F. Ghouali, K. Bidai, M. Batouche, M. E.A. El Goutni, T. Seddik, Muhammad Haseeb, Zulfiqar Ali
{"title":"Structural Stability, Mechanical Behavior, Electronic feature, and Half-Metallic Ferromagnetism of Ir₂XGe (X = V, Cr, Mn) Heusler Alloys: Prospective for New Spintronic Devices","authors":"F. Ghouali, K. Bidai, M. Batouche, M. E.A. El Goutni, T. Seddik, Muhammad Haseeb, Zulfiqar Ali","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07162-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07162-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present work addresses the limited theoretical understanding of Ir-based full-Heusler alloys Ir₂XGe (X = V, Cr, Mn), whose structural stability and spin-dependent electronic properties remain insufficiently explored. Using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital (FP-APW + lo) method within density functional theory, structural, mechanical, electronic, optical and magnetic properties were systematically investigated employing both GGA-PBE and the modified Becke–Johnson (mBJ) exchange potential. Total energy calculations confirm that all compounds stabilize in the regular L2₁ structure with a ferromagnetic ground state. The calculated equilibrium lattice parameters are 6.11 Å (Ir₂VGe), 6.07 Å (Ir₂CrGe), and 6.07 Å (Ir₂MnGe). Elastic constants satisfy the mechanical stability criteria for cubic systems, and Pugh’s ratio indicates ductile behavior, particularly for Ir₂MnGe. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal structural robustness without phase transformation up to 500 K. Electronic structure calculations within mBJ predict half-metallic behavior, characterized by metallic majority-spin states and minority-spin band gaps of 0.47 eV, 0.43 eV, and 0.26 eV for Ir₂VGe, Ir₂CrGe, and Ir₂MnGe, respectively. Integer total magnetic moments of 3, 4, and 5 µB per formula unit follow the Slater–Pauling rule (Mₜ = N<sub>v</sub> − 24), leading to a theoretical prediction of 100% spin polarization within the mBJ approximation. These results indicate that Ir₂XGe compounds are promising candidates for spintronic applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed Lokbaichi, Ahmed Gueddouh, Mourad Rougab, Brahim Lagoun, Djelloul Gueribiz, Fatima Elhamra, Ahmed Mahammedi
{"title":"Stable Magnetic Cr₂ZnB MAX-Phase Boride and its Magnetic MXene Derivative Cr₂B. DFT and DFT + U Investigation","authors":"Ahmed Lokbaichi, Ahmed Gueddouh, Mourad Rougab, Brahim Lagoun, Djelloul Gueribiz, Fatima Elhamra, Ahmed Mahammedi","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07166-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07166-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a comprehensive density functional theory (DFT) investigation of the newly proposed Cr<sub>2</sub>ZnB MAX phase boride and its two-dimensional MXene derivative, Cr<sub>2</sub>B. Using spin-polarized DFT and the Hubbard U correction (DFT + U), we analyze the structural, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, dynamical, and thermal properties of these materials. Robust thermodynamic, mechanical, and dynamical stabilities are demonstrated for Cr<sub>2</sub>ZnB with both the PBE and PBE + U functionals. Notably, the magnetic moment shows a pronounced dependence on electron correlation treatment, with values increasing from 0.46 µ<sub>B</sub> (PBE) to 13.33 µ<sub>B</sub> (PBE + U). Our results confirm the metallic character of Cr<sub>2</sub>ZnB and establish the viability of its exfoliation into stable 2D Cr<sub>2</sub>B MXene monolayers, which retain strong ferromagnetism (7.76 µ<sub>B</sub>). These findings highlight the potential of Cr<sub>2</sub>ZnB and its derivatives for applications in spintronics, energy storage, and advanced magnetic devices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prakash Bongurala, P. Syam Prasad, S. Narayana Jammalamadaka
{"title":"The Structural, Magnetic and Optical Properties of α-Fe2O3-BaTiO3 Particulate Composites","authors":"Prakash Bongurala, P. Syam Prasad, S. Narayana Jammalamadaka","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07165-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07165-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Tuning magnetic, optical and structural properties with a compressive stress (strain) is a key goal for developing next-generation low-power memory and spintronic devices. In this study, we explore strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BTO) particulate composites synthesized via a co-precipitation method. Structural and morphological analyses confirm phase-pure composites with strong interfacial contact. Saturation magnetization of the composite (<i>x</i>)BTO + (1–<i>x</i>)Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> decreases with an increase in the BTO fraction (<i>x</i>) from 0 to 0.5. Raman spectroscopy shows shifts in vibrational modes due to compressive stress in BTO, while UV–Visible spectroscopy indicates a reduction in bandgap of BTO with an increase in Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content. These findings demonstrate compressive strain that exist at the interface is key to modify the physical properties of the α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–BaTiO<sub>3</sub> (BTO) particulate composites. </p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hussein Sabbah, Z. Fadil, Doha Kabouchi, A. Mhirech, Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane, E. Salmani, Khaled H. Mahmoud, Abdulrahman A. Alsayyari
