Food Security最新文献

{"title":"Increased farmer willingness to pay for quality cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) planting materials: evidence from experimental auctions in Cambodia and Lao PDR","authors":"Erik Delaquis,&nbsp;Vanya Slavchevska,&nbsp;Conny J. M. Almekinders,&nbsp;Jonathan C. Newby,&nbsp;Chea Sareth,&nbsp;Chanphasouk Tanthapone,&nbsp;Paul C. Struik","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01453-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01453-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Varietal turnover is a major mechanism for farmer adaptation to rapidly changing environmental and market conditions. Understanding factors related to varietal turnover is critical for safeguarding food security in the face of increasingly rapid changes to production contexts. Preference elicitation methods like experimental auctions reveal farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for seeds with different characteristics. We engaged farmers growing cassava (<i>Manihot esculenta</i> Crantz) across a wide geographic scope in Cambodia (n = 321, 4 provinces) and Lao PDR (n = 391, 5 provinces) in modified second-price experimental auctions to determine WTP for three cassava seed classes: farmer-produced planting stems of an undescribed variety, farmer-produced planting stems of an elite variety with lower susceptibility to Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD), and virus-free tested planting stems of the same elite variety. In Lao PDR, mean auction bids for a bundle of 20 planting stems were 0.54, 0.92, and 1.40 USD for farmer, elite, and elite tested stems, while in Cambodia the analogous mean bids were 0.58, 0.77, and 1.16 USD, respectively. A significantly higher WTP associated with elite variety and tested stems in both countries was influenced by both geographic location (province) and individual socioeconomic farmer characteristics. In Lao PDR this included lower WTP of women, higher WTP of ethnic minorities, and, for improved stems, lower WTP of farmers with increased cassava growing experience. In Cambodia fewer socioeconomic variables affected WTP. Our results indicate significant increases in WTP for clean planting materials and new varieties, supporting market-based clean seed approaches as a component of regional control strategies for the CMD epidemic currently threatening a global agri-food value chain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"571 - 594"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01453-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140932805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opportunities to improve goat production and food security in Botswana through forage nutrition and the use of supplemental feeds","authors":"Andrew S. Cooke,&nbsp;Honest Machekano,&nbsp;Javier Ventura-Cordero,&nbsp;Aranzazu Louro-Lopez,&nbsp;Virgil Joseph,&nbsp;Lovemore C. Gwiriri,&nbsp;Taro Takahashi,&nbsp;Eric R. Morgan,&nbsp;Michael R. F. Lee,&nbsp;Casper Nyamukondiwa","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01452-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01452-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Goats fulfil a central role in food and nutritional security across Africa with over half of households owning or rearing goats in rural areas. However, goat performance is poor and mortality high. This study assessed the nutritional quality of commonly used feeds and proposes feed-baskets to enhance goat nutrition and health. Feeds were collected from 11 areas within the Central District of Botswana, and macronutrient analyses were conducted, including crude protein, fibre fractions, ash, and metabolizable energy (ME). Forage nutrition was compared across seasons and soil types. Additionally, seasonal supplementation trials were conducted to evaluate consumption rates of various supplements, including crop residues, pellets, <i>Lablab purpureus</i>, and <i>Dichrostachys cinerea</i>. Each supplement was provided ad libitum for a 24-h period, and consumption rates determined. Findings revealed significant differences in nutrition among various feed sources, across seasons, and in relation to soil types (p &lt; 0.001). Consumption rates of supplements were higher during the dry season, possibly due to reduced forage availability. Supplement consumption rates varied across supplement type, with crop residues accounting for approximately 1% of dry matter intake, compared to up to 45% for pellets, 13% for <i>L. purpureus</i>, and 15% for <i>D. cinerea</i>. While wet season feed baskets exhibited higher ME values compared to dry-season feed-baskets, the relative impact of supplementation was more pronounced during the dry season. These results highlight the potential for optimizing goat diets through improved grazing and browsing management, especially during the reduced nutritional availability in the dry season in Botswana. Such diet optimisation may improve goat health and productivity, which may positively impact the food and financial security of smallholders by providing both increased yields and increased resilience. Importantly, rural communities can experience some of the lowest food security levels in the region. The interventions explored in this study utilise natural capital, often freely available, which can be deployed through existing husbandry systems, potentially making them accessible and practical to smallholders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"607 - 622"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01452-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultivating