材料导报:能源(英文)最新文献

{"title":"High-power radiatively cooled thermoelectric generator for diurnal waste heat harvesting","authors":"Jifang Hei ,&nbsp;Han Lin ,&nbsp;Xianbo Nian ,&nbsp;Ke Li ,&nbsp;Wenhan Li ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Zheng Li ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Guo ,&nbsp;Keng-Te Lin ,&nbsp;Baohua Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Governed by the second law of thermodynamics, waste heat generation is inevitable and has been a major source of energy loss and environmental concern in human society. Harvesting waste heat into useful energy has thus become a paramount priority, but has remained challenging with efficiency and cost constraints. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which convert heat into electricity whenever there is a temperature difference, play a crucial role in waste heat harvesting. However, sustaining the temperature difference for uninterrupted and high-power density electricity generation is a major challenge in TEGs to achieve practical applications due to the thermal equilibrium. Here, we demonstrate a diurnal waste heat harvester by integrating a high-power radiative cooling film as the cool end of TEGs to enable a large and continuous temperature difference. Significant voltage increase from 30.0 mV to 65.7 mV was achieved, leading to a dramatic power density enhancement of 4.8 times from 35.2 mW m⁻² to 168.6 mW m⁻². In an open zone, an ultra-high power density of 2.76 W m⁻² was achieved at a heat source temperature of 80 °C, exceeding the performance of state-of-the-art radiatively cooled TEGs. More importantly, a portable and foldable thermal energy harvesting prototype composed of 24 TEGs arranged in an array has been constructed. When attached to a hot object (e.g. a car engine hood), it can output 5 V to charge personal electronics (e.g. a cellphone), making it a promising practical device for harvesting waste heat in a wide range of outdoor applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100398"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remarkably high hydration capability of BaSn1–xInxO3–δ perovskite materials: What do we need to know about protons in complex oxides?","authors":"Mariam T. Akopian ,&nbsp;Danil E. Matkin ,&nbsp;Artem P. Tarutin ,&nbsp;Inna A. Starostina ,&nbsp;Dmitry A. Medvedev","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100382","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100382","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton-conducting oxides constitute a wide class of materials that exhibit pronounced proton transport in humid atmospheres. Owing to their high proton mobility, these oxides are regarded as promising electrolytes for low- and intermediate-temperature protonic ceramic fuel cells and electrolysis cells, which offer efficient and clean energy conversion. Protons appear in complex oxides through a dissociative water adsorption process, which consists of the interaction between existing oxygen vacancies and water molecules in the gas phase. This process is also known as hydration or water uptake. Within the present work, we analyze the hydration features of BaSn_{1–<em>x</em>}In_<em>x</em>O_{3–<em>δ</em>} perovskite materials (BSI<em>x</em>), which include a wide range of solid solutions (0 ≤ <em>x</em> &lt; 0.7) and a nearly theoretical hydration limit for almost all studied compounds at the same time. The latter is a unique property of In-doped stannates, which is untypical for most other proton-conducting oxides. Along with the experimental data on the water uptake of BSI<em>x</em>, we provide an in-depth investigation of proton concentrations depending on external factors, involving a further comparison with literature data on materials hydration, as well as the discovery of hidden relationships between proton concentration and various functional properties. Therefore, this work contributes to theoretical and applied investigations of proton-conducting oxides, especially in the context of their hydration behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100382"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance degradation and mitigation strategies of hydrogel-based zinc-ion batteries: A review","authors":"Xinren Zhang,&nbsp;Tianyue Liang,&nbsp;Yile Lu,&nbsp;Haowei Jia,&nbsp;Linghui Meng,&nbsp;Yifan Hu,&nbsp;Fandi Chen,&nbsp;Beining Dong,&nbsp;Jie Dong,&nbsp;Yu Yuan,&nbsp;Peiyuan Guan,&nbsp;Lu Zhou,&nbsp;Yingze Zhou,&nbsp;Zhi Li,&nbsp;Dewei Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogel zinc ion batteries (HZIBs) represent a cutting-edge advancement in energy storage systems, leveraging the exceptional properties of hydrogels, including superior mechanical flexibility and robust structural stability. Despite their promising attributes, HZIBs face persistent challenges that hinder their practical deployment, notably performance degradation during long-term cycling. In this review, we provide a comprehensive explanation of the fundamental structure and working principles of HZIBs, analyzing the roles of each component. We then systematically explore these degradation mechanisms and comprehensively summarize the key influencing factors, including zinc dendrite formation, hydrogel matrix degradation, electrolyte