{"title":"Monte Carlo Analysis of Vacancy Effects on Thermal and Magnetic Traits in Fullerene C60","authors":"Hussein Sabbah, Z. Fadil, Doha Kabouchi, A. Mhirech, Chaitany Jayprakash Raorane, E. Salmani, Khaled H. Mahmoud, Abdulrahman A. Alsayyari","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07167-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07167-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study uses the Monte Carlo approach to investigate the thermal and magnetic properties of the fullerene C<sub>60</sub> system, with a particular focus on the effects of atomic vacancies. The analysis examines how the blocking temperature and coercive field (H<sub>C</sub>) evolve as a function of different vacancy concentrations (V = 0, 10, 20, 30), exchange coupling, and external magnetic field (H). These results highlight the complex interaction between vacancies, exchange interactions, and applied fields in determining the thermal and magnetic behavior of the C<sub>60</sub> system, offering potentially relevant insights for magnetism-based applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Meena Sankari, R. Sagayaraj, S. Sebastian, A. Amalorpavadoss, V. Porkalai, S. Aravazhi, G. Chandrasekaran
{"title":"Enhanced Magnetic Softness and Specific Capacitance in Mg0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 Nanoferrites","authors":"S. Meena Sankari, R. Sagayaraj, S. Sebastian, A. Amalorpavadoss, V. Porkalai, S. Aravazhi, G. Chandrasekaran","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07169-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07169-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, magnesium-zinc ferrite (Mg<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a PVP-assisted co-precipitation method, followed by thermal annealing at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 1000 °C. The influence of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological, magnetic, electrical, and electrochemical properties was systematically investigated. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) data confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure, with the average crystallite size increasing from 9.2 nm to 34.8 nm as a function of thermal treatment. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy corroborated the structural integrity of the ferrite phase, revealing characteristic metal-oxygen absorption bands while indicating a thermally induced redistribution of cations. Morphological analysis via SEM and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) demonstrated progressive grain densification and strong secondary magnetic agglomeration, with hydrodynamic diameters expanding from ~ 3.08 μm to ~ 7.41 μm at elevated temperatures. Magnetic measurements using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) revealed a transition towards soft magnetic behavior, characterized by a significant reduction in coercivity (Hc) to 45.88 Oe and an optimization of saturation magnetization (Ms) from 1.23 emu/g to 19.08 emu/g at 900 °C. Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS) showed a systematic reduction in overall electrical resistance to 8994.5 Ω at 1000 °C due to enhanced grain growth. Furthermore, electrochemical analysis via Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) indicated that the robust crystallinity achieved at higher annealing temperatures significantly improves charge storage, reaching a maximum specific capacitance of 7.68 F/g. These findings suggest that thermally tuned Mg<sub>0.5</sub>Zn<sub>0.5</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles possess highly tunable dual-functionality, making them promising candidates for high-frequency soft magnetic devices and pseudocapacitive energy storage systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147561718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. S. Salwa, Rana Sayed, Dalila Khlaifia, M. A. Sebak, A. K. Aladim, A. Salem, Soltan Soltan, T. R. Hammad
