能源化学最新文献

{"title":"Chemico-biological conversion of carbon dioxide","authors":"Liangwei Hu ,&nbsp;Junzhu Yang ,&nbsp;Qi Xia ,&nbsp;Jin Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongxin Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuan Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The unabated carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission into the atmosphere has exacerbated global climate change, resulting in extreme weather events, biodiversity loss, and an intensified greenhouse effect. To address these challenges and work toward carbon (C) neutrality and reduced CO₂ emissions, the capture and utilization of CO₂ have become imperative in both scientific research and industry. One cutting-edge approach to achieving efficient catalytic performance involves integrating green bioconversion and chemical conversion. This innovative strategy offers several advantages, including environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and multi-selectivity. This study provides a comprehensive review of existing technical routes for carbon sequestration (CS) and introduces two novel CS pathways: the electrochemical-biological hybrid and artificial photosynthesis systems. It also thoroughly examines the synthesis of valuable C<em>_n</em> products from the two CS systems employing different catalysts and biocatalysts. As both systems heavily rely on electron transfer, direct and mediated electron transfer has been discussed and summarized in detail. Additionally, this study explores the conditions suitable for different catalysts and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of biocatalysts. We also explored the biocompatibility of the electrode materials and developed novel materials. These materials were specifically engineered to combine with enzymes or microbial cells to solve the biocompatibility problem, while improving the electron transfer efficiency of both. Furthermore, this review summarizes the relevant systems developed in recent years for manufacturing different products, along with their respective production efficiencies, providing a solid database for development in this direction. The novel chemical-biological combination proposed herein holds great promise for the future conversion of CO₂ into advanced organic compounds. Additionally, it offers exciting prospects for utilizing CO₂ in synthesizing a wide range of industrial products. Ultimately, the present study provides a unique perspective for achieving the vital goals of “peak shaving” and C-neutrality, contributing significantly to our collective efforts to combat climate change and its associated challenges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 371-387"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135763967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling Sb2WO6 microflowers and conductive polypyrrole for efficient potassium storage by enhanced conductivity and K+ diffusivity","authors":"Ruiqi Tian ,&nbsp;Hehe Zhang ,&nbsp;Zeyu Yuan ,&nbsp;Yuehua Man ,&nbsp;Jianlu Sun ,&nbsp;Jianchun Bao ,&nbsp;Ming-Sheng Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaosi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although metal oxide compounds are considered as desirable anode materials for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity, the large volume variation remains a key issue in realizing metal oxide anodes with long cycle life and excellent rate property. In this study, polypyrrole-encapsulated Sb₂WO₆ (denoted Sb₂WO₆@PPy) microflowers are synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method followed by in-situ polymerization and coating by pyrrole. Leveraging the nanosheet-stacked Sb₂WO₆ microflower structure, the improved electronic conductivity, and the architectural protection offered by the PPy coating, Sb₂WO₆@PPy exhibits boosted potassium storage properties, thereby demonstrating an outstanding rate property of 110.3 mA h g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹ and delivering a long-period cycling stability with a reversible capacity of 197.2 mA h g⁻¹ after 500 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹. In addition, the conversion and alloying processes of Sb₂WO₆@PPy in PIBs with the generation of intermediates, K₂WO₄ and K₃Sb, is determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and ex-situ X-ray diffraction during potassiation/depotassiation. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the robust coupling between PPy and Sb₂WO₆ endues it with a much stronger total density of states and a built-in electric field, thereby increasing the electronic conductivity, and thus effectively reduces the K⁺ diffusion barrier.