History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences最新文献_第10页

The concepts and origins of cell mortality. 细胞死亡的概念和起源。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00581-8

Pierre M Durand, Grant Ramsey

{"title":"The concepts and origins of cell mortality.","authors":"Pierre M Durand, Grant Ramsey","doi":"10.1007/s40656-023-00581-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-023-00581-8","url":null,"abstract":"Organismal death is foundational to the evolution of life, and many biological concepts such as natural selection and life history strategy are so fashioned only because individuals are mortal. Organisms, irrespective of their organization, are composed of basic functional units-cells-and it is our understanding of cell death that lies at the heart of most general explanatory frameworks for organismal mortality. Cell death can be exogenous, arising from transmissible diseases, predation, or other misfortunes, but there are also endogenous forms of death that are sometimes the result of adaptive evolution. These endogenous forms of death-often labeled programmed cell death, PCD-originated in the earliest cells and are maintained across the tree of life. Here, we consider two problematic issues related to PCD (and cell mortality generally). First, we trace the original discoveries of cell death from the nineteenth century and place current conceptions of PCD in their historical context. Revisions of our understanding of PCD demand a reassessment of its origin. Our second aim is thus to structure the proposed origin explanations of PCD into coherent arguments. In our analysis we argue for the evolutionary concept of PCD and the viral defense-immunity hypothesis for the origin of PCD. We suggest that this framework offers a plausible account of PCD early in the history of life, and also provides an epistemic basis for the future development of a general evolutionary account of mortality.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10250477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9741582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Technology in scientific practice: how H. J. Muller used the fruit fly to investigate the X-ray machine. 科学实践中的技术:h·j·穆勒如何利用果蝇来研究x光机。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00572-9

Svit Komel

{"title":"Technology in scientific practice: how H. J. Muller used the fruit fly to investigate the X-ray machine.","authors":"Svit Komel","doi":"10.1007/s40656-023-00572-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-023-00572-9","url":null,"abstract":"Since the practice turn, the role technologies play in the production of scientific knowledge has become a prominent topic in science studies. Much existing scholarship, however, either limits technology to merely mechanical instrumentation or uses the term for a wide variety of items. This article argues that technologies in scientific practice can be understood as a result of past scientific knowledge becoming sedimented in materials, like model organisms, synthetic reagents or mechanical instruments, through the routine use of these materials in subsequent research practice. The proposed theoretical interpretation of technology is examined through a case where a model organism-Drosophila melanogaster-acted as a technology for investigating a contested biological effect of a mechanical instrument: Hermann J. Muller's experiments on X-ray mutagenicity in the 1920s. The article reconstructs how Muller employed two synthetic Drosophila stocks as tests for measuring X-rays' capacity to cause genetic aberration. It argues that past scientific knowledge sedimented in the Drosophila stocks influenced Muller's perception of X-ray-induced mutation. It further describes how Muller's concept of X-ray mutagenicity sedimented through the adoption of X-ray machines as a ready-made resource for producing mutants by other geneticists, for instance George Beadle and Edward Tatum in their experiments on Neurospora crassa, despite ongoing disputes surrounding Muller's conclusions. Technological sedimentation is proposed as a potential explanation why sedimentation and disputation may often coexist in the history of science.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10238301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9741565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A controversy about chance and the origins of life: thermodynamicist Ilya Prigogine replies to molecular biologist Jacques Monod. 关于机遇和生命起源的争论:热力学家伊利亚·普里高津对分子生物学家雅克·莫诺的回复。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-12 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00576-5

Emanuel Bertrand

引用次数: 0

On diversity of human-nature relationships in environmental sciences and its implications for the management of ecological crisis. 论环境科学中人与自然关系的多样性及其对生态危机管理的启示。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00575-6

L Mouysset

{"title":"On diversity of human-nature relationships in environmental sciences and its implications for the management of ecological crisis.","authors":"L Mouysset","doi":"10.1007/s40656-023-00575-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-023-00575-6","url":null,"abstract":"Decision makers addressing the ecological crisis face the challenge of considering complex ecosystems in their socioeconomic decisions. Complementary to ecological sciences, other scientific frameworks, grouped under the umbrella term environmental sciences, offer decision makers the opportunity to pursue sustainable paths. Because the environmental sciences are drawn from different branches of science, environmental ethics must go beyond the legacy of ecology and the life sciences to describe the contribution of scientific knowledge to addressing the ecological crisis. In this regard, I analyze and compare three environmental sciences based on their seminal articles: Conservation Biology, Sustainability Science, and Sustainability Economics. My analysis shows that conservation biology and sustainability economics share strong similarities despite their different disciplinary backgrounds (life versus social sciences). Both seek to contrast a biocentric and an anthropocentric perspective. The goal of sustainability is therefore understood as a balance that must be found between these two perspectives. If the issue of balancing human and non-human interests is still relevant to sustainable science, it is more likely to take place in an ecocentric perspective based on alternative ontological and normative prescriptions. Based on this analysis, I distinguish between 'proscriptive value-based' scientific work that cannot be used for policy advice but is flexible to different value systems, and 'prescriptive value-based' scientific work that can be used for policy advice but is fixed within a given value system. Conflicting recommendations from environmental scientists therefore result from the coexistence of multiple 'prescriptive value-based' scientific approaches based on different conceptions of the relationship between humans and nature.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9417199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

