{"title":"Study on the Effect of Laser Remelting Energy Density on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Fe-Based Alloy Coatings Fabricated by Laser Cladding","authors":"Rui Deng, Huan Li, Chunjiang Zhao, Changyao Ouyang, Runze Wei, Rui Wang, Qiaofeng Bai, Yingliang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01795-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01795-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, Fe-based alloy coatings were prepared on the surface of ductile iron by laser cladding. To improve its wear resistance and consider the economic and time cost of other post-treatment processes, laser remelting was chosen to strengthen the coatings. The effect of laser remelting energy density (0−11.45 J/mm<sup>2</sup>) on the phase composition, microstructure evolution, hardness, and wear resistance of the coatings were investigated. The results show that the coating consists of γ-(Fe, Cr) and carbides and that remelting energy density has little effect on its phase composition. After remelting, the hardness uniformity of the coating was significantly improved, but increasing the remelting energy density had little effect on it. The hardness and wear resistance of the coatings were inversely related to remelting energy density. At a low remelting energy density of 5.66 J/mm<sup>2</sup>, the hardness and wear mass loss of the coating were 111.49% and 54.36% of the original coating, respectively. The mechanism for the improved hardness and wear resistance is the microstructure refinement induced by laser remelting. Increased remelting energy density reduces the microstructure refinement of the coating, but the coatings still showed good hardness and wear resistance due to the diffuse distribution of carbides at higher remelting energy density conditions of 9.43-11.45 J/mm<sup>2</sup>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1455 - 1471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming Liu, Qi-qing Peng, Yan-fei Huang, Guo-zheng Ma, Wei-ling Guo, Hai-dou Wang, Xuan-ping Luo, Wei Lang
{"title":"Process Optimization and Influencing Factors of Supersonic High-Energy Plasma Spraying of Al2O3-PF Composite Coatings on Polymer Matrix Composite Surface","authors":"Ming Liu, Qi-qing Peng, Yan-fei Huang, Guo-zheng Ma, Wei-ling Guo, Hai-dou Wang, Xuan-ping Luo, Wei Lang","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01777-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01777-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A high-performance Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-PF composite coating was prepared on the surface of polymer matrix composite materials using supersonic high-energy plasma spraying technology. The bonding strength between the composite coating and the matrix was used as the evaluation index. The spraying process parameters were optimized using orthogonal experimental design method. Subsequently, the optimal process was verified based on single factor experimental method, further exploring the influence mechanism of Ar flow rate, spraying current, spraying voltage, and second powder feeding position on the composite coating. Analysis shows that spray voltage, Ar flow rate, and spray current have a significant impact on the experimental results and are the main influencing factors; the second powder feeding position has a relatively small impact on the experimental results and is a secondary influencing factor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1674 - 1693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna Trelka-Druzic, Wojciech Żórawski, Lidia Lityńska-Dobrzyńska, Łukasz Maj, Marcin Kot, Grzegorz Wiązania, Anna Góral
{"title":"The Microstructure, Surface Topography and Wear Resistance of Cold-Sprayed (Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr))-(Ni-graphite) Composite Coatings Modified by Diode Laser Treatment","authors":"Anna Trelka-Druzic, Wojciech Żórawski, Lidia Lityńska-Dobrzyńska, Łukasz Maj, Marcin Kot, Grzegorz Wiązania, Anna Góral","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01790-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01790-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cold-sprayed composite coatings have several advantages; however, some properties, such as hardness and abrasion resistance, are lower than those in plasma- or HVOF-sprayed deposits. This work showed that the use of surface diode laser processing allowed the development of (Cr<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>-25(Ni20Cr))-(Ni-graphite) cermet coatings with good adhesion to the steel substrate, and increased properties in the near-surface zone, below which the properties of cold-sprayed coatings were retained. Studies of the microstructure in the micro/nanoscale of the laser-treated coatings showed strong grain refinement after surface treatment. Cr<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> carbide of various shapes and sizes was formed in the structure; while, a several hundred nanometre layer of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> oxide appeared on the coating surface. The changes occurring in the microstructure have resulted in increased mechanical and tribological properties of the laser-treated zone of deposits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1389 - 1403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11666-024-01790-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141188017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhongsheng Li, Kaiqiang Song, Yixin Bai, Dalong Cong, Min Zhang, Dong Peng, Xuan Wang, Xingxing Ding, Miaomiao Liao, Fu Zhou, Zehui Hua, Changpeng Wang
