{"title":"Colorimetric Quick Response (QR) Tags and Other Time-Temperature Indicators (TTIs) for Remote Quality Assessment: Theoretical Kinetics Aspects","authors":"Micha Peleg, I. Sam Saguy","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09373-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09373-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fast-growing use of quick-response tags (QRs), advances in colored inks synthesis for time-temperature integrators (TTIs), and spread of cloud computing, create new opportunities for remote in-situ quality assessments. If a color irreversible intensification or fading can be represented by a single colorimetric measure, such as Hue or vector in a color space, and if this transformation temperature-dependent kinetics and its parameters are also known, then a scanned and transmitted tag’s color coordinates at any time can be used to construct a single equivalent constant-temperature history and an infinite number of equivalent varying-temperature histories that would have produced the same colorimetric reading. A way to test such temperature histories equivalency is to have, at least initially, <i>two different colors</i> following two different transformation kinetics, and use one to predict, or at least approximate, the other’s reading. This is demonstrated with simulated colorimetric changes that follow zero-order kinetics, representing fixed order intensification, and Weibull (stretched exponential) intensification and fading, representing nonlinear kinetics. Both were tested by predicting readings <i>not used</i> in their equivalent temperature history construction. The simulations indicate that the traditional notion of a meaningful constant temperature equivalent existence might need reconsideration, especially for nonlinear color transformation kinetics. It is proposed to try low-degree polynomials as equivalent temperature profile model equations first, replaced by elaborate algebraic expressions or stochastic models if needed. Also demonstrated is how successive colorimetric readings from the same lot can be used to construct its almost-true external temperature history as judged by fit criteria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 3","pages":"356 - 370"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140802306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheyla Loayza-Salazar, Raúl Siche, Carlos Vegas, Roxanna T. Chávez-Llerena, Christian R. Encina-Zelada, Miriam Calla-Florez, Raúl Comettant-Rabanal
{"title":"Novel Technologies in the Freezing Process and Their Impact on the Quality of Fruits and Vegetables","authors":"Sheyla Loayza-Salazar, Raúl Siche, Carlos Vegas, Roxanna T. Chávez-Llerena, Christian R. Encina-Zelada, Miriam Calla-Florez, Raúl Comettant-Rabanal","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09371-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09371-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fruits and vegetables (F&V) are living tissues that continue to respire after picking, and while this can be controlled by freezing, for the conservation of its components, maintaining its sensory quality. This review aims (i) to review the use of novel combined technologies used in the F&V freezing process, (ii) to evaluate its unconventional variants to obtain high-quality frozen products, including different aspects that influence this thermal process. The basic principles and uses of new technologies (i.e., ultrasound, magnetic fields, high pressure, microwaves, osmotic dehydration, isochoric freezing and cryogenic freezing and unconventional processes) are described. Moreover, was evaluated the impact of each technology on the control of the formation and growth of ice crystals, and its impact on the microstructure and quality characteristics of F&V, as well as their proposed mathematical models. It is concluded that new technologies combined with freezing have a positive and promising effect on process optimization, since their application can minimize the negative effects of traditional freezing methods.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 3","pages":"371 - 395"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140628716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in Food Processing Through Radio Frequency Technology: Applications in Pest Control, Microbial and Enzymatic Inactivation","authors":"Josiel Martins Costa, Francesco Marra","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09372-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09372-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Foodborne illnesses occur due to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, decontaminating food is vital before marketing and circulation. Radio frequency (RF) heating stands out in several branches of industry, mainly food processing, as an alternative method to conventional pasteurization which takes long process times and overheating. RF heating functions without relying on heat conduction. It generates internal heat by inducing the rotation of polar molecules and the motion of ions. The advantages of dielectric heating with greater wave penetration include rapid, uniform and volumetric heating, presenting high energy efficiency. Furthermore, it is an effective, validated method for eliminating pathogens in agricultural products and is free from chemical residues. Although many reviews have discussed this technology, few reviews have covered the research trends in this field in the recent years, during which the number of studies discussing RF treatment of foods have increased. Therefore, this review focuses on the RF applications in the food industry for pest control, microbial and enzymatic inactivation of solid, liquid, and powdered foods in the last five years. Besides covering the fundamental aspects of RF technology, we also examine its benefits and drawbacks, address the challenges it presents, and explore future prospects</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 3","pages":"422 - 440"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12393-024-09372-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140596008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microwave Sterilization: Interlinking Numerical Modelling, Food Packaging, and Engineering Solutions","authors":"Sadhan Jyoti Dutta, Olivier Rouaud, Patrice Dole, Alexandre Thillier, Nicolas Belaubre, Sebastien Curet","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09370-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09370-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microwave sterilization has seen many innovative solutions to solve its primary problem of non-uniform heating. Since its initial studies in the late 1940s, there were solutions that were put forward to address, such as using mechanical holders to contain the inner pressure of the package with food materials, use of fluids instead of mechanical holders, use of strong containers or polymeric packages, and use of monolayer and multilayer packaging. But even all these solutions could not entirely solve the problem of non-uniform