History, philosophy, and science education: reflections on genetics 20 years after the human genome project. 历史、哲学和科学教育：人类基因组计划 20 年后对遗传学的思考。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00569-4

Robert Meunier

引用次数: 0

Correction: Heredity as a problem. On Claude Bernard's failed attempts at resolution. 更正:遗传是一个问题。关于克劳德·伯纳德解决问题的失败尝试。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00577-4

Laurent Loison

引用次数: 0

Timeless spaces: Field experiments in the physiological study of circadian rhythms, 1938-1963. 永恒的空间:昼夜节律生理研究的现场实验，1938-1963。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00571-w

Kristin D Hussey

{"title":"Timeless spaces: Field experiments in the physiological study of circadian rhythms, 1938-1963.","authors":"Kristin D Hussey","doi":"10.1007/s40656-023-00571-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-023-00571-w","url":null,"abstract":"In the middle of the twentieth century, physiologists interested in human biological rhythms undertook a series of field experiments in natural spaces that they believed could closely approximate conditions of biological timelessness. With the field of rhythms research was still largely on the fringes of the life sciences, natural spaces seemed to offer unique research opportunities beyond what was available to physiologists in laboratory spaces. In particular, subterranean caves and the High Arctic became archetypal 'natural laboratories' for the study of human circadian (daily) rhythms. This paper is explores the field experiments which occurred in these 'timeless spaces'. It considers how scientists understood these natural spaces as suitably 'timeless' for studying circadian rhythms and what their experimental practices can tell us about contemporary physiological notions of biological time, especially its relationship to 'environmentality' (Formosinho et al. in Stud History Philos Sci 91:148-158, 2022). In so doing, this paper adds to a growing literature on the interrelationship of field sites by demonstrating the ways that caves and the Arctic were connected by rhythms scientists. Finally, it will explore how the use of these particular spaces were not just scientific but also political - leveraging growing Cold War anxieties about nuclear fallout and the space race to bring greater prestige and funding to the study of circadian rhythms in its early years.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10115684/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9741028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

From technique to normativity: the influence of Kant on Georges Canguilhem's philosophy of life. 从技术到规范:康德对冈居朗人生哲学的影响。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00573-8

Emiliano Sfara

引用次数: 0

Paris or Berlin? Claude Bernard's rivalry with Emil du Bois-Reymond. 巴黎还是柏林?克劳德·伯纳德和埃米尔·杜波依斯·雷蒙的竞争。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00567-6

Gabriel Finkelstein

引用次数: 0

The essentialism of early modern psychiatric nosology. 早期现代精神病学的本质主义。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-023-00562-x

Hein van den Berg

{"title":"The essentialism of early modern psychiatric nosology.","authors":"Hein van den Berg","doi":"10.1007/s40656-023-00562-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-023-00562-x","url":null,"abstract":"Are psychiatric disorders natural kinds? This question has received a lot of attention within present-day philosophy of psychiatry, where many authors debate the ontology and nature of mental disorders. Similarly, historians of psychiatry, dating back to Foucault, have debated whether psychiatric researchers conceived of mental disorders as natural kinds or not. However, historians of psychiatry have paid little to no attention to the influence of (a) theories within logic, and (b) theories within metaphysics on psychiatric accounts of proper method, and on accounts of the nature and classification of mental disorders. Historically, however, logic and metaphysics have extensively shaped methods and interpretations of classifications in the natural sciences. This paper corrects this lacuna in the history of psychiatry, and demonstrates that theories within logic and metaphysics, articulated by Christian Wolff (1679-1754), have significantly shaped the conception of medical method and (psychiatric) nosology of the influential nosologist Boissier De Sauvages (1706-1767). After treating Sauvages, I discuss the method of the influential nosologist William Cullen (1710-1790), and demonstrate the continuity between the classificatory methods of Sauvages and Cullen. I show that both Sauvages and Cullen were essentialists concerning medical diseases in general and psychiatric disorders in particular, contributing to the history of conceptions of the ontology and nature of mental disorders.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10033471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10043387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0