History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences最新文献_第6页

The historical transformation of individual concepts into populational ones: an explanatory shift in the gestation of the modern synthesis. 个体概念向群体概念的历史性转变：现代综合酝酿过程中的解释性转变。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00638-2

Tiago Rama

{"title":"The historical transformation of individual concepts into populational ones: an explanatory shift in the gestation of the modern synthesis.","authors":"Tiago Rama","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00638-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00638-2","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I will conduct three interrelated analyses. First, I will develop an analysis of various concepts in the history of biology that used to refer to individual-level phenomena but were then reinterpreted by the Modern Synthesis in terms of populations. Second, a similar situation can be found in contemporary evolutionary theory. While different approaches reflect on the causal role of developing organisms in evolution, proponents of the Modern Synthesis refrain from any substantial change by reinterpreting and explaining individual-level phenomena from a population perspective. Finally, I will approach these historical and contemporary debates by arguing for the statistical reading of natural selection, which holds that explanations by natural selection are statistical. My main conclusion is that the historical conceptual reinterpretations belong to a new explanatory strategy developed by the Modern Synthesis based on population thinking. Adopting the statistical point of view has three advantages for the issues discussed in this paper. First, understanding historical conceptual change as part of an explanatory shift fits with the emergence of population biology as a discipline that employs statistical methods. Second, concerning current debates in evolutionary biology, the statisticalist reading can validate the goal of both sides of the dispute. It ascribes an invaluable role to the population statistical explanation of the MS and also commends the study of developmental and organismal causes of adaptive evolution. Finally, the division of explanatory roles in evolutionary biology, embarrassed by statisticalism, can be related to the different interpretations that important biological concepts have undergone throughout history and contemporary biology, i.e., that the division of explanatory roles allows for a division of conceptual interpretations.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 4","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142562896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Postgenomic understandings of fatness and metabolism. 后基因组学对肥胖和新陈代谢的理解。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00630-w

Azita Chellappoo

引用次数: 0

The evolution of ACEs: From coping behaviors to epigenetics as explanatory frameworks for the biology of adverse childhood experiences. ACE的演变：从应对行为到表观遗传学作为童年不良经历生物学的解释框架。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00629-3

Ruth Müller, Martha Kenney

{"title":"The evolution of ACEs: From coping behaviors to epigenetics as explanatory frameworks for the biology of adverse childhood experiences.","authors":"Ruth Müller, Martha Kenney","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00629-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00629-3","url":null,"abstract":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have become a topic of public and scientific attention. ACEs denote a range of negative experiences in early life, from sexual abuse to emotional neglect, that are thought to impact health over the life course. The term was coined in the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study, an epidemiological study that surveyed 17,421 adults about ACEs and correlated the responses with participants' current health records. Shortly after the study was published in 1998, the US CDC deemed ACEs an important public health target; however, it is only recently that ACEs feature prominently in scientific and public discourses. We contend that this rise in popularity is linked to the adoption of epigenetic explanations for how ACEs affect health. Based on a literature analysis, we trace the evolution of explanatory frameworks for ACEs-from coping behaviors to allostatic load to epigenetics-and analyze how each of these explanations not only reconsiders the mechanisms by which ACEs affect health, but also who should be held responsible for addressing ACEs and how. Epigenetics provides distinctly different discursive possibilities than previous frameworks: firstly, it offers one distinct molecular mechanism for how ACEs work, lending \"molecular credibility\" to epidemiological findings; secondly, it raises the possibility of reversing the negative effects of ACEs on the biological level. This epigenetic articulation makes ACEs attractive for new actors in science and society. Particularly, it facilitates novel interdisciplinary collaborations and attracts actors in health advocacy who are interested in non-deterministic readings of ACEs that counteract stigma and support positive health interventions and healing.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 4","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11522112/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Of rats and children: plague, malaria, and the early history of disease reservoirs (1898-1930). 老鼠与儿童：鼠疫、疟疾与疾病库的早期历史（1898-1930 年）》（Of rats and children: plague, malaria, and the early history of disease reservoirs (1898-1930)）。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00633-7