heating. After the 2000s, the rise in numerous numerical simulations and modelling software, opened the doors to further explore this field of research with more details and to numerically model the multi-physics phenomenon. However, studies have still not been sufficient to commercially deploy microwave sterilization systems to their full potential. Challenges such as temperature measurement, pressure measurement and control, usage of the right packaging material, and homogeneous heat distribution are still to be addressed, all while developing an energy-efficient process using numerical modelling and simulation tools. Hence, this review aims to study the microwave sterilization systems since the early days of research and the packaging aspect during the microwave sterilization process. The review also explores the potential held by the numerical simulation and modelling tools in this field of microwave sterilization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 2","pages":"192 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marina Jurić, Gulden Goksen, Francesco Donsì, Slaven Jurić
{"title":"Innovative Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers Loaded with Bacterial Cells Towards Sustainable Agri-Food Systems and Regulatory Compliance","authors":"Marina Jurić, Gulden Goksen, Francesco Donsì, Slaven Jurić","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09369-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09369-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This comprehensive review highlights the innovative applications of eco-friendly nanofibers in facilitating microbial activity and functionality for the advancement of sustainable agri-food systems. It provides an in-depth exploration of nanofiber-based biocomposites, with a specific focus on the encapsulation of bacterial cells within nanofibers. The review emphasizes the pivotal role of advanced 3D nanostructured scaffolds, appropriately designed for the encapsulation and survivability of these bacterial cells in response to specific environmental triggers. Furthermore, this paper delves into the utilization of nanofibers as nanocarriers to enhance the functionality of bacteria. It illustrates the need for comprehensive safety assessments, especially considering the potential risks involved. The assessment establishes a connection between the technical discussions and the environmental regulations that support the implementation of sustainable practices within the agri-food sector. The review highlights the vital role played by international guidelines, such as those established by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), in guiding the formulation of national and regional policies. By interconnecting these strategic principles with technological advancements in nanofiber technology, the review favors the incorporation of “green”, eco-friendly nanofiber production via an electrospinning method to revolutionize the agri-food sector. This holistic approach aims to address current challenges, paving the way for sustainable progress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 2","pages":"270 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Microbial Inactivation Kinetics Models, Survival Curves Shapes, and the Temporal Distributions of the Individual Germs Deactivation","authors":"Micha Peleg","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09367-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09367-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Regardless of the targeted microbe type, a thermal or nonthermal food preservation or disinfection method’s efficacy is primarily assessed based on its kinetics. Yet, there is growing realization that inactivation kinetics and the individual microbes’ spectrum of vulnerabilities or resistances to a lethal agent are two sides of the same coin. This creates the possibility to convert traditional survival data plotted on linear or semilogarithmic coordinates to temporal distributions of the individual microbes’ deactivation, or vice versa. Such conversions are demonstrated with simulated microbial survival patterns generated with different kinds of survival models: the two-parameter Weibull distribution of which the single-parameter loglinear model is a special case, the normal, lognormal, and Fermi distribution functions, which imply that complete microbial inactivation is theoretically impossible, the three-parameter Gompertz survival model which allows for definite residual survival, and the three-parameter version of the beta distribution function, allowing for a definite thermal death time beyond which no survivors will ever be found. Also provided are simulated examples of the survival patterns of mixed microbial populations, and they all demonstrate that the common shapes of microbial survival curves do not contain enough information to infer whether the targeted microbial population is genetically or physiologically uniform or a mixture of subpopulations. The presented analysis lends support to the notion that any proposed microbial survival kinetic model’s validity should be tested by its ability to predict survival patterns not used in its formulation and not by statistical fit criteria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 2","pages":"163 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140054385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jianwen Ruan, Hanqing Wang, Jinping Zhao, Dan Li, Hongbo Yang
{"title":"Effect of Magnetic Field on Frozen Food Quality Characteristics","authors":"Jianwen Ruan, Hanqing Wang, Jinping Zhao, Dan Li, Hongbo Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09366-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09366-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Freezing is a widely used technology for food processing that not only lowers the temperature of food below its freezing point but also inhibits microbial activity and slows down biochemical reactions to enable long-term preservation. However, the freeze thawing cycle can cause various chemical and physical damages to food, which are the main influencing mechanisms of low-temperature preservation. The size of ice crystals determines the degree of physical damage to cells, which has a significant impact on the freezing quality. Magnetic field (MF) treatment is a physical method that has been found to be milder, more effective, and have no obvious side effects compared to chemical treatments. Numerous studies have reported that MF promotes the cold storage of food, prolongs shelf life, inhibits ice crystal nucleation, increases supercooling, accelerates freezing speed, and reduces ice crystal sizes significantly. However, the role of MF in ice nuclei formation is still unresolved, and there are inconsistencies in research results and a lack of clear understanding of its potential mechanism. This paper aims to introduce the influence of MF on the formation and growth of ice crystals, summarize freezing curves on water and salt solutions, and analyze MF applications from two aspects: the thermodynamic mechanism and molecular dynamics point of