History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences最新文献_第10页

Humanising and dehumanising pigs in genomic and transplantation research. 在基因组和移植研究中使猪人性化和非人性化。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00545-4

James W E Lowe

{"title":"Humanising and dehumanising pigs in genomic and transplantation research.","authors":"James W E Lowe","doi":"10.1007/s40656-022-00545-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-022-00545-4","url":null,"abstract":"Biologists who work on the pig (Sus scrofa) take advantage of its similarity to humans by constructing the inferential and material means to traffic data, information and knowledge across the species barrier. Their research has been funded due to its perceived value for agriculture and medicine. Improving selective breeding practices, for instance, has been a driver of genomics research. The pig is also an animal model for biomedical research and practice, and is proposed as a source of organs for cross-species transplantation: xenotransplantation. Genomics research has informed transplantation biology, which has itself motivated developments in genomics. Both have generated models of correspondences between the genomes of pigs and humans. Concerning genomics, I detail how researchers traverse species boundaries to develop representations of the pig genome, alongside ensuring that such representations are sufficiently porcine. In transplantation biology, the representations of the genomes of humans and pigs are used to detect and investigate immunologically-pertinent differences between the two species. These key differences can then be removed, to 'humanise' donor pigs so that they can become a safe and effective source of organs. In both of these endeavours, there is a tension between practices that 'humanise' the pig (or representations thereof) through using resources from human genomics, and the need to 'dehumanise' the pig to maintain distinctions for legal, ethical and scientific reasons. This paper assesses the ways in which this tension has been managed, observing the differences between its realisations across comparative pig genomics and transplantation biology, and considering the consequences of this.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9684229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10432525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Homeorhesis: envisaging the logic of life trajectories in molecular research on trauma and its effects. 同源性:在创伤及其影响的分子研究中设想生命轨迹的逻辑。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00542-7

Stephanie Lloyd, Alexandre Larivée, Pierre-Eric Lutz

{"title":"Homeorhesis: envisaging the logic of life trajectories in molecular research on trauma and its effects.","authors":"Stephanie Lloyd, Alexandre Larivée, Pierre-Eric Lutz","doi":"10.1007/s40656-022-00542-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-022-00542-7","url":null,"abstract":"What sets someone on a life trajectory? This question is at the heart of studies of 21st-century neurosciences that build on scientific models developed over the last 150 years that attempt to link psychopathology risk and human development. Historically, this research has documented persistent effects of singular, negative life experiences on people's subsequent development. More recently, studies have documented neuromolecular effects of early life adversity on life trajectories, resulting in models that frame lives as disproportionately affected by early negative experiences. This view is dominant, despite little evidence of the stability of the presumably early-developed molecular traits and their potential effects on phenotypes. We argue that in the context of gaps in knowledge and the need for scientists to reason across molecular and phenotypic scales, as well as time spans that can extend beyond an individual's life, specific interpretative frameworks shape the ways in which individual scientific findings are assessed. In the process, scientific reasoning oscillates between understandings of cellular homeostasis and organisms' homeorhesis, or life trajectory. Biologist and historian François Jacob described this framework as the \"attitude\" that researchers bring to bear on their \"objects\" of study. Through an analysis of, first, historical and contemporary scientific literature and then ethnographic research with neuroscientists, we consider how early life trauma came to be associated with specific psychological and neurobiological effects grounded in understandings of life trajectories. We conclude with a consideration of the conceptual, ontological, and ethical implications of interpreting life trajectories as the result of the persistence of long-embodied biological traits, persistent life environments, or both.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40507407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Octavio Ocampo, Mexican painter: a metamorphic look at the discourse between the local and the global. 奥克塔维奥·奥坎波，墨西哥画家:对地方与全球之间话语的变形观察。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-21 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00547-2

Erica Torrens Rojas, Juan Manuel Rodríguez Caso

引用次数: 0

Attention: a descriptive taxonomy. 注意力：描述性分类法。

IF 1.6 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-15 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00538-3

Antonios Kaldas

引用次数: 0

Challenges of anticipation of future decisions in dementia and dementia research. 预测痴呆和痴呆研究中未来决策的挑战。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00541-8