{"title":"Study on the Wear and Corrosion Resistance of CoCrFeNiTi0.8-xcBN Laser Cladding Coatings","authors":"Zhongsheng Li, Kaiqiang Song, Yixin Bai, Dalong Cong, Min Zhang, Dong Peng, Xuan Wang, Xingxing Ding, Miaomiao Liao, Fu Zhou, Zehui Hua, Changpeng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01780-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01780-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work aimed to explore the effect of cBN (cubic boron nitride) content on the microstructures and wear-corrosion resistance of the CoCrFeNiTi<sub>0.8</sub>-xcBN (<i>x</i> = 0, 2, 4, 6 wt.%) particle-reinforced high-entropy alloy coatings. Laser cladding technology was used to prepare the coatings on TC18 substrate. The microstructures, volume wear rates and polarization curves were characterized. The results showed that the CoCrFeNiTi<sub>0.8</sub>-xcBN coatings had an optimal forming quality under the process parameters: laser power of 1500 W, scanning rate of 12 mm/s and overlapping rate of 60%. As the cBN content increased, plenty of TiN and TiB<sub>2</sub> hard particles formed in situ in the coatings, significantly improved the wear resistance. As a result, the volume wear rate of CoCrFeNiTi<sub>0.8</sub>-6cBN was only 4.0% and 16.5% of that of TC18 substrate and CoCrFeNiTi<sub>0.8</sub> coating, respectively; the wear mechanism changed from adhesive wear + oxidative wear to abrasive wear + oxidative wear gradually. Moreover, CoCrFeNiTi<sub>0.8</sub>-xcBN coatings can effectively inhibit the infiltration of corrosive media by dense organizational characteristics and the physical barrier effect of oxidation-protective films. After 480 h of neutral salt spray (NSS) test, the CoCrFeNiTi<sub>0.8</sub>-xcBN coatings exhibited excellent corrosion resistance, both of the appearance and protection rating reached level 10. Therefore, it can be used as the wear-corrosion-resistant coating for the TC18 substrate in a NSS environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1440 - 1454"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141104235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. S. da Silva, K. Z. Montoya, S. Dosta, N. Cinca, A. V. Benedetti
{"title":"Influence of Different Copper Feedstock Powders on the Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Coatings Prepared by Cold Gas Spray","authors":"F. S. da Silva, K. Z. Montoya, S. Dosta, N. Cinca, A. V. Benedetti","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01783-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01783-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of copper powder oxidation on the deposition efficiency, microstructure, wear and corrosion resistance. The gas-atomized copper powders in the as-received (Cu-Safina and Cu-FST) and oxidized states (Cu-treat, oxidized in air, 25 °C for 5 months; Cu-treat1, oxidized at 100 °C for 1 h; and Cu-treat2, oxidized at 200 °C for 1 h) were used to prepare the coatings by cold gas spray (CGS). XPS analysis detected Cu<sub>2</sub>O and CuO for all feedstock powders, increasing for oxidized ones. The deposition efficiency and thickness of the coatings followed the order: Cu-Safina > Cu-FST > Cu-treat1 > Cu-treat > Cu-treat2. For oxidized coatings, SEM images showed more defected microstructure, increase in pores, and microcracks. Cu-FST coating showed a sliding wear rate of (0.13 ± 0.01) × 10<sup>-4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup>), and abrasive wear rate of (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup>. Gas-atomized powder coatings showed a better corrosion resistance performance. The electrolyte did not reach the substrate/coating interface for <i>t</i> ≥ 700 h and the coatings resisted for 2000 h in salt fog tests. However, oxidized coatings showed low corrosion resistance due to the presence of cracks and defects, and the coating/substrate was severely damaged after ≈100 h in 3.5wt.%NaCl solution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1365 - 1388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141110978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Navneet K. Singh, Gidla Vinay, Harpreet Singh, Partha Pratim Bandyopadhyay
{"title":"Effect of Laser Remelting on the Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF)-Sprayed WC-NiCr Coating","authors":"Navneet K. Singh, Gidla Vinay, Harpreet Singh, Partha Pratim Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01785-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01785-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>WC-based coatings are found efficient in providing excellent tribological properties to the structures and components subjected to harsh wear and erosion environments. High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying is known as one of the best techniques to deposit such coatings. However, there still exists scope for further microstructural refinement and improvement in the mechanical properties of the as-sprayed HVOF coatings. Laser remelting has proven to be an appropriate process to achieve such improvement in as-sprayed WC-based coatings. In the current investigation, laser remelting at two different power levels was done on the HVOF-sprayed WC-NiCr coating on stainless steel specimens. The post-processed coatings were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ImageJ software to study the microstructural changes. Microhardness and surface roughness measurements were also performed to study the mechanical changes. The laser remelting resulted in a smoother coating surface, having lower porosity, lower surface roughness, and higher microhardness as compared to the as-sprayed HVOF coatings. The highest reduction in the porosity was found to be around 72%, whereas, an increment of around 21% in the microhardness was witnessed. These two parameters are crucial for the tribological performance of the coatings. The current study also gives direction to further study these remelted coatings in tribological conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1484 - 1495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141115684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Denny John, Bryer C. Sousa, Tanaji Paul, Sohail M. A. K Mohammed, Danielle L. Cote, Arvind Agarwal