depletion, and interfacial instability. The role of environmental and operational factors, such as temperature fluctuations and humidity variations, in exacerbating these degradation processes is also highlighted. Recent material engineering strategies to mitigate these issues are summarized: 1) the development of structurally reinforced hydrogel electrolytes; 2) the use of functional additives for ion transport regulation; and 3) interfacial engineering for uniform zinc deposition. Moreover, emerging fabrication techniques, such as nanoscale structural design and additive manufacturing, are discussed for their potential to optimize the mechanical robustness and electrochemical performance of HZIBs. This review integrates fundamental insights with advanced engineering approaches to provide practical guidance for the scalable development of high performance HZIBs for flexible and wearable applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100397"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging reaction activity mismatch through asymmetric structure design for all-soluble all-iron aqueous redox flow battery","authors":"Huijia Li ,&nbsp;Jinhui Ying ,&nbsp;Jianghua Liu ,&nbsp;Huan Gao ,&nbsp;Ziyan Yuan ,&nbsp;Yubai Li ,&nbsp;Tianshou Zhao ,&nbsp;Haoran Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>All-soluble all-iron flow batteries are considered a promising technology for low-cost and large-scale energy storage. In the past few years, efforts have been taken to design various iron chelates to enhance the cycling stability of negative electrolytes, while ignoring the kinetic mismatch and the corresponding battery design strategies, which greatly limited the performance of all-soluble all-iron flow batteries. In this regard, combining experimental analysis and numerical simulation, this work analyzed the kinetic performance of iron chelates on the negative side and conducted further investigations on battery asymmetric structure design to balance mass transport and electrochemical reactions within the battery. Results show that the reaction rate constant of the <span><math><mi>Fe</mi><mfenced><mi>II</mi></mfenced><msup><mfenced><mrow><mi>BIS</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>TRIS</mi></mrow></mfenced><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>/<span><math><mi>Fe</mi><mfenced><mi>III</mi></mfenced><msup><mfenced><mrow><mi>BIS</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>TRIS</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo>−</mo></msup></math></span> redox couple is <span><math><mrow><mn>1.48</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> cm s⁻¹, significantly lower than that of the positive electrolyte (<span><math><mrow><mn>6.0</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> cm s⁻¹), which limits the performance of the battery. Utilizing an asymmetric electrode design to increase active reaction sites and enhance convection is a critical strategy in achieving balanced mass transport and reaction activity between the positive and negative electrolytes. More notably, the battery with asymmetric geometric characteristics demonstrates a remarkable energy efficiency reaching up to 80.17 % at 80 mA cm⁻², which is 7.95 % higher than that of the symmetric structure. This research provides theoretical guidance for the structural design of key components of batteries and reduces the cost of trial and error.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100399"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulsed laser-engineered single-atom Pt sites on MoC for unprecedented alkaline hydrogen evolution over acidic media","authors":"Yeryeong Lee ,&nbsp;Jayaraman Theerthagiri ,&nbsp;Binaya Kumar Sahu ,&nbsp;Jiwon Jeon ,&nbsp;Hyeyoung Shin ,&nbsp;Myong Yong Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In general, metal carbides are synthesized via high-temperature-programmed solid-gas reactions using methane under an inert atmosphere. However, fabricating single-atom (SA) catalysts on such carbide supports typically inherits these demanding conditions, requiring multiple chemical reagents and prolonged processing. To overcome these synthetic limitations, we introduced a pulsed laser-driven strategy that integrates pulsed laser ablation and liquid-phase irradiation to construct atomically dispersed Pt sites on molybdenum carbide (Pt/MoC) nanospheres with tunable loading densities. These catalysts exhibit improved hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in alkaline media, despite HER conventionally favoring acidic conditions. To enhance the hydrogen production efficiency of the electrolyzer while reducing energy consumption, we strategically replaced the conventional oxygen evolution reaction with the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) at the anode. Strong metal-support interactions between Pt atoms and MoC modulate the local electronic structure, thereby optimizing the adsorption energies of key intermediates for HzOR. In situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry and theoretical calculations elucidate the reaction mechanism, highlighting the role of Pt SA sites in lowering activation barriers for N₂ and H₂ evolution. The optimized Pt/MoC catalyst achieves enhanced HER