Glass and Ceramics最新文献

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High-Technology Applications of Yttria-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia (Review) 氧化钇-部分稳定氧化锆的高技术应用(综述)
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00823-8
A. A. Andronov, A. A. Nikitin, D. B. Zolotukhin, S. A. Salnikov, A. V. Tyunkov, Yu. G. Yushkov
{"title":"High-Technology Applications of Yttria-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia (Review)","authors":"A. A. Andronov,&nbsp;A. A. Nikitin,&nbsp;D. B. Zolotukhin,&nbsp;S. A. Salnikov,&nbsp;A. V. Tyunkov,&nbsp;Yu. G. Yushkov","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00823-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00823-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review summarizes the high-technology applications of yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) across multiple advanced engineering fields. Particular attention is given to its use in supercapacitors, where YSZ significantly improves device stability under prolonged cyclic operation, which is an essential requirement for practical deployment. In solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), YSZ exhibits exceptional performance as an electrolyte, anode component, and membrane material. It provides high oxygen-ion conductivity when operating in the 800 – 1000°C range, thereby directly influencing overall cell efficiency. In microelectronics, YSZ is utilized in thin-film transistors, where its exceptional dielectric properties and thermal stability facilitate the fabrication of reliable, high-performance electronic components. In aerospace and gas-turbine engineering, YSZ serves as a thermal barrier coating (TBC) for hot-section components, offering excellent resistance to extreme thermal loads. Various deposition techniques, including plasma spraying and chemical vapor deposition, are discussed, along with a detailed analysis of coating characteristics such as lamellar structure, porosity, crystallinity, and thermal stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"496 - 505"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Synthesis of Alumina–Magnesia Spinel from Xerogels Derived from Aluminum and Magnesium Chlorides and Nitrates in the Presence of Citric Acid 在柠檬酸存在下,由氯化铝、镁和硝酸盐衍生的干凝胶合成铝镁尖晶石
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00817-6
F. G. Khomidov, Z. R. Kadyrova, Kh. L. Usmanov, Sh. M. Niyazova
{"title":"Synthesis of Alumina–Magnesia Spinel from Xerogels Derived from Aluminum and Magnesium Chlorides and Nitrates in the Presence of Citric Acid","authors":"F. G. Khomidov,&nbsp;Z. R. Kadyrova,&nbsp;Kh. L. Usmanov,&nbsp;Sh. M. Niyazova","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00817-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00817-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The influence of combinations of water-soluble magnesium and aluminum salts on the physicochemical properties of alumina–magnesia spinel was investigated. It was shown that spinel formation occurs in the temperature range of 800 – 1050°C from xerogels prepared from aluminum and magnesium chlorides and nitrates. Complete crystallization of the spinel structure was achieved by thermal treatment of xerogels synthesized from AlCl<sub>3</sub>+ MgCl<sub>2</sub> salts at 900°C with a holding time of 60 min, yielding smaller crystallite sizes compared to other xerogels. In contrast, xerogels synthesized from Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>+ MgCl<sub>2</sub> and Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + Mg(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> required higher temperatures (up to 1050°C) for full spinel formation. The results demonstrate that the choice of precursor salts significantly affects the phase formation temperature and crystallite size of MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> spinel obtained via the citrate sol–gel route.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"461 - 468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of a High-Temperature Thermal-Insulation Material Based on Clay from the Kornilovskoe Deposit, Tomsk Region (Russia) 俄罗斯托木斯克地区科尔尼洛夫斯科矿床粘土基高温保温材料的研制
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00822-9
A. S. Apkarian, D. E. Kulikov
{"title":"Development of a High-Temperature Thermal-Insulation Material Based on Clay from the Kornilovskoe Deposit, Tomsk Region (Russia)","authors":"A. S. Apkarian,&nbsp;D. E. Kulikov","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00822-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00822-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the physical and engineering properties of a composite material manufactured from white-firing clay from the Kornilovskoe deposit (Tomsk Region, Russia), with the addition of a natural gas-forming agent. The physicochemical characteristics of the clay and the performance of refractory thermal-insulation products manufactured from this raw material were determined. The study also considers potential applications of the material in high-temperature industrial processes. This work continues the research presented in the article “Investigation of the properties of overburden clays from the Kornilovskoe deposit (Tomsk Region) for use in the refractory, ceramic, and oil industries.”</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"492 - 495"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mechanism for Reducing Agglomeration in YAG Ceramic Powders Using Ammonium Sulfate Dispersant 硫酸铵分散剂减少YAG陶瓷粉末团聚的机理
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00812-x
A. A. Kravtsov, F. F. Malyavin, D. S. Vakalov, L. V. Tarala, V. A. Lapin, V. E. Suprunchuk, E. A. Brazhko, E. V. Medyanik, V. A. Tarala
