Ilar Journal最新文献

{"title":"The Role of the IACUC in the Absence of Regulatory Guidance.","authors":"Stuart E Leland,&nbsp;Pamela A Straeter,&nbsp;Beverly Jan Gnadt","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs) occasionally face regulatory requirements for which clear guidance may not be available. Either the regulating body has chosen not to provide such guidance or the guidance may be minimal or even ambiguous. Such guidance may be desirable when institutions have research needs, in which case IACUCs are left to their own interpretation to develop internal policies, procedures, and documents. Typically, this is approached by an IACUC working with partners in the laboratory animal community and may involve input from regulators who can provide context as well as parameters to consider. Over time, shared institutional experiences and documentation coalesce to create a general framework that provides a baseline for others to consider as templates for further policy elaboration or development. The strength of this approach relies on the ability to share freely, including having unobstructed access to such documents.</p>","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"60 1","pages":"95-104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37198330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of IACUCs in Responsible Animal Research.","authors":"S. Mohan, R. Huneke","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz016","url":null,"abstract":"In order to ensure animal welfare during the course of scientific enquiry, there is a strong framework of animal welfare standards for the use of animals in biomedical research [1]. Within the United states much of animal research in the public sector is covered under the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (PHS Policy), which is under the provision of the Health Research Extension Act (HREA, 1985) (Public Law 99-158) [2]. The PHS Policy requires that all institutions using live vertebrate animals in PHS supported research must have an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) to oversee the care and use of its animals. These institutions are required to use the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide), as a primary standard for implementing their animal care and use programs. Compliance with the Animal Welfare Act Regulations (AWARs) is also an important requirement of the PHS Policy. Per the PHS policy, the IACUC must have at least five members including the chairperson, a veterinarian with direct or delegated program authority, a practicing scientist, a member whose primary concerns are in a nonscientific area, and a member who is not affiliated with the institution other than as a member of the IACUC. The AWAR requirements for IACUC composition are that it consists of at least three members including a veterinarian and a member not affiliated with the institution. In addition to ensuring ethical and humane use of animals, the IACUC, due to its structure and function, is uniquely positioned to contribute to the quality of scientific work performed at an institution [3]. Quality of scientific research output is supported by sound experimental design and strategy, rigorous and comprehensive evaluation criteria, responsible research practices, and adequate oversight and training. Additionally, many of the same factors that affect the quality of animal welfare may also impact the quality of scientific research. It is a well-known fact that healthy animals housed in optimal conditions yield the most reliable data, whereas compromised welfare negatively impacts physiology, immunology, and behavior of animals leading to skewed and misrepresented results [3,4]. Additionally, variables in animal care and health can affect repeatability and reproducibility of experiments, and standardization of practices within an animal care program can help reduce variability [4]. Factors that can be standardized to a certain extent include housing practices (lighting, temperature, food, bedding, noise levels, etc.), genetic background, animal source, and health status (disease status, gut microflora, etc.) [4]. While at an institutional level, responsible research is a broad concept encompassing everything from conflict of interest to reproducibility to data management, the conduct of day-today research practices in a reliable manner is what constitutes responsible research. The central role of IACUCs in","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43471010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Laboratory Animal Science into Responsible Biomedical Research.","authors":"R. Barbee, P. Turner","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz017","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical research has made great strides in the past century leading to rapid advances in human life expectancy, all derived from improved understanding, prevention, and treatment of many diseases and conditions. Research involving laboratory animals has played a significant role in this medical progress. However, there continues to be controversy surrounding the use of animals in research, and animal models have been questioned regarding their relevance to human conditions. While research fraud and questionable research practices could potentially contribute to this problem, we argue that a relative ignorance of laboratory animal science has contributed to the \"uncontrolled vivarium experiment\" that runs parallel to the more controlled scientific experiment. Several variables are discussed, including husbandry, animal environment, social housing, and more, that can contribute to this uncontrolled experiment, and that can simultaneously decrease quality of life for rodent test subjects when ignored. An argument is put forward that laboratory animal veterinarians and scientists can and should play an important role in better controlling such variables. Similarly, the laboratory animal veterinarian and scientist should play an important role in responsible science by addressing complex interdisciplinary challenges.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47095684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Pursuit and Advancement of Knowledge as a Justification for the Use of Animals in Research.","authors":"J. Tannenbaum","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz013","url":null,"abstract":"It is commonly said that animal research is sometimes ethically appropriate because it can lead to knowledge, irrespective of benefits this knowledge might bring to humans or animals. Proponents of this view, which I call the \"knowledge justification,\" have been unclear about what they mean by the term \"knowledge.\" They also omit from the justification other features of animal research that are intimately connected with the pursuit and advancement of knowledge. This article identifies and includes in a modified knowledge justification 5 general elements of the pursuit and advancement of knowledge in animal research: \"knowledge\" in the sense of facts, information, or explanations; \"knowledge\" in the sense of the experience of having knowledge; contemplation; the exercise of intellectual faculties and skills; and pleasures, frustrations, and challenges in the pursuit and advancement of knowledge. The article explains why these elements are valuable and must be given weight in assessing the ethical appropriateness of curiosity-driven animal research. The discussion critiques defenses and applications of current expressions of the knowledge justification. The article offers a preliminary defense of curiosity-driven animal research by arguing that using animals to obtain scientific knowledge and the pleasures of scientific inquiry can be far more valuable for humans and no more harmful to some animals than the use of these animals to produce meat for human consumption. The article presents 2 examples of curiosity-driven animal research to further establish the plausibility of the knowledge justification and suggests questions and guidelines for developing the justification.