{"title":"Devitrification-Induced Tailoring of Microstructure and Strength in Aluminum High-Entropy Alloy Powder for Cold Spray Deposition","authors":"Denny John, Bryer C. Sousa, Tanaji Paul, Sohail M. A. K Mohammed, Danielle L. Cote, Arvind Agarwal","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01787-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01787-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of high-strength cold spray deposits using amorphous/nanocrystalline aluminum high-entropy alloy (Al HEA) powder is hindered by the lack of understanding of correlations between powder microstructure and its deformation behavior. In this study, gas-atomized Al HEA powder (Al<sub>90.05</sub>-Y<sub>4.4</sub>-Ni<sub>4.3</sub>-Co<sub>0.9</sub>-Sc<sub>0.35</sub> at.%) is devitrified at 298, 345, 362, and 450 °C to optimize strength and deformation for cold spraying. Devitrification-induced atomic rearrangement developed equiaxed Al grains and Al<sub>3</sub>Ni and Al<sub>3</sub>Sc precipitates. The amorphous content, growth of grains, hard precipitates, and reduced dislocation density increased the hardness by 16% to 515 HV at 298 °C and decreased the hardness by 55% to 190 HV at 450 °C. The compressive strength of Al HEA powder increased by 5% to 1559 MPa at 298 °C and decreased by 49% to 760 MPa at 450 °C. To enhance the limited sprayability of Al HEA powder, compressive strength is used to model optimized cold spray process maps. Helium gas with temperatures from 300 to 800 °C and a pressure of 40 bar can produce cold spray deposits with deposition efficiency greater than 70%. The scientific insights acquired from the present study provide a gateway toward developing novel lightweight and high-strength aluminum alloy deposits, thus marking an advancement in cold spray technology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1348 - 1364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141114374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Honey Khan, Jaspal Singh Gill, Anuj Bansal, Vikrant Singh
{"title":"Slurry Abrasion and Dry Sliding Behavior of High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) Sprayed WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr Coatings on EN8 Tillage Material","authors":"Honey Khan, Jaspal Singh Gill, Anuj Bansal, Vikrant Singh","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01779-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01779-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research focuses on enhancing the wear resistance of EN8 steel, commonly used in agricultural implements by applying WC-12Co and WC-10Co-4Cr coatings using the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying technique. The microstructural characterization, EDS mapping, microhardness, fracture toughness, slurry abrasion, and dry sliding of all coated and uncoated samples were evaluated. Results demonstrate that coated specimens outperform the uncoated EN8 steel in terms of wear resistance. Slurry abrasion tests reveal that the coatings hardness and fracture toughness contribute to their excellent performance. In dry sliding tests, the coated specimens exhibit lower friction coefficients and less mass loss, further emphasizing their better wear resistance. Further, wear mechanisms were found to be different between the materials, with EN8 steel exhibiting ductile wear, primarily due to plastic deformation and chipping, while the coated specimens display brittle wear characteristics, with the detachment of hard coating material and abrasive interactions contributing to wear.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1526 - 1543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141122798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparative Study on the Microstructure and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Coatings Prepared by High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel Spraying and Air Plasma Spraying","authors":"Ting Zhang, Wensheng Li, Hao Hong, Lei Shao, Xinyi Zhang, Haimin Zhai","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01786-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01786-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The 304 stainless steel coatings were applied to a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy substrate using high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) and air plasma spraying (APS) techniques. The objective of this study was to investigate the microstructure, hardness, tribological, and corrosion properties of the coatings produced by these two different processes. The findings revealed a clear relationship between the molten state of particles and the porosity, oxygen content, and microstructure of the stainless steel coatings. It was observed that the HVOF coating had higher quantities of austenite and martensitic, while the APS coating exhibited an increased presence of ferrite. These distinctions were directly responsible for the enhanced hardness and improved wear resistance observed in the HVOF coating. More specifically, the HVOF coating demonstrated a twofold increase in hardness (493.2 Hv<sub>0.1</sub>) compared to the APS coating. Its wear resistance was also significantly improved, with a sevenfold increase (0.36 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup>). Electrochemical tests were performed in a 3.5 wt.% aCl solution to assess the corrosion behavior of the coatings. The results clearly indicated that the HVOF coating provided superior corrosion protection compared to the APS coating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1496 - 1509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141119295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microstructure and Tribological Properties of In situ-Synthesized WC-Reinforced Ni60 Coatings Prepared by Laser Cladding with Different Scanning Rates","authors":"Zhibin Yan, Weizhou Li, Shengyuan Lei, Ruixia Yang, Dechang Zeng","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01781-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01781-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To reduce the decomposition of WC in the composite coatings so as to improve the wear resistance, <i>in situ</i>-synthesized WC-reinforced Ni60 coatings were prepared by laser cladding with different laser scanning rates. The results showed that the composite coating was dense and crack-free and mainly composed of Fe<sub>0.64</sub>Ni<sub>0.36</sub>, WC and Cr<sub>2</sub>N phases. More importantly, the <i>in situ</i>-synthesized WC was uniformly distributed in the matrix phase and the composite coating showed the lowest wear rate of 2.82 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup> when the laser scanning rate was 200 mm min<sup>−1</sup>. The improvement in wear resistance of the coating was ascribed to the formation of WC with high microhardness around 2100 HV<sub>0.1</sub> and good bonding with the matrix phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1404 - 1416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}