{"title":"Mechanism for Reducing Agglomeration in YAG Ceramic Powders Using Ammonium Sulfate Dispersant","authors":"A. A. Kravtsov,&nbsp;F. F. Malyavin,&nbsp;D. S. Vakalov,&nbsp;L. V. Tarala,&nbsp;V. A. Lapin,&nbsp;V. E. Suprunchuk,&nbsp;E. A. Brazhko,&nbsp;E. V. Medyanik,&nbsp;V. A. Tarala","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00812-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00812-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) powders synthesized by chemical precipitation with and without ammonium sulfate dispersant. The influence of the dispersant on particle size distribution during calcination at various temperatures was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed pronounced changes in the particle size and morphology of the powder, depending on the presence of the dispersant. Phase transformation kinetics were investigated using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA). The results support a new mechanism for reducing agglomeration in YAG powders through the addition of ammonium sulfate, which involves the formation of intermediate yttrium sulfate and oxysulfate phases that gradually decompose into the garnet phase.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"429 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fabrication, Microstructure, and Properties of Composite Optical Ceramics Based on YSAG:Nd3+/YSAG:Sm3+ YSAG:Nd3+/YSAG:Sm3+复合光学陶瓷的制备、微观结构与性能
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00813-w
F. F. Malyavin, D. P. Bedrakov, A. A. Kravtsov, V. A. Tarala, V. E. Suprunchuk, D. S. Vakalov, V. A. Lapin, E. V. Medyanik, K. V. Kungurtsev
{"title":"Fabrication, Microstructure, and Properties of Composite Optical Ceramics Based on YSAG:Nd3+/YSAG:Sm3+","authors":"F. F. Malyavin,&nbsp;D. P. Bedrakov,&nbsp;A. A. Kravtsov,&nbsp;V. A. Tarala,&nbsp;V. E. Suprunchuk,&nbsp;D. S. Vakalov,&nbsp;V. A. Lapin,&nbsp;E. V. Medyanik,&nbsp;K. V. Kungurtsev","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00813-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00813-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines nanocrystalline powders of yttrium–scandium–aluminum garnet (YSAG) doped with Nd<sup>3+</sup> and Sm<sup>3+</sup> cations. The powders were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation, and their morphology, phase composition, and particle size distribution were investigated. Three types of ceramic samples were then fabricated from the powders using different pressing techniques: standard non-composite reference samples, composite samples of identical composition, and composite ceramics with layers of differing composition. The first two types exhibited high transparency and homogeneous microstructure. A slight reduction in transmittance was observed in the third group, attributed to residual pores and inclusions near the interlayer boundary, arising from differences in sintering kinetics. The influence of uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing parameters on the microstructure and optical properties of YSAG:Nd<sup>3+</sup>/YSAG:Sm<sup>3+</sup> composite ceramics was examined. It was shown that a region of gradient doping enriched in Sm<sup>3+</sup> ions forms at the interface between YSAG:Nd<sup>3+</sup> and YSAG:Sm<sup>3+</sup> layers, with its width presumably dependent on pressing conditions and sintering parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"435 - 441"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Micromodification of Float Glass Structure by Femtosecond Laser Pulses for Analog Sound Storage 飞秒激光微改性浮法玻璃结构的模拟声存储
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00818-5
I. S. Glebov, S. S. Fedotov, Yu. V. Mikhailov, A. S. Lipatiev, A. G. Okhrimchuk, V. N. Sigaev
{"title":"Micromodification of Float Glass Structure by Femtosecond Laser Pulses for Analog Sound Storage","authors":"I. S. Glebov,&nbsp;S. S. Fedotov,&nbsp;Yu. V. Mikhailov,&nbsp;A. S. Lipatiev,&nbsp;A. G. Okhrimchuk,&nbsp;V. N. Sigaev","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00818-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00818-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>his article examines the formation of microregions with a modified refractive index inside float glass and fused silica under single-pulse femtosecond irradiation. Phase distributions of light transmitted through these microregions were reconstructed for observations both along and perpendicular to the writing direction. The influence of pulse energy on the phase shift was analyzed. The threshold pulse energy required to induce microregions in float glass was found to be lower than that in fused silica. These findings demonstrate the potential of femtosecond laser-induced structural modification in glass for creating durable analog sound carriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"469 - 472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Zinc Oxide Powders Synthesized Using Deep Eutectic Solvents 用深共晶溶剂合成氧化锌粉末
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00815-8
V. V. Anisimov, O. I. Kharin, N. A. Makarova, B. A. Karetkin, N. A. Makarov, V. I. Panfilov
{"title":"Zinc Oxide Powders Synthesized Using Deep Eutectic Solvents","authors":"V. V. Anisimov,&nbsp;O. I. Kharin,&nbsp;N. A. Makarova,&nbsp;B. A. Karetkin,&nbsp;N. A. Makarov,&nbsp;V. I. Panfilov","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00815-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00815-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the synthesis of zinc oxide powders for microwave dielectric applications using deep eutectic solvents. Depending on the solvent employed, single-phase ZnO powders were obtained, with particle size and phase composition controlled by varying the calcination temperature. Deep eutectic solvents enable the preparation of zinc oxide precursors through interaction with water. The approach is environmentally benign, since no alkalis or ammonium hydroxide are required. Nanoparticles produced at 500°C exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>).</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"449 - 456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Improving the Optical Properties of YAG-Based Ceramics 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮改善yag基陶瓷光学性能的研究