prosperity in Rwanda: the impact of high-yield biofortified bean seeds on farmers’ yield and income","authors":"Jose Funes,&nbsp;Laixiang Sun,&nbsp;Todd Benson,&nbsp;Fernado Sedano,&nbsp;Giovanny Baiocchi,&nbsp;Ekin Birol","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01449-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01449-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we investigate the agronomic and economic impact of cultivating seeds of improved bean varieties by smallholder farming households in Rwanda. The improved bean varieties under investigation are conventionally-bred, iron biofortified bush and climbing bean varieties, developed for high yield, climate resilience, and increased bioavailable iron content compared to commonly consumed varieties. Seeds of these varieties were delivered to 383,000 farmers across Rwanda by the time we implemented nationally representative survey of bean farmers in 2015 season B. Our findings indicate that growing the seeds of these improved bean varieties, compared to the bean planting materials used by farmers at the time, significantly enhances farmers’ yield and income. The yield increases amount to 153 kg/ha (23%) for growers of improved bush bean seeds and 182 kg/ha (20%) for growers of improved climbing bean seed, while the income increases amounts to $84/ha (27%) for improved bush bean seed growers and $110/ha (23%) for improved iron climbing bean growers, on average. These results bolster public policies and private sector efforts that aim to expand access to improved seeds in Rwanda and other African countries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"623 - 635"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voice, access, and ownership: enabling environments for nutrition advocacy in India and Nigeria","authors":"Danielle Resnick,&nbsp;Kola Matthew Anigo,&nbsp;Olufolakemi Anjorin,&nbsp;Shilpa Deshpande","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01451-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01451-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>What constitutes an enabling environment for nutrition advocacy in low- and middle-income countries? While a sizeable body of scholarship considers the enabling environment for nutrition policy, we focus specifically on the necessary conditions for advocacy. We argue that three factors—voice, access, and ownership—provide a useful lens into the advocacy enabling environment. These are operationalized, respectively, as the space to articulate and frame policy positions, entry points to interact with policy decision makers, and the existence of committed decision makers rather than those responding to pressures from external actors. These three factors are explored vis-à-vis a comparative analysis of two federal democracies—India and Nigeria—that each have vibrant advocacy communities confronting persistent malnutrition. Drawing on more than 100 structured interviews with nutrition advocates, government actors, donors, and researchers in the two countries, we highlight the ways in which voice, access, and ownership interactively shape advocacy efforts. In doing so, we find that Nigeria has a less ideological approach to certain nutrition issues than in India but also perceived to be more beholden to external actors in defining its nutrition actions. Recent restrictions on freedom of speech and association shrunk the civic space in India but these were less problematic in Nigeria. In both countries, the multi-tiered, multi-party system offers many different points of access into the policy arena, with sometimes negative implications for coordination. Overall, the paper contributes more broadly to the literature on enabling environments by highlighting potential indicators to guide nutrition advocates in other settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"637 - 658"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01451-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food security and livelihoods in protracted crisis: the experience of rural residents in Syria’s war zones","authors":"Kindah Ibrahim,&nbsp;Miroslava Bavorova,&nbsp;Edvin Zhllima","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01446-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01446-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food insecurity is an increasingly pressing and grave issue in contemporary Syria. The ongoing crisis has severely affected agriculture in a country which used to be food-producing and self-sufficient. This study addresses the factors that impact household-level food security in Syria. Our analysis is based on 1,381 household surveys using a structured questionnaire in 12 governorates of the country. We followed a two-stage least square regression (2SLS) approach to analyse the interconnected factors of food security. We use three different indicators to capture different dimensions of food security: the Food Consumption Score (FCS), the Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and the Reduced Coping Strategy Index (rCSI). Our findings underscore the vital role of aid programs and post-crisis remedial assistance in bolstering farmers' resilience and enhancing their food security. Despite adverse constraints generated by the prolonged crisis, continued reliance on agricultural activities continued having a positive contribution to food security. Female-headed households experience higher food insecurity than their male-headed counterparts (MHHs). However, Female-headed households excel in nutritional diversity. Both results should be approached carefully due to data limitations. Addressing the repercussions of conflict-induced food insecurity requires mitigating the effects of the proximity of conflict zones and reducing disruptions in food value chains. Future research should consider how food security relates to gender and intra-household gender inequalities during protracted crises.