{"title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Al-doped MgB2 Superconductors","authors":"A. S. Salwa, Rana Sayed, Dalila Khlaifia, M. A. Sebak, A. K. Aladim, A. Salem, Soltan Soltan, T. R. Hammad","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07163-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07163-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study explores the effects of aluminum doping on the structural, magnetic, and superconducting properties of magnesium diboride (MgB<sub>2</sub>). Aluminum was introduced to synthesis <span>({text{M}text{g}}_{1-text{x}}{text{A}text{l}}_{text{x}}{text{B}}_{2})</span> samples at doping levels of x = 0.03, 0.06, and 0.12. Structural characterizations revealed slight changes in bond lengths and bond angles, indicating successful Al substitution without significant lattice distortion. Doping (x = 0.12) increases the critical current density, indicating better vortex pinning by raising temperature, according to magnetization tests.</p>\u0000 <p>In contrast, a higher doping level (x = 0.12) reduces both the superconducting transition temperature and critical current density. Specifically, the transition temperature decreased from approximately 38.5 K at lower doping levels to about 35 K at the highest doping. For this highly doped sample, critical current densities were found to be <span>(0.93times{10}^{9}A/{cm}^{2})</span>, <span>(1.57times{10}^{9}A/{cm}^{2})</span>, and <span>(1.64times{10}^{9}A/{cm}^{2})</span> at 5 K, 15 K, and 20 K, respectively, reflecting the temperature-dependent pinning behavior at high doping. These findings reveal a sensitive balance in aluminum doping, where moderate amounts boost superconducting properties, but excessive doping reduces its performance. This work highlights the potential of controlled Al doping for optimizing MgB<sub>2</sub> superconductors for technological applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147560466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bahnes, Z. Bahnes, H. Bendjilali, M. Safer, A. Arrar
{"title":"The Structural, Elastic, Mechanic, Optoelectronic, Magnetic, and Thermoelectric Properties of New Class p0-d of Half- Heusler Alloys LiCrZ (Z = Ge, Sn and Sb): Ab-initio Study","authors":"A. Bahnes, Z. Bahnes, H. Bendjilali, M. Safer, A. Arrar","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07155-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07155-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this theoretical study, the physical properties of half-Heusler alloys LiCrZ (Z = Ge, Sn, and Sb) are investigated using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method within the GGA and TB-mBJ frameworks. The results indicate that all compounds are energetically and mechanically stable in the β-type ferromagnetic crystal structure and exhibit ductile behavior. Analysis of the elastic constants further confirms their mechanical and dynamical stability. Moreover, the electronic structure reveals robust half-metallic ferromagnetism (HMF). The TB-mBJ approach was employed to improve the description of the electronic structure, leading to enhanced band gaps of 1.28 eV, 1.05 eV, and 2.07 eV for LiCrGe, LiCrSn, and LiCrSb, respectively, while preserving their half-metallic nature. The total magnetic moments are integer values of 3 µB for LiCrGe and LiCrSn and 4 µB for LiCrSb, consistent with the modified Slater–Pauling rule, and all compounds exhibit 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. Furthermore, thermoelectric properties, including the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and power factor, were systematically evaluated. The results demonstrate excellent thermoelectric performance, with high Seebeck coefficients and figure-of-merit (ZT) values approaching unity over a wide temperature range, as well as strong optical responses in the visible and and ultraviolet regions, highlighting the potential of these materials promising candidates for spintronic, optoelectronic devices, photovoltaic systems, and other energy conversion technologies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Argon Background Pressure on the Performance of Fe(Se, Te) Thin Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition","authors":"Shaohua Liu, Rongji Zhu, Chaohang Miao, Shuo Yan, Linfei Liu, Yijie Li","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07158-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07158-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fe(Se, Te) film is a key material for developing next-generation high-field magnets, thanks to its extremely high upper critical field, which gains significant research attention. The performance of Fe(Se, Te) films still requires improvement, and it is necessary to further enhance the critical current density of the films by optimizing the fabrication process. This work reports the effects of argon background pressure and deposition parameters on the properties of epitaxial Fe(Se, Te) films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition on flexible metal tapes. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms phase purity and exclusive <i>c</i>-axis orientation in all films. Compared to the film deposited at an argon pressure of 5 mTorr and an identical substrate temperature, films grown at 10 mTorr exhibited a significantly greater thickness. This suggests that a higher background pressure can enhance deposition efficiency. The increased deposition pressure also raised the concentrations of both Te and interstitial Fe in the films. The excess interstitial Fe ultimately led to a reduction in the critical current density. Subsequent TEM imaging showed the higher background pressure introduced additional defects into the matrix, which in turn led to a slower critical current density decay in magnetic fields. In contrast, the thinner film with lower Fe content deposited at 5 mTorr demonstrated a higher self-field critical current density value of 4.6 MA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Nevertheless, excessive film thickness was found to promote iron deficiency and the formation of surface droplets. These results highlight the crucial role of background gas pressure in tuning the stoichiometry and critical current density of Fe(Se, Te) films.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Superconducting and Physical Properties of Hydrogenated RhZr2","authors":"Hiroto Arima, Katsutoshi Nomoto, Md. Riad Kasem, Tetsuya Shishido, Yoshikazu Mizuguchi","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07160-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07160-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Superconductivity in <i>d</i>-electron compounds with the tetragonal C16 structure often exhibits resistivity saturation due to <i>s</i>–<i>d</i> scattering. RhZr<sub>2</sub> shows the lowest inflection temperature <i>T</i><sub>infl</sub> and highest superconducting transition temperature <i>T</i><sub>c</sub> among <i>Tr</i>Zr<sub>2</sub> compounds (<i>Tr</i>: transition metals). To clarify the role of <i>s</i>–<i>d</i> scattering, we investigated hydrogenated RhZr<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3.10</sub>. Hydrogen absorption expanded the <i>a</i>-axis lattice constant, suppressed the negative curvature in resistivity, and increased <i>T</i><sub>infl</sub>, indicating weakened <i>s</i>–<i>d</i> scattering. The Hall effect measurements revealed an increase in carrier density upon hydrogenation, while the specific heat measurements showed an enhancement of the Debye temperature. Although both results are typically favorable for superconductivity with a conventional electron–phonon interaction mechanism, superconductivity was suppressed by hydrogenation in RhZr<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3.10</sub>. Our measurements also showed that RhZr<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3.10</sub> exhibits a large residual resistivity and significantly reduced carrier mobility. These results imply that it is possible that the suppression of superconductivity in RhZr<sub>2</sub>H<sub><i>x</i></sub> is associated with disorder induced by hydrogenation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10948-026-07160-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Anwar Hossain, Nur Mohammed, Mohammad Shahjahan, Abdulla Al-Momin, A. K. M. Akther Hossain
{"title":"Effect of Gd Substitution on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Co-Cu-Zn Bulk Ferrites","authors":"Mohammed Anwar Hossain, Nur Mohammed, Mohammad Shahjahan, Abdulla Al-Momin, A. K. M. Akther Hossain","doi":"10.1007/s10948-026-07157-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10948-026-07157-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Co<sub>0.40</sub>Cu<sub>0.20</sub>Zn<sub>0.40</sub>Gd<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>2−x</sub>O<sub>4</sub>(x = 0, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.10) was prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction technique. The cubic spinel structure is studied through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The lattice parameters were increased from 3.08Å to 8.354Å with Gd content. Microstructural analysis indicates that the mean grain size was increased with Gd<sup>3+</sup> content up to x = 0.050. The complex initial permeability determined the characteristics of magnetic properties. The real part of the initial permeability (µ<sub>i</sub>ʹ) increases with Gd<sup>3+</sup> content up to x = 0.04 and then decreases. The highest µ<sub>i</sub>ʹ was observed for x = 0.050 at the optimal sintering temperature. As the Gd<sup>3+</sup> concentration increased to x = 0.05, the saturation magnetization (M<sub>s</sub>) increased from 72.70 to 78.7 emu/g. M<sub>s</sub> was declined after x = 0.05 as a result of the potential for non-collinear spin arrangements with further increments in Gd<sup>3+</sup> content. The α<sub>Y−K</sub> values reached a minimum of 26˚ at x = 0.05, whereas n<sub>B</sub> explores an opposite trend. The reduction of electron exchanges between Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> at the octahedral site led to a decrease in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss with the Gd<sup>3+</sup> content. Non-Debye relaxation behavior is observed from the theoretical fitting justification of the bulk ferrite.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":669,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147559930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}