International Journal of Thermophysics最新文献

{"title":"Thermodynamic Property Measurements of Binary Refrigerant Blends R1132(E)/R1234yf","authors":"Naoya Sakoda,&nbsp;Tomomi Kawahara,&nbsp;Yasuyuki Takata,&nbsp;Yukihiro Higashi","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03743-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03743-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>PVTx</i> properties, saturated densities, critical parameters, and vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) of hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) binary refrigerant blends of R1132(E)/R1234yf were comprehensively measured. The <i>PVTx</i> properties over the vapor, liquid, and supercritical phases were obtained by the isochoric method in the temperature range from 300 K to 410 K, at pressures up to 6.9 MPa, and at densities between 51 kg·m⁻³ and 925 kg·m⁻³ for R1132(E)/R1234yf blends with mass fractions of (0.23/0.77), (0.30/0.70), (0.50/0.50), and (0.70/0.30). The saturated densities of R1132(E)/R1234yf blends with mass fractions of (0.30/0.70), (0.50/0.50), and (0.70/0.30) were measured by the visual observation of the meniscus disappearance and also determined from the inflection points of the <i>PVTx</i> isochore lines in the temperature range from 305 K to 352 K and at densities between 51 kg·m⁻³ and 925 kg·m⁻³. The saturated densities obtained using the two methods were consistent with each other. Based on the saturated densities, the critical parameters of these three blends were determined by the consideration of the meniscus disappearing level as well as the intensity of the critical opalescence. Furthermore, the critical locus correlations depending on the surface fractions were formulated. The VLE of the R1132(E)/R1234yf blends were measured from 263 K to 323 K based on the recirculation method, and a mixing parameter of a simple cubic EOS was determined fitting to the VLE data. The <i>PVTx</i> property, saturated density, critical parameter, and VLE data were compared with a preliminary Helmholtz energy equation of state (EOS) for the blends, and systematic deviations were observed between the EOS and the experimental data, showing absolute average deviations of the <i>PVTx</i> property data ranging from 0.88 % to 1.2 % in density depending on the compositions except for the near-critical densities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverse Heat Conduction Estimation of Heat Flux in Human Dentin from Dental Curing Lights Using the Conjugate Gradient Method","authors":"Ahmad Soori,&nbsp;Farshad Kowsary,&nbsp;Shadab Safarzadeh Khosroshahi,&nbsp;Mohammad Vahedi","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03734-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03734-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat transfer plays a critical role in medical and dental procedures, as excessive heat generation may cause irreversible damage to the dental pulp. Although many previous studies have focused on temperature rise as the primary thermal indicator, temperature alone does not adequately describe the heat transfer process or the actual thermal load delivered to biological tissues, as it represents only the final outcome of energy exchange. Therefore, parameters beyond temperature change, such as heat flux, must be considered to achieve a more accurate physical interpretation. The objective of this study was to estimate the absorbed heat flux in human dentin discs subjected to irradiation from different LED and QTH light-curing unit modes using an inverse heat conduction approach. In vitro dentin surface temperature was measured using an infrared thermometer. The inverse problem was solved using the conjugate gradient method implemented in a MATLAB code coupled with COMSOL Multiphysics via LiveLink, with COMSOL serving as the forward solver. Prior to the inverse analysis, the free convection heat transfer coefficient was identified to define appropriate thermal boundary conditions. The estimated heat fluxes were consistent with the irradiation patterns reported by the manufacturers while revealing notable differences between curing modes. The highest absorbed heat flux (289.5 mW·cm⁻²) was obtained in the SOFT LED mode, whereas the HIGH LED modes produced lower values (209 and 202.6 mW·cm⁻²). The lowest heat flux (154.6 mW·cm⁻²) was observed in the 40 s STANDARD QTH mode despite producing the greatest temperature rise. This discrepancy demonstrates that temperature change alone is not a sufficient indicator for evaluating the thermal impact of light-curing units, as similar or even higher temperatures may correspond to substantially different absorbed energy levels. Overall, these results show that using heat flux together with temperature rise helps to better understand heat transfer processes and avoids misinterpretations that may occur when temperature change is considered alone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10765-026-03734-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Data-Driven Approaches for Predicting the Thermal Conductivity of Water–Phase Change Material Enhanced with Different Carbon Nanoparticles","authors":"Rajendran Prabakaran,&nbsp;B. Gomathi,&nbsp;Anbalagan Sathishkumar,&nbsp;P. Jeyalakshmi,&nbsp;Sung