Journal of Polymer Research最新文献

{"title":"Preparation and properties of flame retardant and smoke suppressive silicone oil modified by N-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide","authors":"Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Haihong Ma,&nbsp;Zhengfa Zhou,&nbsp;Weibing Xu,&nbsp;Fengmei Ren","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04522-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04522-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A modified silicone oil containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur was synthesized by the reaction of n-butyl thiophosphoric triamine (NBPT) and epoxidized silicone oil (ETSO), and named NBSO. The successful synthesis of NBSO was confirmed by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of NBSO were investigated by open flame ignition method and cone calorimetry test (CCT). The results showed when the molar ratio of NBPT to ETSO was 1:1, the flame height of the modified silicone oil was significantly reduced, and compared with ETSO, the total smoke release (TSR) and the total heat release (THR) of NBSO was reduced by 67.6% and 68%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared thermogravimetric coupling (TG-IR), thermal field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques were used to analyze the mechanism of flame retardant and smoke inhibition. The results indicate that compared with ETSO. NBSO has a slower thermal decomposition rate and releases less flammable gas.In the condense phase, nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur could improve the carbon forming ability through synergistic effect. At the same time, a silicon oxide layer was formed on the outer surface of the carbon layer, which could increase the flame retardation and smoke suppressing effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimension and flexibility of sodium alginate in solution","authors":"Arnab Banerjee,&nbsp;Bidyut Debnath,&nbsp;Bijan Das","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04533-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04533-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dimension and the flexibility of a biopolymer sodium alginate have been investigated in methanol-water binaries to explore the effects of medium, ionic strength, and temperature on the solution behavior of this polymer from viscosity measurement. In particular, several mixtures of methanol and water with varying dielectric constants were used as the media, and the ionic strength of the sodium alginate solutions was adjusted by adding an external salt (NaCl). A phenomenological approach was applied for the determination of the intrinsic viscosities of the polymer solutions. There has been a drastic reduction in the polyion coil size as manifested by the generalized intrinsic viscosity as well as by the root mean square radii of gyration values when the concentration of the added salt is increased. With respect to the maximally stretched conformation in salt-free solutions, the radius of gyration under <i>θ</i>-condition (obtained from the base values of the sigmoidal fits of the intrinsic viscosity vs. the logarithmic concentration of the added salt plots) decreases by nearly 65% and 63% at 298.15 and 308.15 K respectively, which is quite large compared to that in the aqueous phase (47% and 51% respectively). The alginate chains have been found to remain stiff over a length of about 6–7 monomers at the temperatures investigated, indicating a semi-flexible nature of this carbohydrate polymer in methanol-water media. The electrostatic contributions to the persistence length in the solution with the lowest amount of the added salt (0.1 mmol·L⁻¹) shoot up to ca. 80–90 times the intrinsic persistence length indicating an appreciable chain extension in low-salt solutions. The variation of the chain dimensions with the composition of the mixed solvent media has been interpreted considering the formation and disruption of internal rings involving two monomeric units on the chain and solvent molecules. This study also assessed critically the relative contributions of the dielectric constant, counterion desolvation and dissociation to the temperature-dependence of the chain dimension.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved tough and conductive polyacrylamide/sodium alginate dual-network hydrogel by ionic liquid for flexible capacitor and multifunctional sensor","authors":"Xiang Liu,&nbsp;Yuxin Deng,&nbsp;Ping Wang,&nbsp;Hongyu Tang,&nbsp;Shuangqing Li,&nbsp;Zheng Xing","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04534-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04534-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The utilization of hydrogels in the domain of flexible capacitors (FCs) and multifunctional sensors (MSs) has attained considerable prevalence. However, balancing the various properties of such versatile hydrogels remains a major challenge. In the present study, a novel xIL/PAM/SA dual-network hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide/sodium alginate (PAM/SA) and an ionic liquid (IL) 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([BMIM][OH]) is proposed. The OH⁻ in the IL inhibits the protonation of -NH₂ groups on the polymer chain and avoids the reduction of the number of hydrogen bonds in the system due to the formation of -NH³⁺, thus enhancing the strength of the network. The results showed that the series of tough hydrogels had high tensile strength (386.64 kPa), elongation at break (338.16%), and toughness (670.83 kJ/m³). Moreover, the rich functionality such as capacitive performance (198.5 mF/cm²), water retention performance (LR = 25.4%), temperature sensitivity (GF = 2.12), and strain sensitivity (GF = 4.56), make it have broad application potential. This work improves the traditional dual-network hydrogels by ionic liquids (ILs) and provides a feasible idea for the design of multi-functional tough conductive hydrogels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of experiments as a comprehensive framework to optimize electrospinning parameters for enhanced β-phase in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)","authors":"Aleksandra Ivanoska-Dacikj,&nbsp;Petre Makreski,&nbsp;Sunija Sukumaran,&nbsp;Urszula Stachewicz","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04515-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04515-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advancements in piezoelectric materials are critical for next-generation sensing and energy-harvesting technologies, where nanostructured polymers play a pivotal role. Therefore, this study focuses on the fabrication and optimization of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) nanofibers via electrospinning, with the goal of maximizing β-phase content to enhance piezoelectric performance. Key electrospinning parameters, including polymer solution concentration, applied voltage, flow rate, and drum rotation speed, were systematically optimized using the Taguchi method based on an L₉ orthogonal array. β-phase content was quantified by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of β- and α-phases, with no detectable γ-phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided insights into fiber morphology, revealed how fiber morphology, particularly diameter and fiber formation, correlated with macroscopic appearance and material properties. Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis identified polymer concentration as the most critical factor influencing β-phase formation, a conclusion further supported by ANOVA. The optimal electrospinning parameters (20 wt% polymer solution, 20 kV voltage, 4 mL/h flow rate, and 2300 rpm drum speed) predicted a 100% β-phase content, which was experimentally validated at 98.7%, confirming the reliability of the optimization strategy. The integration of FTIR, XRD, SEM, and statistical modeling offers a robust framework for engineering high-performance piezoelectric nanofibers, advancing the design of flexible, multifunctional materials for wearable electronics and energy-harvesting applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144888120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectroscopic, thermal and sorption characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)-borax hydrogels with incorporated turmeric","authors":"Mathias B. Lawrence,&nbsp;Jaison Joseph","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04538-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04538-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, three sets of poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels, cross-linked using borax, with incorporated turmeric have been synthesized. Their water content, spectroscopic, thermal and sorption properties have been studied, as functions of borax and turmeric concentrations. The water content of the hydrogels decreases due to the presence of turmeric. The Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopic measurements confirm the incorporation of turmeric in the matrices. Turmeric does not chemically bond with the polymer hydrogel network but is confined to the solvent phase within the pores. The presence and concentration of turmeric significantly affect the adsorption of water molecules onto the polymer backbone. Glass transition temperature and solvent uptake are affected by the concentration of borax and turmeric in the matrices. The sorption behaviour obeys the second-order kinetic model. The observed modifications in properties are caused by the structural re-arrangement of the polymer chains and the re-organization of borate cross-links due to the presence of turmeric.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curing kinetics and surface properties of bio-based polybenzoxazine prepared from monomers synthesized via continuous flow","authors":"Changlu Zhou,&nbsp;Sentao Lin,&nbsp;Chenpei Li,&nbsp;Shenhao Song,&nbsp;Hongyang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04499-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04499-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran was utilized as a green solvent to synthesize polybenzoxazine precursor (FA-fa) from renewable ferulic acid and furfurylamine in a continuous-flow reactor. The reaction was monitored by the conversion of ferulic acid and the yield of benzoxazine under various conditions, with the optimal reaction temperature and residence time determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the conversion of ferulic acid and the yield of FA-fa could reach 84.5% and 75.4%, respectively, at a reaction temperature of 150 °C with an efficient residence time of 12.5 min. The curing kinetics of FA-fa were investigated by in situ FTIR, revealing an apparent activation energy of 155.1 kJ mol^-1 and 154.2 kJ mol^-1. This relatively low value is the primary reason why FA-fa begins curing at a low temperature of 132.7 °C. The surface free energy of poly(FA-fa) was characterized through contact angle measurements and fully investigated by analyzing the hydrogen bonding constitution via FTIR. The lowest surface free energy was found to be 23.28 mJ·m^-2, corresponding to a low content of intermolecular hydrogen bonding constitution with a value of 13.47%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of phosphorus containing magnolol epoxy monomer and its flame retardant modification on bisphenol A epoxy resin","authors":"Baolong Li,&nbsp;Mingyuan Wang,&nbsp;Keyu Wang,&nbsp;Bingbing Wei,&nbsp;Gui Xiang Hou","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04523-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04523-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin and incorporate biomass resources, a novel phosphorus-containing magnolol-based epoxy monomer (MG-DO-EP) was synthesized through a two-step reaction using magnolol and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as starting materials. The resulting monomer was then used as an intrinsic flame-retardant modifier in a composite thermosetting system, where it was co-cured with bisphenol A epoxy resin (E44) using 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as the curing agent. Comprehensive characterization revealed that the incorporation of MG-DO-EP significantly improved the material’s performance. Compared with unmodified E44/DDM, the MG-DO-EP-modified composites exhibited enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, flexural strength, and storage modulus, though with a slight reduction in glass transition temperature and crosslinking density. At a dosage of 20 wt%, the bending strength of the composite resin increased by 14.1%, while the storage modulus increased by 29.9%. The carbon residue at 700 ° C reached 56.7%, which is 3.57 times higher than that of the pure E44 system. Additionally, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased dramatically by 80.8% and 69.4%, respectively. At 10 wt% loading, the impact strength improved by 14.4% to 4.75 kJ/m². Notably, even at a low loading of 5 wt%, the composite achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test, demonstrating a synergistic flame-retardant mechanism involving both condensed-phase and gas-phase actions. These findings highlight the potential of MG-DO-EP as a sustainable and effective flame-retardant modifier for epoxy resins, offering balanced mechanical properties and superior