Journal of Fusion Energy最新文献_第9页

Latency Evaluation in the Image Acquisition System Based on MTCA.4 Architecture for Plasma Diagnostics 基于 MTCA.4 架构的等离子诊断图像采集系统的延迟评估

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00411-0

P. Pietrzak, P. Perek, D. Makowski

{"title":"Latency Evaluation in the Image Acquisition System Based on MTCA.4 Architecture for Plasma Diagnostics","authors":"P. Pietrzak, P. Perek, D. Makowski","doi":"10.1007/s10894-024-00411-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10894-024-00411-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>ITER diagnostic systems provide measurements to the Plasma Control System (PCS) in real-time. These measurements are used for plasma control and machine protection. Latency is an important parameter in the assessment of such systems. It is a time gap between capturing an external event by hardware and finishing the processing of acquired data. PCS requires the diagnostic systems to introduce a maximum total latency of 10 to 100 ms, therefore, the systems need to be tested if they meet the requirements. The system evaluated in this paper is a reference real-time image acquisition system developed as a base for ITER diagnostic systems. It consists of hardware based on the Micro Telecommunications Computing Architecture (MicroTCA) standard, developed firmware, and software. It supports cameras with various interfaces. In the paper, two cameras, with a Camera Link and 1 GigE Vision interfaces were selected to perform latency evaluation. The paper presents two methods of measuring the latency of image acquisition. The first one is based on precise time stamping consecutive stages of acquisition. This approach allows for determining which step of acquisition takes more or less time. In consequence, the software or hardware can be optimized. The other one uses LED to evaluate a particular camera, by checking the time of camera reaction to the trigger. A dedicated testing framework is developed to perform automated tests to evaluate latency. It supports collecting and analyzing the results of measurements. Besides that, a dedicated hardware is used to perform the latency tests using LED. The results and discussion of the measurements are presented in the manuscript. They show the latency evaluated using earlier proposed methods, comparing the cameras used in the image acquisition system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fusion Energy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10894-024-00411-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140927529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using a Physics Constrained U-Net for Real-Time Compatible Extraction of Physical Features from WEST Divertor Hot-Spots 使用物理约束 U-Net 实时兼容提取 WEST 分流器热点的物理特征

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00405-y

Valentin Gorse, Raphaël Mitteau, Julien Marot, the WEST TEAM

{"title":"Using a Physics Constrained U-Net for Real-Time Compatible Extraction of Physical Features from WEST Divertor Hot-Spots","authors":"Valentin Gorse, Raphaël Mitteau, Julien Marot, the WEST TEAM","doi":"10.1007/s10894-024-00405-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10894-024-00405-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The WEST (W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) divertor serves as the primary element for heat exhaust and contributes critically to plasma control. The divertor receives intense heat fluxes, potentially leading to damage to the plasma facing units. Hence, it is of major interest for the safety of divertor operation to detect and characterize the hot spots appearing on the divertor surface. This is done through the use of infrared (IR) cameras, which provide a thermal mapping of the divertor surface. In this work, a knowledge-informed divertor hot spot detector is demonstrated, that explicitly accounts for hot spot structure and temperature repartition. A novel neural network, termed as Constrained U-Net, is proposed, which uses as input the bounding boxes of hot spots from prior automatic detection. The Constrained U-Net addresses jointly image segmentation and regression of physical parameters, while remaining compatible with the practical constraints of real-time use. The detector is trained on simulated data and applied to real-world infrared images. On simulated images, it yields a precision of 0.98, outperforming a classical U-Net, and Max-Tree. Visual results obtained on real-world acquisitions from the WEST Tokamak illustrate the reliability of the proposed method for safety studies on hot spots.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fusion Energy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140927530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review of the Bayesian Method in Nuclear Fusion Diagnostic Research 核聚变诊断研究中的贝叶斯方法综述

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00404-z

Cong Wang, Jing Li, Yixiong Wei, Zhijun Wang, Renjie Yang, Dong Li, Zongyu Yang, Zhifeng Zhao