performance in overall hydrazine splitting compared with conventional overall water splitting, maintaining structural integrity and outstanding stability over 100 h at 30 mA cm⁻². This study establishes a pulsed laser-based strategy for atomic-engineered Pt/MoC as a promising platform for energy-effective and hydrazine-fueled hydrogen generation in alkaline conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100403"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-entropy strategies transforming solid oxide cells: Progress and perspectives","authors":"Ming Xiao ,&nbsp;Haosong Di ,&nbsp;Zuoqing Liu ,&nbsp;Yuesheng Bai ,&nbsp;Ran Ran ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou ,&nbsp;Guangming Yang ,&nbsp;Zongping Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid oxide cells (SOCs) have emerged as one of the key technologies for low-carbon energy transition due to their fuel flexibility and high system efficiency. However, their long-term deployment remains hindered by material degradation and interfacial instability under high-temperature and multi-atmospheric operating conditions. In particular, achieving a balance between catalytic activity and structural stability presents a major bottleneck in material design. High-entropy materials (HEMs), with their unique configurational entropy effect, multi-principal element synergy, and tunable local defect chemistry, offer a promising pathway to overcome these limitations. This perspective reviews recent advances in the application of HEMs in SOCs, including element selection and structure tuning, machine-learning-assisted design, in situ leaching and self-assembly engineering, and high-entropy coating strategies. Special attention is paid to how HEMs leverage their multi-elemental composition and defect regulation to enhance electrode performance, stabilize interfaces, and improve tolerance to poisoning species. We further highlight the potential of data-driven approaches for accelerating HEM screening and performance optimization, and discuss the integration of high-throughput experimentation with computational modeling to enable efficient exploration of the vast compositional space. Despite the remarkable progress, key challenges remain in achieving long-term stability and reliability across diverse operating scenarios. Future research should focus on precise control of non-equimolar compositions, development of cross-scale dynamic characterization techniques, and establishment of closed-loop frameworks that couple data-driven models with experimental feedback. These efforts will pave the way toward the rational design of high-performance, durable SOC systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100400"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterojunction interface between bimetallic (Co, Fe) selenides enhanced excellent electron/ion transport kinetics for sodium ion batteries","authors":"Hongyan Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiuwu Wang ,&nbsp;Hong Huang ,&nbsp;Fen Ran","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100396","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100396","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a highly promising class of energy storage devices. Enhancing SIBs performance necessitates innovative anode material development to overcome persistent challenges associated with the large ionic radius of Na⁺, namely significant electrode volumetric expansion and sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, a macroporous bimetallic (Co, Fe) selenide containing abundant heterojunction interfaces encapsulated into a carbon framework (M-CoSe₂/FeSe₂@C) is prepared by combining an in-situ crystallization strategy with carbonization-selenization treatment. The structural characterization reveals that the resulting M-CoSe₂/FeSe₂@C possesses a well-defined porous architecture with internal CoSe₂-FeSe₂ nanoparticles encapsulated by an external carbon matrix. This configuration not only enhances electrical conductivity but also stabilizes the composite structure throughout sodiation/desodiation cycling. Evaluated as an anode in SIBs, the M-CoSe₂/FeSe₂@C electrode delivers outstanding cycling stability (retaining 455.0 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.2 A g⁻¹ after 100 cycles) and exceptional rate capability (285.6 mA h g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹). These superior properties are primarily attributed to the high density of interphase boundaries generated by the dual-phase configuration. Combined experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate that these boundaries, particularly regions of high electron density on the FeSe₂ side, kinetically favor Na⁺ adsorption, thereby accelerating sodium storage kinetics. Furthermore, multi-step electrochemical reaction mechanisms within the composite were elucidated through in-situ and ex-situ characterization analyses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100396"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsically high-performance n-type copper (I/II) chloride thermocells","authors":"Wei Fang ,&nbsp;Zeping Ou ,&nbsp;Yifan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxue Lin ,&nbsp;Hao Yang ,&nbsp;Yujie Zheng ,&nbsp;Jing Li ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;Lijun Hu ,&nbsp;Chen Li ,&nbsp;Jianyong Ouyang ,&nbsp;Kuan Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermocells are attracting growing interest as a promising thermoelectric technology for low-grade heat harvesting. However, the scarcity of high-performance redox couples featuring intrinsically high thermopower (<em>S</em>_e) and fast redox kinetics hinders the rapid development of thermocells. Identifying potential intrinsically high-performance redox couples remains a significant challenge. This work introduces a novel n-type copper (I/II) chloride (CuCl/CuCl₂) redox couple with intrinsically high performance. Through tailored electrolyte design, long-term stability was significantly improved by reducing proton concentration to suppress cuprous ion photo-oxidation, while ammonium chloride solvation enhanced cuprous ion solubility. The resulting system achieves a <em>S</em>_e value closely aligned with theoretical predictions and exhibits rapid redox kinetics. Consequently, the optimized CuCl/CuCl₂ intrinsic system demonstrated a high <em>S</em>_e of 1.52 mV K⁻¹ and a record-high normalized power density <em>P</em>_max (Δ<em>T</em>)⁻² of 0.399 mW m⁻² K⁻², surpassing previously reported intrinsic n-type thermocells and rivaling the performance of p-type pristine 0.4 M ferri/ferrocyanide systems. A prototype module comprising 30 p-n units successfully powered a line of light-emitting diodes or a thermohygrometer. This work introduces a valuable redox couple for further advancing high-performance thermocells and demonstrates a viable strategy for developing novel redox systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147410003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lattice-oxygen modulation for redox stabilization and multi-electron transfer in lithium-rich cathodes","authors":"Mingche Huang ,&nbsp;Ruian Fan ,&nbsp;Chenkai Sun ,&nbsp;Aoshen Duan ,&nbsp;Hao Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruguang Ma ,&nbsp;Erhong Song ,&nbsp;Jianjun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) are promising cathode materials due to their high specific capacity, energy density, and operating voltage. However, their performance is hindered by the limited redox activity of transition metals, leading to oxygen redox instability, oxygen release, and capacity degradation. To address these issues, we propose an innovative lattice-oxygen modulation (LOM) strategy that incorporates Mn³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ into the Li_1.2Cr_0.3Mn_0.4Ti_0.1O₂ system, effectively mitigating Cr migration, stabilizing oxygen redox reactions, and reinforcing structural integrity. This results in improved electrochemical performance, as demonstrated by a 56.5 mAh g⁻¹ increase in initial discharge capacity to 364.2 mAh g⁻¹, with 71.3 % capacity retention after 30 cycles, reflecting a 20.2 % improvement in cycling stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm enhanced Cr redox reversibility and reduced oxygen evolution, further strengthening structural stability. These synergistic effects highlight the pivotal role of the LOM strategy in optimizing both electrochemical performance and structural integrity, offering a scalable pathway to improve capacity and cycling stability in lithium-rich cathodes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100394"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming flexible substrate limitations: Dual optimization of alkali doping and compositional grading in high efficient CIGS photovoltaics","authors":"Weimin Li ,&nbsp;Chenchen Zhao ,&nbsp;Tongqing Qi ,&nbsp;Xuhui Liu ,&nbsp;Chunlei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.matre.2025.100395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a systematic investigation of high-efficiency flexible copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells fabricated using an optimized three-stage co-evaporation process. The research focuses on two key innovations: (1) NaF pre-deposition for controlled alkali metal doping and (2) active regulation of In/Ga evaporation timing during the initial growth stage to precisely engineer the Ga/(Ga + In) (GGI) ratio gradient throughout the absorber layer depth. Through comprehensive characterization of structural properties, elemental distributions, and device performance, we demonstrate that the synergistic combination of Na doping and tailored Ga grading effectively addresses critical challenges in flexible CIGS devices, including back-surface Ga accumulation and non-ideal bandgap profiles. Our results reveal that this dual optimization strategy significantly enhances charge carrier mobility and collection efficiency, ultimately leading to substantial improvements in overall solar cell performance. The findings establish a robust materials engineering approach for developing high-performance flexible photovoltaic devices through precise control of compositional gradients and defect passivation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":61638,"journal":{"name":"材料导报:能源(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Article 100395"},"PeriodicalIF":13.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147409586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}