view for freezing processes. Additionally, it discusses the problems encountered in recent researches and presents future development trends. The conclusion can be drawn that MF demonstrates great application potential in the field of freezing processes and food quality attribute evaluation. However, many questions remain with little consensus in the literature regarding their roles, and the mechanism of action is not unified. The application of MF in food freezing processes is still challenging. This paper hopes to provide guidance for future work on food freezing and contribute to the advancement of this field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 3","pages":"396 - 421"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140047639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ohmic Heating Technology for Food Applications, From Ohmic Systems to Moderate Electric Fields and Pulsed Electric Fields","authors":"Leire Astráin-Redín, Sebastián Ospina, Guillermo Cebrián, Ignacio Álvarez-Lanzarote","doi":"10.1007/s12393-024-09368-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-024-09368-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ohmic heating (OH) of food has been investigated for many years as an alternative to conventional heating because it allows fast and homogeneous heating. The processing parameters that influence the most uniformity of the heating in OH are the electric field strength and the frequency. Therefore, recent trends have focused on studying the application of frequencies in the order of kHz and electric fields higher than 100 V/cm. In this regard, and considering only the applied field strength in a way to easily differentiate them, three ohmic systems could be distinguished: OH (< 100 V/cm), moderated electric fields (MEF) (100–1000 V/cm), and ohmic-pulsed electric fields (ohmic-PEF) (> 1000 V/cm). The advantages of applying higher electric fields (MEF and ohmic-PEF) over OH are, on the one hand, their much higher heating rate and, on the other hand, their capability to electroporate cells, causing the release of intracellular ionic compounds, and therefore, uniformizing the electrical conductivity of the product. This strategy is especially interesting for large solid foods where conventional heating applications lead to large temperature gradients and quality losses due to surface overtreatment. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review the state of the art of OH technologies, focusing on MEF and ohmic-PEF. The advantages and disadvantages of MEF and ohmic-PEF compared to OH and their potential for improving processes in the food industry are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 2","pages":"225 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12393-024-09368-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139945418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guohua Li, Bo Wang, Mengge Li, Yiran Wu, Rongru Lin, Weiqiao Lv, Bingzheng Li
{"title":"Spouting Technology in Energy-Carrying Electromagnetic Field Drying of Agricultural Products","authors":"Guohua Li, Bo Wang, Mengge Li, Yiran Wu, Rongru Lin, Weiqiao Lv, Bingzheng Li","doi":"10.1007/s12393-023-09364-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-023-09364-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a new generation of energy-carrying electromagnetic fields (after the electromagnetic field acts on the material, it is absorbed and converted into heat, providing energy for material drying), high-efficiency drying technology, microwave drying (MD), infrared drying (IRD), and radiofrequency drying (RFD) are widely used in agricultural product processing, but uneven drying is the main technical problem for the application and promotion of this technical means. Through the jet mode of pulse generated by compressed air, the materials can be evenly mixed on a large spatial scale. At the same time, air spouting has little effect on the energy transmission and distribution of energy-carrying electromagnetic fields, which is an important means to improve the uniformity of microwave and infrared efficient drying. This paper summarizes the working principle, innovative development, and numerical simulation of spouted bed in microwave and infrared drying; focuses on the cooperative working mode, drying object, and product characteristics of spouting technology in microwave hot air drying, microwave vacuum drying (MVD), and microwave freeze drying (MFD); and expounds the application and technical advantages of spouting technology in IRD. The feasibility of applying spouting technology in RFD was proposed. The review materials provide technical reference for improving the quality of microwave, infrared energy-carrying electromagnetic field efficient drying agricultural products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 2","pages":"304 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139421026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Time Presentation in Differential Rate Equations of Dynamic Microbial Inactivation and Growth","authors":"Micha Peleg","doi":"10.1007/s12393-023-09365-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12393-023-09365-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A dynamic (e.g., non-isothermal) kinetic model of microbial survival during a lethal process or growth under favorable conditions is either in the form of a differential rate equation from the start or obtained from an algebraic static model by derivation. Examples of the first kind are the original and modified versions of the logistic (Verhulst) equation and of the second the dynamic Weibull survival or Gompertz growth models. In the first-order inactivation kinetics, the isothermal logarithmic survival rate is a function of temperature only. Therefore, converting its static algebraic form into a dynamic differential rate equation, or vice versa, is straightforward. There is also no issue where both the static and dynamic versions of the survival or growth model are already in the form of a differential rate equation as in the logistic equation of growth. In contrast, converting the nonlinear static algebraic Weibull survival model or the Gompertz growth model into a dynamic differential rate equation, requires replacement of the nominal time <i>t</i> by <i>t</i>*, defined as the time which corresponds to the momentary static survival or growth ratio at the momentary temperature. This replacement of the nominal time in the rate equation with a term that contains the momentary survival or growth ratio eliminates inevitable inconsistencies and renders the resulting dynamic model truly predictive. The concept is demonstrated with simulated dynamic microbial survival patterns during a hypothetical thermal sterilization where the temperature fluctuates and with simulated dynamic microbial growth in storage where the temperature oscillates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":565,"journal":{"name":"Food Engineering Reviews","volume":"16 2","pages":"179 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139411093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}