Matheus Alves Duarte da Silva, Jordan Goodman

{"title":"Of rats and children: plague, malaria, and the early history of disease reservoirs (1898-1930).","authors":"Matheus Alves Duarte da Silva, Jordan Goodman","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00633-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00633-7","url":null,"abstract":"This article's jumping-off point is the highly incisive but often-ignored claim by the French doctor, Louis-Jacques Tanon, in 1922 that rats acted as plague reservoirs in Paris; in other words, that they harboured the plague bacillus but were refractory to it. This claim partially reframed the fight against this disease in the French capital in the 1920s, which became more centred on surveilling the plague reservoir rather than on destroying rats. Drawing upon Tanon's hypothesis, this article explores the emergence, evolution, and several iterations of the idea of disease reservoirs in the early twentieth century. On the one hand, it describes the crafting of a range of ideas with which Tanon was directly or indirectly dialoguing, namely, that rats could present a stage called chronic plague, which was especially developed in India; and that human populations, especially children, acted as sources or reservoirs of malaria in Sierra Leone and Algeria. On the other hand, this article shows how Tanon created original reasoning by combining and reformulating some of these ideas and applying them to Paris. Thus, this article contributes to the early history of reasoning in terms of disease reservoirs, as well as presenting a more dynamic history of microbiology by showing how concepts crafted in the \"Rest\" found their place in Europe.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 4","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11496313/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142516775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Controlling systems and controlling legacies: Barbara McClintock’s 1961 conversation with two bacterial geneticists 控制系统和控制遗产：芭芭拉-麦克林托克 1961 年与两位细菌遗传学家的对话

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00631-9

Qinyan Wu

{"title":"Controlling systems and controlling legacies: Barbara McClintock’s 1961 conversation with two bacterial geneticists","authors":"Qinyan Wu","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00631-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-024-00631-9","url":null,"abstract":"Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), the renowned American maize geneticist, received the 1983 Nobel Prize “for her discovery of mobile genetic elements,” becoming the seventh woman scientist to receive a Nobel Prize. However, Nathaniel Comfort points out that McClintock viewed her primary contribution as the elucidation of control systems, rather than the discovery of mobile elements. McClintock’s interest in control systems dates back to the 1940s, and this paper investigates her 1961 conversation with François Jacob and Jacques Monod, where she sought to shape the interpretation of her work by drawing parallels between maize control systems and a bacterial system they had recently discovered. Despite McClintock’s efforts, Jacob and Monod rejected her parallels and suggested that her contribution was limited to mobile elements. Through an examination of their published papers, I argue that Jacob and Monod’s rejection stemmed from their failure to fully comprehend maize control systems. Disciplinary discrepancy helps explain Jacob and Monod’s lack of comprehension: they were molecular geneticists working on bacteria, while McClintock was a classical geneticist studying maize. I further argue that gender played a role, as McClintock experienced the Matilda effect—the under-recognition of her contribution, reinforced by the reactions of two male geneticists, and ironically, by the award of the Nobel Prize. Control systems, stemming from McClintock’s reverence for organisms, embodied what Evelyn Fox Keller defines as “gender-neutral science.” This divergent view of science provides insight into why Jacob and Monod failed to grasp McClintock’s work in 1961.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":"31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Constraint-based reasoning in cell biology: on the explanatory role of context. 细胞生物学中基于限制的推理：关于上下文的解释作用。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00628-4

Karl S Matlin, Sara Green

{"title":"Constraint-based reasoning in cell biology: on the explanatory role of context.","authors":"Karl S Matlin, Sara Green","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00628-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00628-4","url":null,"abstract":"Cell biologists, including those seeking molecular mechanistic explanations of cellular phenomena, frequently rely on experimental strategies focused on identifying the cellular context relevant to their investigations. We suggest that such practices can be understood as a guided decomposition strategy, where molecular explanations of phenomena are defined in relation to natural contextual (cell) boundaries. This \"top-down\" strategy contrasts with \"bottom-up\" reductionist approaches where well-defined molecular structures and activities are orphaned by their displacement from actual biological functions. We focus on the central role of microscopic imaging in cell biology to uncover possible constraints on the system. We show how identified constraints are used heuristically to limit possible mechanistic explanations to those that are biologically meaningful. Historical examples of this process described here include discovery of the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, molecular explanation of the first steps in protein secretion, and identification of molecular motors. We suggest that these instances are examples of a form of downward causation or, more specifically, constraining relations, where higher-level structures and variables delimit and enable lower-level system states. The guided decomposition strategy in our historical cases illustrates the irreducibility of experimentally identified constraints in explaining biological activities of cells. Rather than viewing decomposition and recomposition as separate epistemic activities, we contend that they need to be iteratively integrated to account for the ontological complexity of multi-level systems.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 3","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A history of childhood schizophrenia and lessons for autism. 儿童精神分裂症的历史和对自闭症的启示。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00627-5