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"659 - 673"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01446-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140827535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacillus thuringiensis promotes systemic immunity in tomato, controlling pests and pathogens and promoting yield","authors":"Rupali Gupta,&nbsp;Ravindran Keppanan,&nbsp;Meirav Leibman-Markus,&nbsp;Sabina Matveev,&nbsp;Dalia Rav-David,&nbsp;Ran Shulhani,&nbsp;Yigal Elad,&nbsp;Dana Ment,&nbsp;Maya Bar","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01441-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01441-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Plant pathogens and pests pose an increasing threat to worldwide food security. To improve and strengthen food security under increasingly difficult environmental, economic, and geopolitical conditions, the prospect of using microbial biocontrol agents becomes increasingly desirable. One of the most studied, and commercially used, biopesticide microorganisms is the entomopathogenic, gram-positive, soil bacterium <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> (Bt). While Bt has been known for many years as an insecticidal microorganism and used extensively in agriculture, its possible anti-phytopathogen and plant growth-promoting activities have received comparatively limited attention thus far. Here, we examine the ability of Bt to promote systemic immunity in tomato plants. We investigate how Bt influences plant immunity and disease resistance against several fungal and bacterial plant pathogens, as well as several arthropod pests. In order to determine which component of Bt (i.e., Bt spores or pure crystals) is responsible for the observed effects on pathogens or pests, we dissected the different fractions present in a commercial preparation and assessed their effects on pest and pathogen control. As previously reported in the Bt literature, our results indicate that proteins produced by Bt are likely the primary acting components against pests. In the case of pathogens, however, it appears that both the Bt spores and proteins directly act against pathogens such as the fungus <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>. Bt Spores and produced proteins also both induce plant immunity. Understanding the different Bt mode of action mechanisms will help in developing cost-effective and safe plant protection strategies for enhancing food security. Taken together, our findings suggest that Bt could be used in broad-spectrum pest and disease management strategies. Pending validation in agricultural settings, Bt products on the market could have additional uses in sustainable pest management and plant growth promotion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"675 - 690"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01441-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140813044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing future food demand in The Gambia: can increased crop productivity and climate change adaptation close the supply–demand gap?","authors":"Tony W. Carr,&nbsp;Felicity Addo,&nbsp;Amanda Palazzo,&nbsp;Petr Havlik,&nbsp;Katya Pérez-Guzmán,&nbsp;Zakari Ali,&nbsp;Rosemary Green,&nbsp;Genevieve Hadida,&nbsp;Alcade C. Segnon,&nbsp;Robert Zougmoré,&nbsp;Pauline Scheelbeek","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01444-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01444-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With rising demand for food and the threats posed by climate change, The Gambia faces significant challenges in ensuring sufficient and nutritious food for its population. To address these challenges, there is a need to increase domestic food production while limiting deforestation and land degradation. In this study, we modified the FABLE Calculator, a food and land-use system model, to focus on The Gambia to simulate scenarios for future food demand and increasing domestic food production. We considered the impacts of climate change on crops, the adoption of climate change adaptation techniques, as well as the potential of enhanced fertiliser use and irrigation to boost crop productivity, and assessed whether these measures would be sufficient to meet the projected increase in food demand. Our results indicate that domestic food production on existing cropland will not be sufficient to meet national food demand by 2050, leading to a significant supply–demand gap. However, investments in fertiliser availability and the development of sustainable irrigation infrastructure, coupled with climate change adaptation strategies like the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties and optimised planting dates, could halve this gap. Addressing the remaining gap will require additional strategies, such as increasing imports, expanding cropland, or prioritising the production of domestic food crops over export crops. Given the critical role imports play in The Gambia’s food supply, it is essential to ensure a robust flow of food imports by diversifying partners and addressing regional trade barriers. Our study highlights the urgent need for sustained investment and policy support to enhance domestic food production and food imports to secure sufficient and healthy