引用次数: 0

AI-supported Modelling of a Simple TPR System for Fusion Neutron Measurement 聚变中子测量用简易 TPR 系统的人工智能辅助建模

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00403-0

V. Gerenton, A. Jardin, U. Wiącek, K. Drozdowicz, A. Kulinska, A. Kurowski, M. Scholz, U. Woźnicka, W. Dąbrowski, B. Łach, D. Mazon

{"title":"AI-supported Modelling of a Simple TPR System for Fusion Neutron Measurement","authors":"V. Gerenton, A. Jardin, U. Wiącek, K. Drozdowicz, A. Kulinska, A. Kurowski, M. Scholz, U. Woźnicka, W. Dąbrowski, B. Łach, D. Mazon","doi":"10.1007/s10894-024-00403-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10894-024-00403-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The system proposed to measure the tritium to deuterium ratio on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a high-resolution neutron spectrometer, partly composed of a system of three Thin-foil Proton Recoil (TPR) spectrometers. This system works on the principle of converting neutrons into protons using a thin foil of polyethylene, which is then detected in silicon detectors to obtain the scattering angles and energy spectrum of the protons. The objective of this article is to show the benefit of artificial intelligence for improving a simple TPR system model written in Python to an accuracy approaching MCNP simulations, while significantly decreasing the computational cost. The first step was to model a polyethylene converter to obtain the energy-angle distribution of outgoing protons for a given incident neutron beam. When compared with MCNP, this simplified model was found to fail to account for proton energy and angular scattering. Therefore, in a second step, two neural networks were successfully trained to include these effects based on the output data of the TRIM code, assuming Gaussian distributions. The Python model was able to produce results very close (differences up to a few percent) to those obtained with MCNP by integrating these neural networks. To extend the study, the energy spectra of the protons could be obtained and subsequently used to obtain information on the ratio of deuterium and tritium in the plasma.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fusion Energy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10894-024-00403-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Estimation of the Radial Tungsten Concentration Profiles from Soft X-ray Measurements at WEST with Bayesian Integrated Data Analysis 利用贝叶斯综合数据分析法，通过在 WEST 进行的软 X 射线测量估算钨的径向浓度曲线

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00402-1

Hao Wu, Axel Jardin, Didier Mazon, Geert Verdoolaege, The WEST Team

引用次数: 0

Understanding the Effect of W and Mo on the Liquid Metal Compatibility of Ferritic/Martensitic Steels: A Predictive Study 了解 W 和 Mo 对铁素体/马氏体钢液金属相容性的影响：预测研究

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00399-7

P. Chakraborty, R. Tewari

{"title":"Understanding the Effect of W and Mo on the Liquid Metal Compatibility of Ferritic/Martensitic Steels: A Predictive Study","authors":"P. Chakraborty, R. Tewari","doi":"10.1007/s10894-024-00399-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10894-024-00399-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Considering the high energy neutron environment in a nuclear fusion reactor, Reduced Activation type Ferritic/Martensitic Steels (RAFMS) containing tungsten, have been carefully curated from their surrogate Cr–Mo type Ferritic/Martensitic Steels (FMS). The substitution of molybdenum by tungsten improved the radiation stability and mechanical characteristics RAFMS. However, the effect of tungsten on the liquid metal corrosion resistance of FMS has not been well investigated. The current work attempts to estimate liquid metal compatibility by examining the surface oxides of Indian RAFMS (IN RAFMS) and its surrogate steel, P91 (9Cr-1Mo), using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Subsequently, thermodynamic calculations have been used to establish the stability of such oxides in both ambient circumstances and liquid lead–lithium eutectic alloy (Pb–Li). The results showed that tungsten can provide a higher resistance to liquid metal attack than molybdenum because its oxides are more stable. Actual corrosion experiments with IN RAFMS and P91 were performed in liquid Pb–Li for a durations upto 2000 h, successfully validating the above stated prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fusion Energy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10894-024-00399-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140603303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Causality Detection and Quantification by Ensembles of Time Delay Neural Networks for Application to Nuclear Fusion Reactors 应用于核聚变反应堆的时延神经网络集合的因果性检测与量化