fire resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocompatible CMC-based hydrogel fiber systems: swelling control via trivalent ionic crosslinking","authors":"Nilay Kahya","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04537-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04537-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a hydrophilic and biocompatible polysaccharide widely employed in hydrogel systems. Herein, CMC-based fibers were ionically crosslinked using different trivalent cations, Al³⁺, Ce³⁺, and Fe³⁺, to investigate the effects of crosslinking type on water swelling behavior and surface morphology. Swelling studies were conducted in distilled water at room temperature, and the water uptake of each crosslinked sample was evaluated over time. The results showed that Al³⁺-CMC fibers had the highest swelling ratio, whereas Fe³⁺-treated fibers demonstrated more limited swelling due to their denser network structure. Ce³⁺-CMC fibers displayed intermediate behavior. Linear density analysis showed an increasing Tex trend from Al³⁺- to Ce³⁺- and Fe³⁺-crosslinked fibers, consistent with their respective swelling behaviors and morphological characteristics. To further understand the influence of crosslinking, fiber morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The images revealed distinct differences in surface features, with Al³⁺-treated samples showing more pronounced surface roughness, while Fe³⁺-CMC fibers were smoother and more compact. These findings suggest that the choice of trivalent crosslinker significantly influences both the swelling characteristics and morphology of CMC fibers. The tunable properties of these ionically crosslinked fibers indicate their potential suitability for various applications such as controlled release systems, wound dressings, and biodegradable packaging materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144887981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of shape memory and mechanical properties of MWCNT and graphene nano filler reinforced epoxy composite","authors":"Yugendra Kumar Sahu,&nbsp;T. V. Arjunan,&nbsp;Samarjit Singh,&nbsp;Shubhra Vishwas","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04507-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04507-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a novel class of materials capable of recovering their original configuration after deformation through exposure to external triggers like heat, light, or electric fields. Despite their potential applications, SMPs often encounter challenges related to inadequate mechanical strength and slow response rates. In order to improve these characteristics, researchers have introduced multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene into the polymer matrix, leading to the growth of advanced shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs). The current research investigation delves into the impact of MWCNTs and graphene on the mechanical attributes of SMPCs. The fabrication of these composites involved the dispersion of varying concentrations of MWCNTs and graphene within the polymer matrix, utilizing techniques such as solution mixing and melt mixing. The composites that resulted were analyzed in order to assess enhancements in tensile strength, flexural strength and fracture toughness. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation was conducted on the shape memory characteristics, encompassing recovery speed and fixity ratio. SEM analysis was carried out on three-point bend test samples. The results flaunted that the introduction of MWCNTs and graphene led to a significant enhancement in the mechanical properties of the SMP composites. The recovery ratio, recovery time, and recovery rate for the 0.4 wt% MWCNTs composite are 97.55%, 11 s, and 10.42, respectively, which are higher than those of all other composite weight percentages. The shape memory performance displayed quicker recovery rates, heightened recovery stresses, and remarkable cycling stability. The incorporation of MWCNTs and graphene into SMPs considerably enhances their overall performance, rendering them suitable for a broad spectrum of advanced uses such as biomedical equipment, aerospace elements, and adaptable electronics. The novelty of this study lies in the comparative investigation of shape memory behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composites reinforced with MWCNTs and graphene nano fillers at varying weight fractions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144868912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide effects on piezoelectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF-HFP/CBT nanocomposite fibers for energy harvesting applications","authors":"R. Gowdaman,&nbsp;A. Deepa","doi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04535-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10965-025-04535-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research work, the piezoelectric performance of polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) was significantly enhanced by the incorporation of copper-doped barium titanate (CBT) and graphene oxide (GO) nanofillers. A systematic study was conducted by varying the nanofiller content to 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%, followed by fabricating nanocomposite fiber mats using the electrospinning technique. This approach ensured the formation of continuous, flexible, and uniformly dispersed nanofibers, which are essential for piezoelectric applications. Multiple analytical techniques were used to characterize the developed nanofiber mats comprehensively. The electrospun nanofiber mats with varying CBT and GO concentrations were further utilized to fabricate piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). These devices were subjected to electrical output testing under mechanical stimuli, specifically finger-tapping conditions, to simulate practical energy harvesting scenarios. Results showed a clear improvement in the output voltage with increasing filler content, which can be attributed to the strong interfacial interaction between the β-phase PVDF-HFP chains and the surface of the CBT and GO nanofillers. This novel nanogenerator design offers promising utility in wearable sensors, energy-harvesting systems, flexible/stretchable electronics, and self-powered devices, making it a viable candidate for the evolving field of sustainable energy and smart systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":658,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymer Research","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144861487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}