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 250-258"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136092962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"d-d Orbital coupling induced by crystal-phase engineering assists acetonitrile electroreduction to ethylamine","authors":"Honggang Huang ,&nbsp;Yao Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Fu ,&nbsp;Cun Chen ,&nbsp;Hanjun Li ,&nbsp;Zhe Zhang ,&nbsp;Feili Lai ,&nbsp;Shuxing Bai ,&nbsp;Nan Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianxi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The <em>d-d</em> orbital coupling induced by crystal-phase engineering can effectively adjust the electronic structure of electrocatalysts, thus showing significant catalytic performance, while it has been rarely explored in electrochemical acetonitrile reduction reaction (ARR) to date. Herein, we successfully realize the structural transformation of PdCu metallic aerogels (MAs) from face-centered cubic (FCC) to body-centered cubic (BCC) through annealing treatment. Specifically, the BCC PdCu MAs exhibit excellent ARR performance with high ethylamine selectivity of 90.91%, Faradaic efficiency of 88.60%, yield rate of 316.0 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹_Pd+Cu and long-term stability for consecutive electrolysis within 20 h at −0.55 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming than those of FCC PdCu MAs. Under the membrane electrode assembly system, BCC PdCu MAs also demonstrate excellent ethylamine yield rate of 389.5 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹_Pd+Cu. Density functional theory calculation reveals that the <em>d-d</em> orbital coupling in BCC PdCu MAs results in an evident correlation effect for the interaction of Pd and Cu sites, which boosts up the Cu sites electronic activities to enhance ARR performance. Our work opens a new route to develop efficient ARR electrocatalysts from the perspective of crystalline structure transformation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 216-225"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136010226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric orbital hybridization in Zn-doped antiperovskite Cu1−xZnxNMn3 enables highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen production","authors":"Yuxiang Yan ,&nbsp;Yuxin Cao ,&nbsp;Zhichao Wang ,&nbsp;Ka Wang ,&nbsp;Hengdong Ren ,&nbsp;Shaoqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Chen ,&nbsp;Yong Zhou ,&nbsp;Lizhe Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Dai ,&nbsp;Xinglong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rational design of efficient and robust earth-abundant alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts is a key factor for developing energy conversion technologies. Currently, antiperovskite nitride CuNMn₃ has garnered significant interest due to its remarkable properties such as negative/zero thermal expansion and magnetocaloric effects. However, when utilized as hydrogen evolution catalysts, it encounters large challenge resulting from excessively strong/weak interactions with adsorbed H on Mn/Cu active sites, which leads to low HER activity. In this study, we introduce an asymmetric orbital hybridization strategy in Zn-doped Cu_{1−<em>x</em>}Zn_<em>x</em>NMn₃ by leveraging the localization of Zn electronic states to reconfigure the electronic structures of Cu and Mn, thereby reducing the energy barrier for water dissociation and optimizing Cu and Mn active sites for hydrogen adsorption and H₂ production. Electrochemical evaluations reveal that Cu_0.85Zn_0.15NMn₃ with <em>x</em>  = 0.15 demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic activity in alkaline electrolytes. A low overpotential of 52 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and outstanding stability over a 150-h test period are achieved, surpassing commercial Pt/C. This research offers a novel strategy for enhancing HER performance by modulating asymmetric hybridization of electron orbitals between multiple metal atoms within a material structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 304-312"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135411313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An aqueous BiI3-Zn battery with dual mechanisms of Zn2+ (de)intercalation and I−/I2 redox","authors":"Qi Deng ,&nbsp;Fangzhong Liu ,&nbsp;Xiongwei Wu ,&nbsp;Changzhu Li ,&nbsp;Weibin Zhou ,&nbsp;Bei Long","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of aqueous battery with dual mechanisms is now arousing more and more interest. The dual mechanisms of Zn²⁺ (de)intercalation and I⁻/I₂ redox bring unexpected effects. Herein, differing from previous studies using ZnI₂ additive, this work designs an aqueous BiI₃-Zn battery with self-supplied I⁻. Ex situ tests reveal the conversion of BiI₃ into Bi (discharge) and BiOI (charge) at the 1st cycle and the dissolved I⁻ in electrolyte. The active I⁻ species enhances the specific capacity and discharge medium voltage of electrode as well as improves the generation of Zn dendrite and by-product. Furthermore, the porous hard carbon is introduced to enhance the electronic/ionic conductivity and adsorb iodine species, proven by experimental and theoretical studies. Accordingly, the well-designed BiI₃-Zn battery delivers a high reversible capacity of 182 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹, an excellent rate capability with 88 mA h g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹, and an impressive cyclability with 63% capacity retention over 20 K cycles at 10 A g⁻¹. An excellent electrochemical performance is obtained even at a high mass loading of 6 mg cm⁻². Moreover, a flexible quasi-solid-state BiI₃-Zn battery exhibits satisfactory battery performances. This work provides a new idea for designing high-performance aqueous battery with dual mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 