136161045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review of bacterial biofilm formation and growth: rheological characterization, techniques, and applications","authors":"Eunseo Jeon, Haneum Kim, Garim Kim, Doojin Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00078-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00078-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bacterial biofilms, as viscoelastic materials, have significant implications in various fields of human life encompassing health, manufacturing, and wastewater treatment. The detailed rheological characterization of mechanical properties, viscoelastic characteristics, and shear behaviors of biofilms is crucial for both scientific insight and practical applications. This review provides an exhaustive examination of bacterial biofilm formation and growth through rheological techniques, representing a critical intersection between microbiology and materials science. It explores different rheological methods, geometries, and devices, offering a comprehensive understanding of how rheological measurements can be applied to study biofilms. The advantages, limitations, and challenges of rheological techniques are also analyzed, emphasizing the importance of choosing appropriate methods for specific applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"35 4","pages":"267 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136382070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applications of lattice Boltzmann method combined with smoothed profile method for particulate flows: a brief review","authors":"Young Ki Lee","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00077-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00077-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Particulate flows occur in various natural and technological settings. Understanding what influences the flow characteristics and how they can be manipulated is significant from scientific and engineering perspectives. In this paper, we review the lattice Boltzmann method combined with the smoothed profile method (LBM–SPM), one of the promising simulation methods for studying particle-containing systems. We present the background theory and numerical schemes of the LBM–SPM, then review several applications of this method for particulate flows; suspension rheology, deposition and clogging of particles within the flow, and the dynamics of particles in non-Newtonian media and at the fluid interface. Finally, we confirmed the versatility and feasibility of LBM–SPM for investigating particulate flows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"35 4","pages":"213 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135511462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of intrinsic characteristics of polymer blends via molecular simulation: a review","authors":"Sohdam Jeong","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00076-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00076-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Computer simulation and modeling have proven to be powerful tools in the fields of engineering and polymer science. These computational methods not only enable us to verify experimentally observed behaviors, but also provide answers to unsolved phenomena. This review addresses the current status and trends of computational and theoretical studies in polymer blends. We briefly discuss the fundamental aspects of polymer blends, including experimental observations, theories, and a variety of molecular simulations and models for mixtures of two or more polymeric materials. In particular, this study deals with the description of coarse-grained techniques that can offer perspectives into the collective behavior and properties of complicated systems. Additionally, a detailed analysis of their structural, rheological, and mechanical properties via computation is also examined. Lastly, we summarize important findings and highlight points to be carefully considered in modeling polymer blends system accompanied by an outlook on the extension of current studies to complicated systems of many blending types.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"35 4","pages":"249 - 266"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13367-023-00076-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135667314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Minhaj Ullah, Taqi Ahmad Cheema, Ni Aleksey, Muhammad Jamil, Faiq Ahmad, Hankwon Lim
{"title":"Rheological investigation of neonatal double-lumen cannula with and without deformable erythrocytes","authors":"Minhaj Ullah, Taqi Ahmad Cheema, Ni Aleksey, Muhammad Jamil, Faiq Ahmad, Hankwon Lim","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00073-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00073-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The double-lumen cannula (DLC) is the most critical component of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) because of its narrow cross-section, thereby developing the highest shear stress in the entire ECMO circuit. To measure blood damage in a DLC, the Eulerian approach is generally used without contemplating exposure time or history of blood exposure to shear stresses. Alternatively, Lagrangian approach has also been recently employed for a Newtonian blood flow through a DLC, thereby leaving a research gap on the impact of variable shear rate in case of non-Newtonian blood flow. In the present study, the hemodynamic performance of DLC is investigated using different non-Newtonian models by applying Lagrangian approach. Moreover, the motion of RBC was tracked inside the cannula to predict its behavior during the motion. The results showed that the return lumen had higher pressure, velocity, and shear stress values than other parts of the DLC. In addition, recirculation was observed due to the mixing of blood coming from different inlets and found increase with increasing flow rate of blood. Moreover, it was found that the blood damage increased with increasing flow rate. There was more blood damage in the Newtonian model than in the other non-Newtonian models at higher flow rates. However, the Carreau model showed more blood damage at lower flow rates than the other models. The Cross model showed DLC’s higher efficacy in delivering oxygenated blood to the tricuspid outlet because it showed the least blood damage among all other models. It was also concluded that the efficacy of the DLC to deliver oxygenated blood to the tricuspid outlet decreases with increasing blood flow rate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"35 4","pages":"373 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135643933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rheological and electrical percolation behaviors of polyvinyl alcohol/silver nanowire suspensions using different aspect ratio silver nanowires","authors":"Si Yoon Kim, Kyu Hyun","doi":"10.1007/s13367-023-00072-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13367-023-00072-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/silver nanowire (AgNW) suspensions and films are investigated with increasing AgNW concentrations, employing AgNWs with two different aspect ratios, namely 714 and 1000 (referred to as Ag714 and Ag1000, respectively). To estimate the effect of the aspect ratio on the rheological and electrical percolation behavior, the linear rheological properties of suspensions and the electrical properties of the resulting films are systematically assessed. The microstructure of the suspensions and the surface morphology of the films are visualized using optical microscope (OM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), respectively. Observations from OM analyses reveal that suspensions containing higher aspect ratio AgNW (Ag1000) exhibit larger flocculated clusters, resulting from the entanglement of the nanowires. As results, PVA/Ag1000 suspensions show higher linear viscoelasticity (as indicated by <i>G′</i> and <i>G″</i>) when compared to PVA/Ag714 suspensions. However, unlike linear viscoelasticity, the electrical conductivities of PVA/Ag1000 films are lower than those of PVA/Ag714 films. This observation is attributed to the alignment of AgNWs during coating process providing substantial deformation and rapid alignment. Furthermore, SEM images of the films confirm the importance of retaining the flocculated clusters to achieve the desired electrical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":683,"journal":{"name":"Korea-Australia Rheology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"15 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135791076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}