Sam Fellowes

{"title":"A history of childhood schizophrenia and lessons for autism.","authors":"Sam Fellowes","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00627-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00627-5","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia was widely employed in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1970s. In this paper I will provide a history of the diagnosis. Some of the earliest publications on childhood schizophrenia outlined the notion that childhood schizophrenia had different types. I will outline the development of these types, outlining differing symptoms and causes associated with various types. I outline how different types of childhood schizophrenia were demarcated from one another primarily on age of onset and the type of psychosis which was believed to be present. I will outline how various child psychiatrists viewed the types of childhood schizophrenia posited by other child psychiatrists. I will outline the process of abandoning childhood schizophrenia. I use my history to challenge what I believe are misconceptions about childhood schizophrenia. Also, I will use my history to draw lessons for thinking about modern notions of autism. It shows potential problems around formulating psychiatric diagnoses around causes and how compromises might be needed to prevent those problems. Additionally, childhood schizophrenia shows that psychiatrists could formulate subtypes that are not based upon functioning levels and that we can conceive of subtypes as dynamic whereby someone can change which subtype they exhibit over time.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 3","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11319613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The life sciences and the history of analytic philosophy. 生命科学与分析哲学史。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00622-w

Andreas Vrahimis

{"title":"The life sciences and the history of analytic philosophy.","authors":"Andreas Vrahimis","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00622-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00622-w","url":null,"abstract":"Comparative to the commonplace focus onto developments in mathematics and physics, the life sciences appear to have received relatively sparse attention within the early history of analytic philosophy. This paper addresses two related aspects of this phenomenon. On the one hand, it asks: to the extent that the significance of the life sciences was indeed downplayed by early analytic philosophers, why was this the case? An answer to this question may be found in Bertrand Russell's 1914 discussions of the relation between biology and philosophy. Contrary to received views of the history of analytic philosophy, Russell presented his own 'logical atomism' in opposition not only to British Idealism, but also to 'evolutionism'. On the other hand, I will question whether this purported neglect of the life sciences does indeed accurately characterise the history of analytic philosophy. In answering this, I turn first to Susan Stebbing's criticisms of Russell's overlooking of biology, her influence on J.H. Woodger, and her critical discussion of T.H. Huxley's and C.H. Waddington's application of evolutionary views to philosophical questions. I then discuss the case of Moritz Schlick, whose evolutionist philosophy has been overlooked within recent debates concerning Logical Empiricism's relation to the philosophy of biology.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 3","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141861820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

States of Resistance: nosocomial and environmental approaches to antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon. 抗药性状态：黎巴嫩抗菌药耐药性的病原微生物和环境方法。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00624-8

Louis-Patrick Haraoui, Anthony Rizk, Hannah Landecker

{"title":"States of Resistance: nosocomial and environmental approaches to antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon.","authors":"Louis-Patrick Haraoui, Anthony Rizk, Hannah Landecker","doi":"10.1007/s40656-024-00624-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40656-024-00624-8","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on institutional historical records, interviews and student theses, this article charts the intersection of hospital acquired illness, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), environments of armed conflict, and larger questions of social governance in the specific case of the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) in Lebanon. Taking a methodological cue from approaches in contemporary scientific work that understand non-clinical settings as a fundamental aspect of the history and development of AMR, we treat the hospital as not just nested in a set of social and environmental contexts, but frequently housing within itself elements of social and environmental history. AMR in Lebanon differs in important ways from the settings in which global protocols for infection control or rubrics for risk factor identification for resistant nosocomial outbreaks were originally generated. While such differences are all too often depicted as failures of low and middle-income countries (LMIC) to maintain universal standards, the historical question before us is quite the reverse: how have the putatively universal rubrics of AMR and hospital infection control failed to take account of social and environmental conditions that clearly matter deeply in the evolution and spread of resistance? Focusing on conditions of war as an organized chaos in which social, environmental and clinical factors shift dramatically, on the social and political topography of patient transfer, and on a missing \"meso\" level of AMR surveillance between the local and global settings, we show how a multisectoral One Health approach to AMR could be enriched by an answering multisectoral methodology in history, particularly one that unsettles a canonical focus on the story of AMR in the Euro-American context.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"46 3","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11294430/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141876783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Malin Ah-King, The female turn. How evolutionary science shifted perceptions about females, Singapore: Palgrave MacMillan, 2022. Malin Ah-King, The female turn.进化科学如何改变人们对女性的看法》，新加坡：Palgrave MacMillan, 2022.

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-024-00621-x

Jacopo Ambrosj

引用次数: 0