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00814-9
A. A. Kravtsov, F. F. Malyavin, D. S. Vakalov, L. V. Tarala, V. A. Lapin, V. E. Suprunchuk, D. P. Bedrakov, E. V. Medyanik, V. A. Tarala
{"title":"Polyvinylpyrrolidone for Improving the Optical Properties of YAG-Based Ceramics","authors":"A. A. Kravtsov,&nbsp;F. F. Malyavin,&nbsp;D. S. Vakalov,&nbsp;L. V. Tarala,&nbsp;V. A. Lapin,&nbsp;V. E. Suprunchuk,&nbsp;D. P. Bedrakov,&nbsp;E. V. Medyanik,&nbsp;V. A. Tarala","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00814-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00814-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>YAG:Yb ceramic powders were synthesized by chemical precipitation and subsequently processed into optical ceramic samples. During powder synthesis, washing, and milling, dispersants (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ammonium sulfate) were introduced. The study presents data on phase composition, specific surface area, scanning electron microscopy, and particle size distribution of the ceramic powders. The addition of PVP and ammonium sulfate to the reaction mixture, as well as to washing and milling solutions, altered particle size distribution and specific surface area, thereby influencing the kinetics of phase transformations. The influence of dispersants on the optical properties of YAG:Yb ceramics and on the occurrence of macroscopic defects was identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"442 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of Thermochemical Strengthening Regimes on the Optical and Mechanical Properties of Aluminosilicate Glasses 热化学强化方式对铝硅酸盐玻璃光学和力学性能的影响
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00819-4
D. V. Vinogradov, I. A. Veselov, G. Yu. Shakhgildyan, R. A. Tatyanin, D. S. Dorofeev, E. H. Mamadzhanova, Yu. I. Mashir, V. N. Sigaev
{"title":"Influence of Thermochemical Strengthening Regimes on the Optical and Mechanical Properties of Aluminosilicate Glasses","authors":"D. V. Vinogradov,&nbsp;I. A. Veselov,&nbsp;G. Yu. Shakhgildyan,&nbsp;R. A. Tatyanin,&nbsp;D. S. Dorofeev,&nbsp;E. H. Mamadzhanova,&nbsp;Yu. I. Mashir,&nbsp;V. N. Sigaev","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00819-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00819-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the thermochemical strengthening of aluminosilicate glass. The glass was treated in molten KNO<sub>3</sub> under industrial and laboratory conditions at 440 – 480°C for 1 – 120 h. The influence of treatment parameters on the properties of the glass was evaluated using Vickers microhardness measurements and spectrophotometry. Compressive stresses were determined using magnetophotoelasticity. The depth of the compressed layer was assessed using local birefringence analysis, and cation exchange was monitored by x-ray fluorescence analysis. A relationship was established between the temperature–time parameters of ion exchange and variations in the structural, mechanical, and optical properties of the glass.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"473 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Properties of Clinker Ceramics with Albitophyre Additives of Different Fractions 掺不同馏分钠长石熟料陶瓷的性能研究
IF 0.6 4区 材料科学
Glass and Ceramics Pub Date : 2026-03-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10717-026-00816-7
O. A. Ivanova, M. A. Semenovykh, N. K. Skripnikova
{"title":"Properties of Clinker Ceramics with Albitophyre Additives of Different Fractions","authors":"O. A. Ivanova,&nbsp;M. A. Semenovykh,&nbsp;N. K. Skripnikova","doi":"10.1007/s10717-026-00816-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10717-026-00816-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing demand for clinker ceramics in Russia, driven in part by import substitution policies, has intensified research into raw material compositions and processing conditions. Clinker ceramics are designed for use in aggressive environments and exhibit properties comparable to high-strength concretes. This research investigates the relationship between raw material composition, granulometry, and firing regime on the mechanical performance of clinker ceramics. The ceramics were produced under laboratory conditions from Siberian fusible and refractory clays with the addition of albitophyre as a sintering aid. The objective was to develop a composition for clinker ceramics with a water absorption index of 4%. Results demonstrate that the granulometric fraction of albitophyre significantly influences density, porosity, and sintering quality. Fine fractions (&lt; 0.5 mm) promoted the formation of a stable framework structure, reducing porosity and improving compressive strength, while coarser fractions (0.5 – 2.5 mm) increased water absorption and reduced strength. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing additive granulometry and firing parameters to achieve clinker ceramics with low water absorption and high mechanical reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":579,"journal":{"name":"Glass and Ceramics","volume":"82 11-12","pages":"457 - 460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147631683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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