"Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry最新文献

{"title":"Methodological approach to risk assessment of agricultural produce non-compliances to the permitted contents of Cs-137 and Sr-90 in foods","authors":"Е.V. Kapyltsova","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-118-130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-118-130","url":null,"abstract":"Radioactive contamination of agricultural lands necessitates the need for developing robust methods, tools and techniques that could, on the one hand, minimize the levels of radionuclides in food products, and on the other hand, facilitate in making informed decisions on economic efficiency of farmland use for the production of different types of foods. Following the Chernobyl nuclear accident, significant farmland areas of the Republic of Belarus were affected by radionuclide contamination of technogenic origin. The main soil contaminants nowadays, after the decay of short-lived nuclides, are Cs-137 и Sr-90. Given that a food product from a contaminated farmland may contain both radionuclides, Cs-137 and Sr-90, the risk of its non-compliance with the established maximum permitted levels of contamination should be assessed not only with regard to each individual radionuclide but also for the both of them simultaneously. Using the risk matrix, significance level criteria and rank assignment, the author proposes a new methodological approach for assessing the risk of non-compliance of the produced agricultural foods to the regulatory requirements, accounting not for either but for both radionuclides (Cs-137 and Sr-90) simultaneously. The use of the risk assessment methodological approach for the agricultural produce non-compliances with the food safety standards regulating the contents of Cs-137 and Sr-90 enables one to make substantiated and scientifically justified decisions on the efficiency of landuse for the particular foodstuff production and/or identify the farmlands where radiation-associated food production restrictions could be lifted.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76633377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation induced abscopal antitumor effect","authors":"L. Grivtsova, V. G. Isaeva, L. P. Zhovtun, S. M. Samborsky, S. A. Ivanov, A. Kaprin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-110-119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-110-119","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that causes direct death of cancer cells, however there is a number of reports on anticancer effect of radiotherapy, that may be considered as tumor regression at sites that are outside the irradiated volume, this phenomenon was called as abscopal antitumor effect. The article presents results of the model study of the abscopal antitumor effect. The model of very aggressive ascitic mammary tumor “Ehrlich ascites carcinoma” (EAC) was used for the study. First, one-step bilateral grafting of EAC cells to mice hind extremities was performed, the following step was the formation of tumor contralateral nodes in the hips. In 5 days after the cells transplantation, the right (target) node was locally irradiated with 60Co gamma rays with a dose of 30 Gy. The growth of the left (non-target) and the target tumor nodes was watched during 20 days after irradiation. It was found that local irradiation of the right tumor node with a dose of 30 Gy at an early stage of tumor growth caused inhibition of the left, non-target tumor node growth from 10 to 49% relative to the growth of the tumor nodes in the control group of the tumor bearing mice. In order to reduce the dose burden in this model, the impact of fractionated irradiation with single dose of 10 Gy, to a total dose of 30 Gy on the abscopal effect was studied. The ability of the immune system of the mice with transplanted tumors in both hips and the irradiated target tumor node to respond to an antigenic stimulus was studied. The study results are the following: the immune system of mice, with a transected tumor in both thighs and subsequent gamma-ray irradiation of the target tumor node at a dose of 30 Gy respond to the antigenic stimulus; radiation doses to the target tumor node are crucial in achieving the abscopal effect; the use of complementary therapeutic methods, such as targeted therapy or immunotherapy, will increase the probability of the abscopal effect achieving.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78448226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of the liver in the regulation of protein-steroid interaction in healthy and irradiated animals","authors":"N. N. Omelchuk","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-78-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-78-87","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the role of the liver in the regulation of protein-steroid interaction in healthy and irradiated animals allows us to supplement a number of theoretical provisions of radiobiology on factors influencing the pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness. The relevance of the study is due to its theoretical significance in creating a holistic concept of radiobiological patterns of pathogenesis of acute radiation sickness. The aim of the experiments is to study the effect of the liver on the fractional composition of 11-oxycorticosteroids (11-OCS) in the blood plasma of healthy and irradiated animals. The experiments were carried out on 7 mongrel dogs weighing from 22 to 27 kg. In dogs, the total concentration of 11-OCS, the level of free, protein-bound and glucuronic acid-bound corticosteroids in the blood of the femoral, portal and hepatic veins were determined. At the first stage, experiments were conducted on healthy animals. 