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00398-8

Michela Gelfusa, Riccardo Rossi, Andrea Murari

{"title":"Causality Detection and Quantification by Ensembles of Time Delay Neural Networks for Application to Nuclear Fusion Reactors","authors":"Michela Gelfusa, Riccardo Rossi, Andrea Murari","doi":"10.1007/s10894-024-00398-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10894-024-00398-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The understanding and control of complex systems in general, and thermonuclear plasmas in particular, require analysis tools, which can detect not the simple correlations but can also provide information about the actual mutual influence between quantities. Indeed, time series, the typical signals collected in many systems, carry more information than can be extracted with simple correlation analysis. The objective of the present work consists of showing how the technology of Time Delay Neural Networks (TDNNs) can extract robust indications about the actual mutual influence between time indexed signals. A series of numerical tests with synthetic data prove the potential of TDNN ensembles to analyse complex nonlinear interactions, including feedback loops. The developed techniques can not only determine the direction of causality between time series but can also quantify the strength of their mutual influences. An important application to thermonuclear fusion, the determination of the additional heating deposition profile, illustrates the capability of the approach to address also spatially distributed problems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fusion Energy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10894-024-00398-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140563969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Machine Learning Method for the Optimization Design of Laser Pulse in Fast Ignition Simulations 快速点火模拟中激光脉冲优化设计的机器学习方法

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-03-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00400-3

S. Wei, F. Wu, Y. Zhu, J. Yang, L. Zeng, X. Li, J. Zhang

引用次数: 0

FEM Simulation of ITER EC H&CD Diamond Microwave Window Unit during Preparation and Subsequent Service ITER EC H&CD 钻石微波窗口装置准备和后续服务期间的有限元模拟

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00401-2

Lei Wang, Jiahe Zhou, Shuting Li, Chuanyang Lu, Yafei Li, Huaxin Li, Jianguo Yang, Yanming He

引用次数: 0

Application and Validation of an Improved One-to-Many Method to CFETR Neutronics Modeling 改进的一对多方法在 CFETR 中子建模中的应用和验证

IF 1.9 4区工程技术

Journal of Fusion Energy Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10894-024-00397-9

Miao Yin, Qixiang Cao, Xiaoyu Wang, Xinghua Wu, Shen Qu

{"title":"Application and Validation of an Improved One-to-Many Method to CFETR Neutronics Modeling","authors":"Miao Yin, Qixiang Cao, Xiaoyu Wang, Xinghua Wu, Shen Qu","doi":"10.1007/s10894-024-00397-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10894-024-00397-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>China fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) is a magnetic confinement device which will fill the gap between the fusion experimental reactor and the demonstration reactor. To efficiently conduct neutronics modeling for the multiple identical and similar structures present in CFETR’s modular design, an improved one-to-many method is developed and implemented in this study. This method involves using a basic model in conjunction with a 3D transformed coordinate system. However, the absence of a clear solution method for the transformed coordinate system in MCNP presents a challenge. To address this issue, a solution method based on the axis attributes of the surfaces in MCNP and the composite nature of the 3D transformed coordinate system is developed. The improved one-to-many method has been applied to the neutron modeling of CFETR, and its reliability has been verified. In the neutron calculation model corresponding to the one-to-many and one-to-one methods, relative differences of the total TBR and nuclear heating are 0.25%, 0.07% respectively. The contribution of blanket modules to tritium breeding ratio (TBR) and nuclear heating has a relative difference within the range of − 0.25–0.55%. The relative differences of neutron flux and nuclear heating distribution for individual blanket modules #3–1 and #6–1 are within the range of − 0.60–0.40%. The results indicate that the improved one-to-many method can be employed for neutronics modeling in the preliminary design of CFETR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":634,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fusion Energy","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140172269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0