670-678"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135410127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ coupling construction of interface bridge to enhance electrochemical stability of all solid-state lithium metal batteries","authors":"Qianwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Rong Yang ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Lei Mao ,&nbsp;Bohai Wang ,&nbsp;Meng Luo ,&nbsp;Yinglin Yan ,&nbsp;Yiming Zou ,&nbsp;Lisheng Zhong ,&nbsp;Yunhua Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Polymer-based composite electrolytes composed of three-dimensional Li_6.4La₃Zr₂Al_0.2O₁₂<span> (3D-LLZAO) have attracted increasing attention due to their continuous ion conduction and satisfactory mechanical properties. However, the organic/inorganic interface is incompatible, resulting in slow lithium-ion transport at the interface. Therefore, the compatibility of organic/inorganic interface is an urgent problem to be solved. Inspired by the concept of “gecko eaves”, polymer-based composite solid electrolytes with dense interface structures were designed. The bridging of organic/inorganic interfaces was established by introducing silane coupling agent (3-chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane (CTMS) into the PEO-3D-LLZAO (PL) electrolyte. The in-situ coupling reaction improves the interface affinity, strengthens the organic/inorganic interaction, reduces the interface resistance, and thus achieves an efficient interface ion transport network. The prepared PEO-3D-LLZAO-CTMS (PLC) electrolyte exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity of 6.04 × 10</span>⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹<span> and high ion migration number (0.61) at 60 °C and broadens the electrochemical window (5.1 V). At the same time, the PLC electrolyte has good thermal stability and high mechanical properties. Moreover, the LiFePO</span>₄<span>|PLC|Li battery has excellent rate performance and cycling stability with a capacity decay rate of 2.2% after 100 cycles at 60 °C and 0.1 C. These advantages of PLC membranes indicate that this design approach is indeed practical, and the in-situ coupling method provides a new approach to address interface compatibility issues.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92173039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Durable poly(binaphthyl-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium)-based anion exchange membranes with dual side chains","authors":"Weiting Gao ,&nbsp;Xuelang Gao ,&nbsp;Qiugen Zhang ,&nbsp;Aimei Zhu ,&nbsp;Qinglin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.11.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Building well-developed ion-conductive highways is highly desirable for anion exchange membranes (AEMs). Grafting side chain is a highly effective approach for constructing a well-defined phase-separated morphological structure and forming unblocked ion pathways in AEMs for fast ion transport. Fluorination of side chains can further enhance phase separation due to the superhydrophobic nature of fluorine groups. However, their electronic effect on the alkaline stability of side chains and membranes is rarely reported. Here, fluorine-containing and fluorine-free side chains are introduced into the polyaromatic backbone in proper configuration to investigate the impact of the fluorine terminal group on the stability of the side chains and membrane properties. The poly(binaphthyl-co-p-terphenyl piperidinium) AEM (QBNpTP) has the highest molecular weight and most dimensional stability due to its favorable backbone arrangement among ortho- and meta-terphenyl based AEMs. Importantly, by introducing both a fluorinated piperidinium side chain and a hexane chain into the p-terphenyl-based backbone, the prepared AEM (QBNpTP-QFC) presents an enhanced conductivity (150.6 mS cm⁻¹) and a constrained swelling at 80 °C. The electronic effect of fluorinated side chains is contemplated by experiments and simulations. The results demonstrate that the presence of strong electro-withdrawing fluorine groups weakens the electronic cloud of adjacent C atoms, increasing OH⁻ attack on the C atom and improving the stability of piperidinium cations. Hence QBNpTP-QFC possesses a robust alkaline stability at 80 °C (95.3% conductivity retention after testing in 2 M NaOH for 2160 h). An excellent peak power density of 1.44 W cm⁻² and a remarkable durability at 80 °C (4.5% voltage loss after 100 h) can be observed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 324-335"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138437867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-based battery SOC estimation methods: Recent advances and future perspectives","authors":"Longxing Wu ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Lyu ,&nbsp;Zebo Huang ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Changyin Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.09.045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.09.045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The reliable prediction of state of charge (SOC) is one of the vital functions of advanced battery management system (BMS), which has great significance towards safe operation of electric vehicles. By far, the empirical