{"title":"Comparative Study on the Microstructure and Properties of 304 Stainless Steel Coatings Prepared by High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel Spraying and Air Plasma Spraying","authors":"Ting Zhang, Wensheng Li, Hao Hong, Lei Shao, Xinyi Zhang, Haimin Zhai","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01786-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01786-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The 304 stainless steel coatings were applied to a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy substrate using high-velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) and air plasma spraying (APS) techniques. The objective of this study was to investigate the microstructure, hardness, tribological, and corrosion properties of the coatings produced by these two different processes. The findings revealed a clear relationship between the molten state of particles and the porosity, oxygen content, and microstructure of the stainless steel coatings. It was observed that the HVOF coating had higher quantities of austenite and martensitic, while the APS coating exhibited an increased presence of ferrite. These distinctions were directly responsible for the enhanced hardness and improved wear resistance observed in the HVOF coating. More specifically, the HVOF coating demonstrated a twofold increase in hardness (493.2 Hv<sub>0.1</sub>) compared to the APS coating. Its wear resistance was also significantly improved, with a sevenfold increase (0.36 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup>). Electrochemical tests were performed in a 3.5 wt.% aCl solution to assess the corrosion behavior of the coatings. The results clearly indicated that the HVOF coating provided superior corrosion protection compared to the APS coating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1496 - 1509"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141119295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microstructure and Tribological Properties of In situ-Synthesized WC-Reinforced Ni60 Coatings Prepared by Laser Cladding with Different Scanning Rates","authors":"Zhibin Yan, Weizhou Li, Shengyuan Lei, Ruixia Yang, Dechang Zeng","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01781-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01781-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To reduce the decomposition of WC in the composite coatings so as to improve the wear resistance, <i>in situ</i>-synthesized WC-reinforced Ni60 coatings were prepared by laser cladding with different laser scanning rates. The results showed that the composite coating was dense and crack-free and mainly composed of Fe<sub>0.64</sub>Ni<sub>0.36</sub>, WC and Cr<sub>2</sub>N phases. More importantly, the <i>in situ</i>-synthesized WC was uniformly distributed in the matrix phase and the composite coating showed the lowest wear rate of 2.82 × 10<sup>−6</sup> mm<sup>3</sup> N<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−1</sup> when the laser scanning rate was 200 mm min<sup>−1</sup>. The improvement in wear resistance of the coating was ascribed to the formation of WC with high microhardness around 2100 HV<sub>0.1</sub> and good bonding with the matrix phase.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1404 - 1416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of WC-10Co-4Cr Reinforcement Amount on Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Fe-Based Amorphous Coatings","authors":"Shenglin Liu, Xueqin Ma, Xueping Zhen, Feng Wang, Yongjing Liu, Qing Meng","doi":"10.1007/s11666-023-01667-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-023-01667-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe-based amorphous composite coatings with different WC-10Co-4Cr powder contents (0-12 wt.%) were prepared on C45 steel by plasma spraying. The microstructure, hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe amorphous composite coatings were studied. The results show that, with the increase of WC-10Co-4Cr mass fraction, the microhardness and the porosity decrease firstly and then increase slightly. The study of the wear resistance shows that the wear resistance of the WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe-based amorphous composite coatings is higher than that of the single iron-based amorphous coating, and the wear resistance of the 9 wt.% WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe-based amorphous composite coating is the highest, which is about 1/4 of the wear rate of the sing-based amorphous coating. In the whole wear process, fatigue wear is dominant, accompanied by oxidation wear. Furthermore, electrochemical test results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe-based amorphous composite coatings is higher than that of the single iron-based amorphous coating. The polarization resistance of the 9 wt.% WC-10Co-4Cr/Fe-based amorphous composite coating is the highest, about 7975.94 ± 375.42 Ω cm<sup>2</sup>, which is about 3 times that of the single iron-based amorphous coating (2547.84 ± 256.05 Ω cm<sup>2</sup>).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1601 - 1611"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141120379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyu Wang, Zongde Liu, Kehan Cheng, Jiaxuan Li, Huaqing Ning, Jie Mao
{"title":"High-Temperature Corrosion Characterization of Ni-Al Laser Cladding: The Effect of Al Content and Fe","authors":"Xinyu Wang, Zongde Liu, Kehan Cheng, Jiaxuan Li, Huaqing Ning, Jie Mao","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01782-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01782-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To further enhance the high-temperature corrosion resistance of boiler tubes for improved power generation efficiency of biomass and waste-to-energy plants, Ni-Al cladding layers with Al contents of 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt.% were prepared by laser cladding technique. The corrosion characteristics of Ni-Al cladding layers in two salts (NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, at 650 °C) were investigated. The critical Al content of Ni-Al cladding layers with better corrosion resistance was determined, and the effect of Fe dilution from the substrate on the corrosion products was studied. In NaCl-KCl, the corrosion rates of all cladding layers were high at the initial stage. As the corrosion proceeded, a continuous and dense Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> scale was gradually formed on the Ni-8Al surface, while the other three cladding layers failed to be generated. Therefore, Ni-8Al exhibited the best corrosion resistance. However, in NaCl-KCl- K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was continuously dissolved due to the “basic fluxing” mechanism and Ni-8Al underwent significantly severe corrosion. Fe oxides were detected in the corrosion products of all cladding layers. Since Fe ions diffuse more easily through the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> scale, Fe oxides were in the outermost layer and were prone to spalling, which affected the corrosion resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1417 - 1439"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141121219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Amorphous Alloy Coating for Elevating Corrosion Resistance of X70 Pipeline Steel","authors":"Chunyan Li, Guoning Quan, Qiang Zhang, Xinhua Wang, Xiaocheng Li, Shengzhong Kou","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01778-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01778-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the current investigation, X70 pipeline steel plate was welded using submerged-arc welding. Thereafter, a (Fe<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.2</sub>)<sub>61</sub>Cr<sub>9</sub>Co<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>1.5</sub>B<sub>17.5</sub>Nb<sub>5</sub> amorphous alloy coating with a thickness of 400 ± 30 μm was successfully deposited on the surface of welded X70 pipeline steel by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF). The corrosion resistance of the substrate and coating in acidic environments was discussed, and the corrosion mechanisms were analyzed. The results show that the coating is completely amorphous with a dense microstructure, showing a typical thermal spray laminar flow-like structure. The corrosion potential (<i>E</i><sub>corr</sub>) and self-corrosion current density (<i>I</i><sub>corr</sub>) are − 396 mV and 2.061 × 10<sup>−6</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The <i>E</i><sub>corr</sub> of all coatings is better than that of substrate. The coating A, where the BM zone is located, has the largest capacitance resistance arc radius and the smallest <i>I</i><sub>corr</sub> (1.427 × 10<sup>−7</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>), which provides the best corrosion resistance. The maximum <i>I</i><sub>corr</sub> of the coating (<i>I</i><sub>corr</sub> = 2.320 × 10<sup>−7</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>) is one order of magnitude lower than the minimum <i>I</i><sub>corr</sub> of the substrate (<i>I</i><sub>corr</sub> = 2.061 × 10<sup>−6</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>), which indicates that the coating has better corrosion resistance than the substrate. The corrosion mechanism of the coating in H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution is active dissolution of metal elements in the coating (initial stage) and passivation film protection coating (later stage). This work provides a very valuable idea to solve the problem of corrosion failure of X70 pipeline steel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1612 - 1629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrosion and Wear Resistance of HVOF-Sprayed Ni-Cr-Co Multi-principal Element Alloy Coating on Copper Plate","authors":"Dongbao Huang, Zhenlin Xu, Yizhu He, Ming Liu, Xiquan Jia, Tingwei Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01788-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01788-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of protective coatings on copper alloy surfaces represents a critical research direction to enable the widespread industrial application of copper alloys. To improve the corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the copper alloy plates, a Ni-Cr-Co-based multi-principal element alloy coating was prepared via high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). Then, the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance of the Ni-Cr-Co coating and the electroplated NiCo coating were analyzed comparatively. The research results show that the phases of the Ni-Cr-Co coating contained face-centered cubic (FCC) solid solution, CrB and <i>M</i><sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub>. The NiCo coating exhibited a single-phase FCC solid solution structure. Compared to the NiCo coating, the corrosion current density of the Ni-Cr-Co coating was reduced by 92.1% in NaF solution. A highly protective passive film was formed on the Ni-Cr-Co coating, and its low ΣCSL grain boundary proportion reached as high as 25.7%. Therefore, the Ni-Cr-Co coatings demonstrated superior corrosion resistance. The scratch wear coefficient of the Ni-Cr-Co coating was only 51.9% of that of the NiCo coating, due to the synergistic strengthening of the matrix and hard second phase. This research offers technical support and a theoretical basis foundation for the development of coatings on copper alloys with excellent corrosion resistance and wear resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1585 - 1600"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140971088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cold-Sprayed W/B4C/Al Coatings for Neutron and γ-Rays Absorption","authors":"Lijia Zhao, Yunhui Peng, Ying Yang, Xinyu Cui, Tianying Xiong, Jiqiang Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01784-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01784-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the widespread use of nuclear energy, the storage of surplus spent fuel has emerged as a critical issue that needs to be solved, especially for the efficient absorption of neutron radiation and secondary γ-rays generated by spent fuel produced when <sup>10</sup>B absorbs neutrons. In this work, B<sub>4</sub>C/Al and W/B<sub>4</sub>C/Al coating were prepared on 316 L stainless steel by cold spraying. The microstructure and tensile properties of the coatings were investigated. The performance of the thermal neutron and secondary γ-rays absorption of the two coatings were simulated using the Monte Carlo approach. The results indicated that, compared to the B<sub>4</sub>C/Al coating, the W/B<sub>4</sub>C/Al coating exhibited better mechanical properties due to the tamping effect of the W particles. In addition, the secondary γ-rays absorption property was improved due to the addition of W.