Julia Perry

{"title":"Challenges of anticipation of future decisions in dementia and dementia research.","authors":"Julia Perry","doi":"10.1007/s40656-022-00541-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-022-00541-8","url":null,"abstract":"Anticipation of future decisions can be important for individuals at risk for diseases to maintain autonomy over time. For future treatment and care decisions, advance care planning is accepted as a useful anticipation tool. As research with persons with dementia seems imperative to develop disease-modifying interventions, and with changing regulations regarding research participation in Germany, advance research directives (ARDs) are considered a solution to include persons with dementia in research in an ethically sound manner. However, little is known about what affected people deem anticipatable.This contribution provides a critical reflection of the literature on anticipation and of a qualitative study on the assessment of ARDs with persons with cognitive impairment in Germany. It combines theoretical and empirical reflections to inform the ethical-legal discourse.Anticipation involves the conceptual separation of the past, the present, and the future. Including dimensions such as preparedness, injunction, and optimization helps in establishing a framework for anticipatory decision-making. While dementia may offer a window of time to consider future decisions, individual beliefs about dementia including fears about stigma, loss of personhood, and solitude strongly impact anticipating sentiments. Concepts of anticipation can be useful for the examination of uncertainty, changing values, needs, and preferences interconnected with the dementia trajectory and can serve as a means to make an uncertain future more concrete. However, fears of losing one's autonomy in the process of dementia also apply to possibilities of anticipation as these require cognitive assessment and reassessment of an imagined future with dementia.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9663374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10492394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Georges Canguilhem on sex determination and the normativity of life. 乔治·冈居朗论性别决定和生命的规范性。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00544-5

Ivan Moya-Diez, Matteo Vagelli

{"title":"Georges Canguilhem on sex determination and the normativity of life.","authors":"Ivan Moya-Diez, Matteo Vagelli","doi":"10.1007/s40656-022-00544-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-022-00544-5","url":null,"abstract":"Our goal in this paper is to reassess the relationship between norms and life by drawing on the philosophy of Georges Canguilhem, particularly some of his unpublished lectures about teratology and sexual determination. First, we discuss the difficulties Canguilhem identified in the introduction of life and sexuality as objects of philosophical reflection. Second, we reassess Canguilhem's understanding of normativity as rooted in life and the axiological activity of the living. Third, we analyze how Canguilhem drew from past and contemporary teratology to conceive of the notions of anomaly and abnormality. Finally, we reconstruct Canguilhem's analysis of a case of hermaphroditism, highlighting how he presented it as evidence that sexual determination is the result of a normative choice. One of the key contributions of the paper to scholarly literature on Canguilhem is a better understanding of his notion of choice, which was considered not the conscious and intentional act of a subject but rather an axiological activity of the living. We conclude by positioning Canguilhem's concept of normativity and his belief that norms are produced by the living in relation to the naturalist/normativist divide in medicine.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40458605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the validity of animal models of mental disorder: from modeling syndromes to modeling endophenotypes. 评估精神障碍动物模型的有效性:从建模证候到建模内表型。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00537-4

Hein van den Berg

引用次数: 2

Who is the biological patient? A new gradational and dynamic model for one health medicine. 谁是生物学上的病人?一种健康医学的分级动态新模式。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00540-9

Yael Friedman

引用次数: 0

Humboldt, Darwin, and theory of evolution. 洪堡，达尔文和进化论。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00546-3

Bogdana Stamenković

{"title":"Humboldt, Darwin, and theory of evolution.","authors":"Bogdana Stamenković","doi":"10.1007/s40656-022-00546-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-022-00546-3","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous authors have examined the influence of other thinkers on Darwin's formulation of some of the key concepts of the theory of evolution. Amongst those, Alexander von Humboldt often stands out - a scholar who, following his intention to explain the interconnection of various parts of the natural system, seems to tackle the question of evolution but does not offer an explicit answer. In this article, I examine Humboldt's thoughts on evolution and the origin of species and evaluate his contribution to Darwin's theory of evolution. First, I analyse and explicate the fundamental assumptions and goals of Humboldt theory, and compare them to Darwin. Moving forward, I highlight the similarity of their methods, and argue that Humboldt and Darwin conduct similar investigation of fossil record and geographical distribution of species. Finally, I show that Humboldt acknowledges essential elements of Darwin's theory of evolution: evidence given by fossil records, struggle for survival and relation between natural environment and living organisms. Humboldt, however, concludes we cannot know the evolution of species. I explain this stance, and contend that theories of Humboldt and Darwin turn out to be more similar than they seem, yet their different conclusions regarding the evolution of species stem from different initial assumptions underlying their respective frameworks.","PeriodicalId":56308,"journal":{"name":"History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40459697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Correction to: Organisms as subjects: Jakob von Uexküll and Adolf Portmann on the autonomy of living beings and anthropological difference. 修正:有机体作为主体:雅各布·冯·尤克斯k<e:1>和阿道夫·波特曼关于生物的自主性和人类学差异。

IF 2 3区哲学

History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00536-5

Filip Jaroš, Carlo Brentari

引用次数: 0