model-based and data-driven-based SOC estimation methods of lithium-ion batteries have been comprehensively discussed and reviewed in various literatures. However, few reviews involving SOC estimation focused on electrochemical mechanism, which gives physical explanations to SOC and becomes most attractive candidate for advanced BMS. For this reason, this paper comprehensively surveys on physics-based SOC algorithms applied in advanced BMS. First, the research progresses of physical SOC estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries are thoroughly discussed and corresponding evaluation criteria are carefully elaborated. Second, future perspectives of the current researches on physics-based battery SOC estimation are presented. The insights stated in this paper are expected to catalyze the development and application of the physics-based advanced BMS algorithms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 27-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136853469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new review of single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes in the light of ion transport mechanisms","authors":"Yuqi Luo,&nbsp;Lu Gao,&nbsp;Weimin Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the depletion of fossil fuels and the demand for high-performance energy storage devices, solid-state lithium metal batteries have received widespread attention due to their high energy density and safety advantages. Among them, the earliest developed organic solid-state polymer electrolyte has a promising future due to its advantages such as good mechanical flexibility, but its poor ion transport performance dramatically limits its performance improvement. Therefore, single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs) with high lithium-ion transport number, capable of improving the concentration polarization and inhibiting the growth of lithium dendrites, have been proposed, which provide a new direction for the further development of high-performance organic polymer electrolytes. In view of this, lithium ions transport mechanisms and design principles in SICPEs are summarized and discussed in this paper. The modification principles currently used can be categorized into the following three types: enhancement of lithium salt anion-polymer interactions, weakening of lithium salt anion-cation interactions, and modulation of lithium ion-polymer interactions. In addition, the advances in single-ion conductors of conventional and novel polymer electrolytes are summarized, and several typical high-performance single-ion conductors are enumerated and analyzed in what way they improve ionic conductivity, lithium ions mobility, and the ability to inhibit lithium dendrites. Finally, the advantages and design methodology of SICPEs are summarized again and the future directions are outlined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 543-556"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138453506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electronic structure and spin state regulation of vanadium nitride via a sulfur doping strategy toward flexible zinc-air batteries","authors":"Daijie Deng ,&nbsp;Honghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianchun Wu ,&nbsp;Xing Tang ,&nbsp;Min Ling ,&nbsp;Sihua Dong ,&nbsp;Li Xu ,&nbsp;Henan Li ,&nbsp;Huaming Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jechem.2023.10.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Owing to the distinctive structural characteristics, vanadium nitride (VN) is highly regarded as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in zinc-air batteries (ZABs). However, VN exhibits limited intrinsic ORR activity due to the weak adsorption ability to O-containing species. Here, the S-doped VN anchored on N, S-doped multi-dimensional carbon (S-VN/Co/NS-MC) was constructed using the solvothermal and in-situ doping methods. Incorporating sulfur atoms into VN species alters the electron spin state of vanadium in the S-VN/Co/NS-MC for regulating the adsorption energy of vanadium sites to oxygen molecules. The introduced sulfur atoms polarize the V 3<em>d_z</em>² electrons, shifting spin-down electrons closer to the Fermi level in the S-VN/Co/NS-MC. Consequently, the introduction of sulfur atoms into VN species enhances the adsorption energy of vanadium sites for oxygen molecules. The *OOH dissociation transitions from being unspontaneous on the VN surface to a spontaneous state on the S-doped VN surface. Then, the ORR barrier on the S-VN/Co/NS-MC surface is reduced. The S-VN/Co/NS-MC demonstrates a higher half-wave potential and limiting current density compared to the VN/Co/N-MC. The S-VN/Co/NS-MC-based liquid ZABs display a power density of 195.7 mW cm⁻², a specific capacity of 815.7 mA h g⁻¹, and a cycling stability exceeding 250 h. The S-VN/Co/NS-MC-based flexible ZABs are successfully employed to charge both a smart watch and a mobile phone. This approach holds promise for advancing the commercial utilization of VN-based catalysts in ZABs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":67498,"journal":{"name":"能源化学","volume":"89 ","pages":"Pages 239-249"},"PeriodicalIF":13.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135411317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}