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1338 - 1347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140969809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of (Co34Fe8Cr29Ni8Si7)100−xBx High Entropy Alloy Coating","authors":"Fengyuan Shu, Xiongbo Zhang, Huipeng Wang, Shanlin Zhang, Cunyu Liu, Xin Zhang, Guibian Li","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01765-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01765-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>CoCrFeNiSi high entropy alloy coatings doped with different boron (B) contents were prepared on titanium alloy substrate by laser cladding. The microstructure, friction behavior and corrosion resistance of the coatings were investigated, based on which the mechanism of improving the form ability of the laser cladding coatings with doped B element was observed in detail. It was revealed that oxide layer (B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) produced on the surface at high temperature had enhanced the form ability of the coating layer by significantly decreasing pores and cracks in the coatings. At the same time, the incorporation of B gave birth to the formation of boride, while the coatings were composed of CoB, CrB, Co<sub>2</sub>B and amorphous phase. It was worth noting that the high entropy alloy coating exhibited the highest microhardness of up to 1189 HV<sub>0.2</sub> and optimum wear resistance as the B content approached 6 wt.%. Furthermore, lower corrosion current density, or better corrosion resistance in other words, was presented by the high entropy alloy coating containing doped B element, which was mainly due to that the improved microstructure of the coatings with fewer pores or cracks had effectively hindered the penetration of chloride ions and formed an effective barrier between the substrate and the corrosion solution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1630 - 1642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140973525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis of Thermal Barrier Coating Process Quality","authors":"Dongjie Sun, Qing He, Zhi Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01747-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01747-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Based on machine learning algorithms, a method is proposed for quality diagnosis of atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) processes used in thermal barrier coatings with determined coating materials and processes, aiming to swiftly evaluate the quality of APS coatings. First, the three-dimensional morphology of the coating is reconstructed through surface interpolation fitting, employing one-dimensional morphology standards and abnormal training set samples of the plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coating. This algorithm enables the extraction of cross section data of the coating at any angle. The mapping relationship between the characteristic parameters of the Gaussian peak and the process and coating characteristics is thoroughly analyzed, and the 12-dimensional characteristic parameters are utilized to effectively represent the one-dimensional morphology samples. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms are employed for accurate prediction and classification of the process quality of coating samples. Additionally, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) model is established to comprehensively depict the relationship between plasma spraying process parameters, the process, and the three-dimensional morphology of the coating. The experimental results show that the machine learning algorithm has high accuracy in quality diagnosis, and its robustness is further verified by K-fold cross-validation. When combined with the EFA model, the proposed method facilitates rapid feedback on process quality, enabling real-time evaluation. Overall, this innovative approach presents a novel solution for the quality diagnosis of atmospheric plasma spraying processes. The incorporation of machine learning techniques and the establishment of the EFA model contribute to enhanced efficiency and accuracy in the evaluation process, paving the way for advancements in thermal barrier coating applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1308 - 1323"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Machine Learning Approach for Analyzing Residual Stress Distribution in Cold Spray Coatings","authors":"Rosa Huaraca Aparco, Fidelia Tapia-Tadeo, Yajhayda Bellido Ascarza, Alexis León Ramírez, Yersi-Luis Huamán-Romaní, Calixto Cañari Otero","doi":"10.1007/s11666-024-01776-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11666-024-01776-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study establishes a machine learning (ML) model utilizing the expectation-maximization approach to predict maximum residual stresses, encompassing both tensile and compressive states, in the cold spraying process across various substrates. The main feature of the ML algorithm lies in its two-step iterative process, where the Expectation (E step) refines latent variable estimates, and the Maximization (M step) optimizes the model’s parameters, aligning them with the data. Based on the results, regression analysis highlighted the predictive capabilities of the proposed model for tensile and compressive residual stresses, exhibiting root mean square error values of 8.8 and 3.5%, along with determination coefficient values of 0.915 and 0.968, respectively, indicating higher prediction performance in the compression mode. This suggests higher predictability for residual stress within the depth of material’s body. Moreover, analyzing low residual stress levels underscored the significant impact of substrate and particle mechanical strength on prediction performance, whereas higher residual stress levels highlighted the strong influence of thermal conductivity. This correlation suggests that high stresses during the cold spray process generate more heat, thereby emphasizing the crucial role of thermal conductivity in predicting resultant residual stresses. Furthermore, a notable trend emerges as tensile stress increases, spotlighting the augmented influence of processing parameters in the prediction process. Conversely, at elevated compressive stresses, material properties’ weight factors assume a vital role in predictions. These findings offer insights into the intricate interplay between processing parameters and materials properties in determining resultant residual stresses during cold spraying.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":679,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Thermal Spray Technology","volume":"33 5","pages":"1292 - 1307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140936351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}