Chul Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03749-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03749-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a systematic machine learning approach to predict the thermal conductivity of water-based phase change materials (PCMs) enhanced with various carbon-based nanoparticles, including graphene nanoplatelets, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, graphitized mesoporous carbon, and natural graphite flakes. Four models—artificial neural network, extreme gradient boosting, categorical boosting, and generalized regression neural network—were developed using 329 datasets reported in the literature. An initial heatmap correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (+ 0.602) between the thermal conductivity of the base PCM and that of the PCM nanocomposite, while temperature exhibited a moderately negative correlation (− 0.4162). Among the evaluated models, extreme gradient boosting achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9961, a mean absolute error of 0.0369, and a root mean square error of 0.0609. The influence of dataset size on model performance indicated that larger datasets (&gt; 60 samples) produced more consistent results, with ensemble models (extreme gradient boosting and categorical boosting) outperforming the generalized regression neural network and artificial neural network. Furthermore, the extreme gradient boosting-predicted values were compared with conventional correlations, which exhibited mean absolute errors ranging from 7.15 % to 35.02 %, whereas the extreme gradient boosting model demonstrated significantly improved predictive accuracy, with mean absolute errors between 0.051 % and 0.2691 %. Finally, a comparison with previously reported machine learning-based predictions of thermal conductivity for water nanofluids confirmed that the proposed extreme gradient boosting model provides superior reliability and robustness. These results highlight that ensemble-based algorithms can serve as powerful predictive tools for complex heat transfer systems and can assist in the design and optimization of nanostructured PCMs for thermal energy storage applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Performance of Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger Using Modified Buffer Storage Material and Passive Solid-State Thermal Transfer Accelerator","authors":"I Gede Eka Lesmana,&nbsp;Nely Toding Bunga,&nbsp;Arif Riyadi Tatak Kurniawan,&nbsp;Rovida Camalia Hartantrie,&nbsp;Reza Abdu Rahman","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03753-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03753-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Technology development for heat exchanger grows rapidly to meet the requirement of complex thermal system in modern era. Dual-fluid system utilizes liquid-to-air (LTA) heat exchanger is applicable for various application, including waste heat recovery and liquid-thermal collector. However, operational challenge for the system often arises from direct heat transfer between source and load, making additional modification by introducing buffer storage material (BSM) necessary for possible operational adjustment. This work experimentally assesses the application of BSM for buffer LTA (BLTA). The assessment includes stabilizing BSM to form modified BSM (MBSM) and inclusion of solid-state thermal accelerator to enhance BLTA operation. Stabilization for MBSM reduces the deviation of melting/freezing point, with the lowest deviation of 2.8 °C. Thermal capacity based on latent heat of fusion for MBSMs decrease by 16.3 % to 19.4 %, with the highest value is obtained at 155.9 kJ·kg⁻¹. The charge rate for non-enhanced BLTA ranges between 44.9 °C·h⁻¹ and 52.1 °C·h⁻¹. The given parameter improves to 59.05 °C·h⁻¹ when using MBSM. Also, MBSM combines with enhanced BLTA reaches the highest charging rate of 65.2 °C·h⁻¹. For discharge stage, the average increase in air temperature with enhanced BLTA is 8.9 °C, and it improves by 23.3 % when using MBSM. Overall, combined approach using MBSM and enhanced BLTA indicates reliable working parameters and suitable for operational adjustment in relevant dual-fluid thermal system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molten Halide Salt Surface Tension: Methods and Correlations","authors":"Ryan Chesser,&nbsp;Nicholas Termini,&nbsp;Anthony Birri","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03748-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03748-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper reviews various methods for studying surface tension and their applicability to fluoride and chloride molten salt systems, including a comparison of benefits and drawbacks. Such a comparison aids in experiment design based on desired factors such as scale, accuracy, and repeatability. A detailed review is presented for existing literature data regarding the surface tension of molten fluoride and chloride salts. These reference data were compiled and analyzed to determine cross-validated correlation equations for several alkali and alkaline earth fluoride and chloride salts as functions of temperature. These correlations are necessary for reliable