food supplies amidst growing demand and climate change challenges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"691 - 704"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01444-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140800019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of Chinese rice support policies on rice acreages","authors":"Yan Jin,&nbsp;Cornelis Gardebroek,&nbsp;Nico Heerink","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01447-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01447-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Declining arable land and yield stagnation pose serious challenges to food security in China. Since 2004, the Chinese government has introduced rice support policies to stimulate rice production. A bundle of incentives, including a minimum procurement price, were introduced. Whether they were effective? Rice acreages have increased since the start of this policy, which could also result from rising rice price levels both nationally and globally. Using a natural experiment created by the minimum procurement price policy being introduced in a selected set of Chinese regions, we use a dynamic fixed effects model to perform a difference-in-differences analysis on the effectiveness of these rice support policies. We find that indica rice acreages do respond to changes in the rice prices, and, controlling for rice prices, that China’s rice support policies were effective in increasing rice acreages of both early and late indica after 2004. The paper concludes with policy implications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"705 - 719"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01447-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140636860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does the improvement of farmers' financial literacy affect food production? Analysis of behavior and constraints based on element substitution and planting structure adjustment","authors":"Yichao Li,&nbsp;Xintong Xie,&nbsp;Guihua Liu,&nbsp;Dingde Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01443-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01443-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Food security is the foundation of national security, yet few studies have explored the impact of financial literacy on food production in the context of deepening rural financial development. Using data from the 2021 China Land Economy Survey, this paper theoretically and empirically analyzes the impact of factor substitution and cropping restructuring behavior on grain production brought about by farmers' financial literacy and further discusses the heterogeneous impact on grain production under different constraints. The results show that: (1) Farmers' overall financial literacy varies widely within the household, and the proportion of planting is still dominated by grain cultivation; (2) The increase of financial literacy has a significant inhibitory effect on grain cultivation area and grain mechanization; (3) Differences in the level of financial literacy and the difficulty of mechanical substitution will lead to heterogeneous effects on outcomes. The study recommends that governments should pay attention to the phenomenon of financial literacy-induced de-fooding. On the one hand, there is a need to make food production more economical and profitable for farmers; on the other hand, there is a need to regulate and advocate for comprehensive financial literacy and to reject profit-seeking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"721 - 733"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food security and nutrition in refugee camps in the European Union: Development of a framework of analysis linking causes and effects","authors":"Liliane Abdalla,&nbsp;Luis F. Goulao","doi":"10.1007/s12571-024-01440-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12571-024-01440-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The literature on food security and nutrition -FSN among refugees found high rates of food insecurity- FI among refugees in both, low- and middle-income - LMIC countries and high-income countries- HIC. Despite high rates of FI among refugees in HIC, little is known about FSN status of refugees and asylum-seekers living in refugee camps in the European Union- EU. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by reviewing issues related to the Food Security and Nutrition-FSN of refugees in the EU and worldwide and provides three main contributions to the existing knowledge. Firstly, it identifies the main drivers of FSN in a refugee context and offer a causal framework describing the main causes and effects of FNI in refugee camps. The immediate causes of FNI are poor Shelter and Settlement, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Healthcare. Moreover, secondary causes of FNI are the lack of adaptation to a new environment; Lack of culturally adapted food; Inadequate FSN interventions; Poor livelihood strategies. Secondly, it demonstrates that FNI exists in European refugee camps underscoring that EU member states have been unable to deliver sustainable solutions towards the realization of FSN in the E.U. Finally, the paper calls for a multisectoral and non-discriminatory European common policy targeting refugees’ FSN.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":567,"journal":{"name":"Food Security","volume":"16 3","pages":"735 - 755"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12571-024-01440-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140311861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}