4 animals were subjected to angiostomy by skin flap method. Blood was obtained in the absence of exposure, 90 minutes after intravenous injection of 40 units of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), the introduction of hydrocortisone into the stomach at a dose of 50 or 100 mg. The total content of 11-OCS, mcg%, was determined by the fluorimetric method in the author's modification. To determine the free 11-OCS, the gel filtration method was used in the author's modification. The fraction associated with plasma proteins was isolated on a column with sephadex G-25. Glucuronides were determined after plasma incubation with betta-glucuronidase. At the second stage, the tests were carried out on irradiated animals that were exposed to gamma-irradiation at the EGO-2 installation at an average dose rate of 5.75 Gy/min at a dose of 3.5 Gy, causing acute stage IV radiation sickness. The results of the study showed that the liver inactivates free 11-OCS, binding them to glucuronic acid. The degree of delay and inactivation of free corticoids correlate with the concentration of the latter in the blood. The liver does not affect the level of protein-related hormones. Corticosteroids bind to plasma proteins outside the liver. In acute radiation sickness, the ability of the liver to inactivate biologically active corticosteroids decreases.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87614690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative fluctuations in rat blood exposed to GSM, UMTS and LTE multi-frequency electromagnetic field","authors":"S. Perov, T. Konshina, A. Kislyakova","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-88-95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-88-95","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of research on effects of long term continuous animals exposure to multi-frequency electromagnetic fields of the mobile communication standards (GSM, UMTS and LTE). Prooxidant and antioxidant activity was investigated in the blood of exposed Wistar rats. The animals were continuously exposed to electromagnetic fields at frequencies of 1800, 2100 and 2600 MHz with the total power density of 250 muW/cm2 (GSM-20%; UMTS-20%; LTE-60%). Peripheral blood samples were taken from the affected and control rats after the decapitation at the end of each month of exposure. Fluctuations in indices of lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates) and antioxidant activity (enzyme, catalases) were observed at all stages of the exposure. The modulation effect of prooxidant and antioxidant activity in animals blood serum is suggested to depend on the amount of formed reactive oxygen species, and it may be caused by the direct effect of electromagnetic fields. The modulation effect of long-term continuous exposure to multi-frequency electromagnetic fields of mobile communication base stations on the blood lipid peroxidation may cause unfavorable consequences, which requires further study. The obtained results indicate necessity to take into account the detected modulating effect that can affect the level of reactive oxygen species.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88416191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology for estimating the radiation risk of medical exposure during computed tomography considering the uncertainties of the risk model","authors":"V. V. Kashcheev, E. Pryakhin, A. Menyajlo","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-47-55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-47-55","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents analysis of different factors affecting the uncertainty model for estimating ra-diation risk from computed tomography (CT). Uncertainties in radiation doses estimates caused by measurement (instrumental) errors or used dose estimation methods, the size of the scanned area and the type of CT scanner. The uncertainty of radiation dose due to measurement errors or dose estimation methods, the size of the scanned area and type of a CT scan may cause the uncertainties as well. Data used for calculating equivalent doses in individual organs and tissues and for calculating lifetime radiation risk of cancer development due to routine CT testing were updated. Conversion factors for DLP, a measure of radiation dose a patient received during CT exams of thoracic, abdomen and head organs, were determined and used for conversion of the CT doses to equivalent doses for individual organs and tissues exposed to radiation. Data for 15 state-of-the-art CT scanners with varying scanning geometry were updated. Uncertainties in life-time radiation risk were determined by estimating 95% confidence intervals for mean dose-proportionality ratios. Standard deviations related to specific dose distribution, scanning geometry and other factors that impact on uncertainty of radiation risk estimates were calculated. The standard deviations associated with the specifics of the dose distribution, scanning geometry and other factors affecting the uncertainties of radiation risk assessments were calculated. In the course of simulation modelling, organs and tissues were identified that are most exposed to radiation during CT of the chest, abdomen and head.