multiphysics modeling approaches as well as accurate design and analysis of multiphase molten salt phenomena such as gas sparging and bubble formation/transport. This analysis supports the development of the thermophysical arm of the Molten Salt Thermal Properties Database (MSTDB-TP) managed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Design of Labatto IIIA Data-Driven Intelligent Exogenous Deep Neurocomputing Architecture for Thermophysics Analysis of Micropolar Fluid Flow Model with Exponentially Curved Surface","authors":"Nabeela Anwar,&nbsp; Arfa,&nbsp;Muhammad Shoaib,&nbsp;Adiqa Kausar Kiani,&nbsp;Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03755-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03755-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study of micropolar fluid flow in exponentially curved surfaces has profound implications and improves understanding of complex fluid dynamics to increase theoretical knowledge and predictive modeling for practical uses in manufacturing, thermal control, and biomedical engineering. The current research probes the flow behavior of micropolar fluids on the exponentially curved surface (MPFs-ECS) using a celebrated artificial intelligence-based nonlinear autoregressive exogenous deep learning network (NARXDLN) trained by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA), i.e., NARXDLN-LMA. The synthetic dataset is created through the implementation of the Lobatto IIIA technique to determine the effect of variations in the Prandtl and Eckert numbers, magnetic and material parameters, and radius of curvature on the temperature, axial velocity distribution, and microrotation velocity profiles to train the neurocomputational architecture. The NARXDLN-LMA is applied to the achieved datasets to simulate and study the convoluted dynamics of the MPFs-ECS model by segmenting into testing, training, and validation subsets. The proposed architecture is extensively tested by the performance analysis of the mean square errors at testing, training, and validation stages, while further assessments are made through the error auto-correlation, histogram errors, and regression assessments between exogenous variables and error. The findings of the comparative evaluation of the FPFs-ECS model show that the NARXDLN-LMA can effectively capture the dynamic behavior, being very accurate with error values between 10^–02 and 10^–10, trustworthy for sundry scenarios on the basis of sufficient experimentation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DSC Evaluation of Heat–Cool–Heat Cycling on Diamond/Graphene Hybrid Thermal Oil Nanofluids","authors":"Suhaib Umer Ilyas,&nbsp;Haris Naseer,&nbsp;Patrice Estellé,&nbsp;Mustafa Alsaady,&nbsp;Anas Ahmed,&nbsp;Noor A. Merdad,&nbsp;Rashid Shamsuddin","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03752-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03752-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The stability and specific heat capacity (SHC) of hybrid nanofluids (HNF) play a decisive role in heat transfer and storage systems. A slight instability in HNF can deteriorate the efficacy of the thermal application. Thermal systems undergo repetitive heat-cool-heat cycles, which have not been rigorously studied in the literature. This study introduces and explores the application of a DSC heat–cool–heat cycling protocol to diamond/graphene (D-GNP) hybrid nanofluids in thermal oil using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate reversibility and stability of the hybrid nanofluid. The D-GNP-based HNFs are prepared by a two-step method with 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0% mass loadings. D-GNP HNFs are subjected to heat–cool–heat cycles in the temperature range of 303.15–371.15 K. The results illustrate the consistency of D-GNP-based HNFs with minimal variation in SHC values during heat-cool-heat cycles. The SHC increases with increasing temperature but decreases with increasing loading of D-GNP. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is also conducted, confirming the thermal stability of all HNFs samples and displaying no signs of degradation in the studied temperature range. This research also develops a machine learning algorithm (ANN model) to precisely predict SHC as a function of temperature and weight concentration. ANN model predicted the experimental results accurately to <i>R</i>² = 0.9998 and MSE = 2.29E-05, which indicates the robustness of the ANN model for capturing complex trends between the datasets for thermal modeling. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamic thermal cyclic stability and SHC behavior of D-GNP-based HNFs and support their integration in next-generation thermal energy systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-contact Measurements of Thermal Diffusivity Using High-Speed Infrared Camera","authors":"Marcos Vinicius Cerri Silva,&nbsp;Takumi Pascal Shimizu,&nbsp;Atsuki Okada,&nbsp;Katsuaki Hashikuni,&nbsp;Koji Miyazaki","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03750-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03750-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We carried out non-contact measurements of thermal diffusivity in air using the Angström method with an infrared camera, specifically for small samples to which temperature sensors cannot be attached. Thermal diffusivities of an alumina plate, a skutterudite plate, a glass fiber, and a silk fiber were successfully measured, and the influence of heat loss on the measurements was investigated. In the analysis, a model assuming a constant heat transfer coefficient to the air was employed, and the validity of the method was confirmed by comparing the measured values with literature data. The limitations of the constant heat transfer coefficient model under unsteady state conditions were also clarified. The results show that the present heat-loss model is sufficient for practical measurements of thermal diffusivity in air. Furthermore, this approach enables a quantitative assessment of whether vacuum conditions are necessary for accurate measurements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intrinsic Thermal Anisotropy Ratio of Graphene-Based μm-Thick Films","authors":"Mahya Rahbar,&nbsp;Amin Karamati,&nbsp;Jiwen Li,&nbsp;Lijun Zhang,&nbsp;Xinwei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03754-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03754-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The thermal conductivity (<i>k</i>) of graphene-based layered µm-thin structures, termed “paper”, is highly anisotropic, and strongly varies from sample to sample. In addition to <i>k</i>, the thermal anisotropy ratio (Θ = <i>k</i>_max/<i>k</i>_min) is also a critical property reflecting the material’s structure and is of great importance in thermal design. The intrinsic Θ determination requires in-situ measurement of both in-plane <i>k</i> (<span>(k_{parallel })</span>) and out-of-plane <i>k</i> (<span>(k_{ bot })</span>) of the same sample. Such intrinsic Θ knowledge is not much available to date. In this work, graphene paper (GP), graphene oxide paper (GOP), and partly reduced graphene paper (PRGP) are investigated, each exhibiting distinct microstructural features arising from different oxidation and reduction states. These structural variations lead to pronounced differences in both the magnitude and anisotropy of <i>k</i>, highlighting the strong influence of oxidation-induced disorder on directional thermal transport. A photothermal approach is employed to measure both <span>(k_{parallel })</span> and <span>(k_{ bot })</span> of the same suspended micro-thick samples by tuning the modulation frequency to selectively enhance sensitivity to in-plane or out-of-plane heat conduction. Because both <span>(k_{parallel })</span> and <span>(k_{ bot })</span> are obtained from a single specimen and a fixed laser position, structural variation associated with multi-sample preparation is eliminated, enabling reliable determination of the intrinsic Θ. The measured <span>(k_{ bot })</span> and <span>(k_{parallel })</span> are 7.28 and 690 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ for GP (Θ = 94.8), 0.215 and 0.78 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ for GOP (Θ = 3.63), and 0.316 and 2.9 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ for PRGP (Θ = 9.18), respectively. The significantly reduced <i>k</i> and Θ of GOP is attributed to enhanced phonon scattering from oxygen-containing functional groups, while GP exhibits the highest <i>k</i> and Θ due to its high crystallinity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reference Correlation of the Viscosity of Neon","authors":"Sofia Sotiriadou,&nbsp;Konstantinos D. Antoniadis,&nbsp;Marc J. Assael,&nbsp;Viktor Martinek,&nbsp;Monika Thol,&nbsp;Marcia L. Huber","doi":"10.1007/s10765-026-03745-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10765-026-03745-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents a new wide-ranging reference correlation for the viscosity of neon, incorporating recent ab initio dilute gas calculations and new critically evaluated experimental data. Developed using a new symbolic regression technique, the correlation is designed to be used with a high-accuracy Helmholtz equation of state (EOS) spanning from 24.5561 K (the triple point) to 700 K, at pressures up to 700 MPa. The model includes a zero-density correlation based on ab initio values, valid from 4 K to 5000 K with an uncertainty of 0.016 % (<i>k</i> = 2) at 298.15 K. The estimated uncertainty of the correlation based on comparisons with the best experimental data indicates that the uncertainty for the supercritical fluid at pressures up to 1 MPa for temperatures from 253 K to 473 K is 0.2 % (at <i>k</i> = 2), offering a significant improvement over a current widely-used model based on extended corresponding states. The estimated uncertainty for pressures from 1 MPa to 20 MPa is 0.4 % for temperatures from 298 K to 450 K. In other validated regions of <i>T</i>, <i>p</i> space, the uncertainty varies up to a maximum of 6 %. In the liquid phase along the saturation boundary, the uncertainty is 4 %. The correlation behaves in a physically reasonable manner over the full range of applicability of the EOS although uncertainties are higher in regions where data are not available for full validation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":"47 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}