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78509180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteoradionecrosis of the facial skull: current evidence (literature review)","authors":"V. Polkin, P. Isaev, A. K. Plugar, A. Ilyin, V. A. Rozhnov, P. I. Spirin, Yury Panaseykin, S. A. Ivanov, A. Kaprin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-142-156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-142-156","url":null,"abstract":"Despite recent advances in radiation therapy, osteoradionecrosis remains a common and severe complication of radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Modern methods of treatment are developed with regard to the disease severity and pathophysiology complexity, as well as theories of the osteoradionecrosis development. The following theories of osteoradionecrosis pathophysiology are currently considered: \"radiation-induced osteomyelitis\", \"hypoxic, hypocellular, hypovascular\" and \"fibroatrophic\". Prior to radiation therapy, the patient is provided with restorative dental treatment and radiation therapy planning. Treatments range from conservative «watch and wait» to more radical surgical interventions. Currently, there is no approved standard for the care of osteoradionecrosis patients, however, the activity in this direction is underway. Currently state-of-the-art treatment strategies are available with limited evidence. The review aims to assess the literature on osteoradionecrosis of the jaw with an emphasis on available treatment options.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"121 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86161680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessments of uncertainties in effective radiation doses to the population in the contaminated regions of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident","authors":"O. Vlasov, N. V. Shchukina","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-34-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-34-46","url":null,"abstract":"The study is aimed at investigation of the properties of distribution of effective dose convolutions for estimating parametric dependence on the ratio of geometric mean internal radiation doses to external radiation doses and standard geometric mean deviations of lognormal distributions. For research the average annual personal dosimetric information for the period from 1986 over 2022, kept in the database of the National Radiation Epidemiological Register (NRER) was used. Information on internal and external radiation doses received by each resident of 13,000 Russian settlements, the most contaminated with radioactive material from the destroyed Chernobyl NPP is kept in the NRER. The results of the study demonstrated the different values of ratio of geometric mean convolutions of annual radiation doses to effective doses. Their standard deviations are 1.05-1.28 and 2.2-2.8 respectively. The ratio of the arithmetic mean convolutions values to deterministic effective doses stored in the database included in the study is 1.0. With the account of uncertainties included in the estimates of the effective dose and doses of external and internal radiation exposure, the difference between probabilistic and deterministic estimates of effective doses received by the residents of the Russian settlements contaminated with Chernobyl radioactive releases is insignificant.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76422175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy with Tc-99m-technephyte in breast cancer patients with upper limb lymphedema after mastectomy and axillary lymph nodes dissection","authors":"M. A. Sigov, G. Davydov, V. V. Pasov, O. N. Spichenkova, E. Davydova, A.V. Zhigulsky, S. A. Ivanov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-93-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-1-93-107","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents results of research on the potential of quantitative radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy (LS) with radioactive tracer (Tc-99m-technephyte) for evaluation of the upper limb lymphedema, developed in different time periods after mastectomy and axillary lymph nodes dissection in 56 breast cancer patients (females). Before LS-imaging the tracer was subcutaneously injected in the affected and normal extremities. The Tc-99m-technephyte clearance rate from the injection site on the affected hand was higher than the tracer clearance rate from the site of injection on the normal hand, the difference in the rates was statistically insignificant. This difference did not depend on the lymphoma stage (the difference between clearance rates was 4-9%, difference in the amount of tracers cleared was 6-8%). It means that informative value of Tc-99m-technephyte clearance is very low and cannot be used for differential diagnostics of lymphedema stage. To obtain more important information the quantitative asymmetry index (QAI) was used. It was shown that in all parts of the upper limb lymphedema (forearm, shoulder, and arm in general) there was a significant difference between QAI indices for lymphedema stages I, II and III. However, the significant variability of the QAI indices makes difficult proper interpretation of LS provided images. The obtained data show that the clinical and functional staging of the lymphedema is not identical, and also confirm the possibility of the presence of areas in the edematous extremity at different stages of lymph drainage disorder. The data also support the hypothesis that lymph drainage in the edematous extremity parts may be impaired in areas with different lymph drainage stages. Quantifying LS with QAI can be useful when choosing a treatment method, evaluating its effectiveness, and dynamic monitoring.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77248617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution of the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in specially protected natural areas of the Rostov region","authors":"E. Buraeva, N. Malomyzheva","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-120-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-120-131","url":null,"abstract":"To monitor the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in the ecosytems of the specially protected natural areas is necessary for identification of the areas with high radiation background and estimation of the background level of radiation contamination in the adjacent territories. The paper presents results of the study of ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in the dry and semidry steppes ecosystems. For these purposes six specially protected natural areas located in the Rostov Region were used as research objects. The ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation was estimated with dosimeters-radiometers by the field method of pedestrian gamma ray shooting. For the analysis of the obtained results statistical methods were used. It was found that the distribution of the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in the specially protected natural areas varied from 0.01 to 0.32 µSv/h. Arithmetic mean, geometric mean, modal and median values of the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation for all studied specially protected natural areas are 0.128 µSv/h; 0.120 µSv/h; 0.135 µSv/h and 0.135 µSv/h, respectively. It was found that the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in the specially protected natural areas in the Rostov Region did not depend on soil types. The study results allow us to make the following conclusion: insignificant differences in the arithmetic mean values of the ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in the territories under consideration may be due to the peculiarities of their protection and use regimes, as well as due to the radioactive fallout released by the Chernobyl accident and the uncertainty in radioactivity measurement.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74771022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining the time to reach radiological equivalence of radioactive waste and natural uranium raw materials in the closed nuclear fuel cycle with fast reactors and with account of the main factors of uncertainty in the calculation of radiation risks","authors":"A. Menyajlo, S. Chekin, K. Tumanov, A. M. Korelo, V. Ivanov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-5-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-2-5-21","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important problems in the large-scale development of nuclear energy is the management and disposal of radioactive waste (RW). The potential biological hazard of RW for human health considerably exceeds the health hazard from uranium feedstock. Due to the natural processes of radioactive decay, the potential biological hazard of RW decreases over time. However, long-term storage and disposal of long-lived RW leads to an increase in the health and environmental hazard of nuclear energy. Recently, to reduce the hazard effects, the novel ap-proach based on the principle that hazard of RW should not exceed the hazard of natural urani-um raw materials has been used. This principle is called as \"radiation equivalence\" if the hazards levels are assessed by the radiation dose magnitude, and \"radiological equivalence\" is used if the hazards are assessed by the magnitudes of lifetime radiation risks of malignant neoplasms development. Earlier papers have already given point estimates of the time to reach “radiation” or “radiological” equivalence when analyzing a scenario based on a closed nuclear fuel cycle. This article proposes a method for estimating the uncertainties in the time to achieve radiation and ra-diological equivalence. The results of these estimates are presented for a model scenario for the development of nuclear power, in which thermal neutron reactors are gradually being replaced by fast neutron reactors by 2100. The numerical simulation method is used. Modern radiation risk models proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) are applied. The determination of equivalent radiation doses to organs and tissues was based on dose factors for radioactive substances provided for wide use by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). If we assume that the maximum relative error of the initial values of the potential biologi-cal hazard of RW is about 246%, then the 95% confidence limit for achieving radiological equiva-lence was less than 340 years. The results of the study of the scenario for the development of nuclear energy in Russia, calculations show that since the integrity of containers with RW is main-tained for 1000 years, the safety of RW for future generations will be ensured.","PeriodicalId":6315,"journal":{"name":"\"Radiation and Risk\" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79794327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}