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48718310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the 3 Rs to a More Comprehensive Framework of Principles for Animal Research Ethics.","authors":"D. DeGrazia, T. Beauchamp","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz011","url":null,"abstract":"We have produced a framework of general moral principles for animal research ethics in a book, Principles of Animal Research Ethics, which is forthcoming with Oxford University Press in fall 2019. This book includes a detailed statement and defense of our framework along with critical commentaries on our work from seven eminent scholars: Larry Carbone, Frans de Waal, Rebecca Dresser, Joseph Garner, Brian Hare, Margaret Landi, and Julian Savulescu. In the present paper, we explain the motivation for our project and present our framework of principles. The first section explains why a new framework is both needed and timely, on the basis of six important developments in recent decades. The second section challenges assertions of an unbridgeable gulf dividing the animal-research and animal-protection communities on the issue of animal research. It does so, first, by indicating common ground in the core values of social benefit and animal welfare and, then, by presenting and briefly defending our framework: three principles of social benefit and three principles of animal welfare. These six principles, we argue, constitute a more suitable framework than any other that is currently available, including the canonical 3 Rs advanced in 1959 by William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45225803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common Challenges in Safety: A Review and Analysis of AAALAC Findings.","authors":"James R Swearengen","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 8th edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide) is clear in its requirement for each institution to establish and maintain an occupational health and safety (OHS) program as an essential part of the overall program of animal care and use. For over 30 years, AAALAC International has utilized a variety of methods to evaluate this component of OHS programs as part of the accreditation process. AAALAC International began collecting data on site visit findings over 20 years ago using the Guide as a template for establishing the categories and subcategories to which findings are assigned. Data from 1656 findings associated with OHS were identified during calendar years 2014 through 2016. This information was used to provide an overview of the most frequently observed OHS findings that occurred during this time span. The 5 categories representing key OHS areas and the combined percentage of both mandatory findings and suggestions for improvement in each category included: workplace risk/safety assessment (37.3%); personnel protection (36.3%); personnel risk assessment (14.4%); hazard containment (9.4%); and medical services (2.6%). Information on the most commonly observed OHS findings and associated trends may be helpful to animal care and use programs when conducting internal reviews of their own OHS programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 2","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36836761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foreword and Introduction to This Issue on Contemporary Safety Topics in Animal Research.","authors":"John Bradfield,&nbsp;Esmeralda Meyer,&nbsp;John N Norton","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Institutions with animal care and use programs are obligated to provide for the health and well-being of the animals, but are equally obligated to provide for safety of individuals associated with the program. The topics in this issue of the ILAR Journal, in association with those within the complimentary issue of the Journal of Applied Biosafety, provide a variety of contemporary occupational health and safety considerations in today's animal research programs. Each article addresses key or emerging occupational health and safety topics in institutional animal care and use programs, where the status of the topic, contemporary challenges, and future directions are provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 2","pages":"125-126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37244385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Models for Preclinical Development of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.","authors":"Scott S Graves,&nbsp;Maura H Parker,&nbsp;Rainer Storb","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ilar/ily006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its inception in the 1950s, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has become a highly effective clinical treatment for malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders. This milestone in cancer therapy was only possible through decades of intensive research using murine and canine animal models that overcame what appeared in the early days to be insurmountable obstacles. Conditioning protocols for tumor ablation and immunosuppression of the recipient using irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs were developed in mouse and dog models as well as postgrafting immunosuppression methods essential for dependable donor cell engraftment. The random-bred canine was particularly important in defining the role of histocompatibility barriers and the development of the nonmyeloablative transplantation procedure, making HCT available to elderly patients with comorbidities. Two complications limit the success of HCT: disease relapse and graft versus host disease. Studies in both mice and dogs have made significant progress toward reducing and to some degree eliminating patient morbidity and mortality associated with both disease relapse and graft versus host disease. However, more investigation is needed to make HCT more effective, safer, and available as a treatment modality for other non-life-threatening diseases such as autoimmune disorders. Here, we focus our review on the contributions made by both the murine and canine models for the successful past and future development of HCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 3","pages":"263-275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36314658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nontraditional Laboratory Animal Species (Cephalopods, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds).","authors":"Dorcas P O'Rourke,&nbsp;Cecile L Baccanale,&nbsp;Michael K Stoskopf","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aquatic vertebrates and cephalopods, amphibians, reptiles, and birds offer unique safety and occupational health challenges for laboratory animal personnel. This paper discusses environmental, handling, and zoonotic concerns associated with these species.</p>","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 2","pages":"168-176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36705196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research.","authors":"Nana H Overgaard,&nbsp;Timothy M Fan,&nbsp;Kyle M Schachtschneider,&nbsp;Daniel R Principe,&nbsp;Lawrence B Schook,&nbsp;Gregers Jungersen","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The immune system plays dual roles in response to cancer. The host immune system protects against tumor formation via immunosurveillance; however, recognition of the tumor by immune cells also induces sculpting mechanisms leading to a Darwinian selection of tumor cell variants with reduced immunogenicity. Cancer immunoediting is the concept used to describe the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. This concept, commonly referred to as the three E's, is encompassed by 3 distinct phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Despite impressive results in the clinic, cancer immunotherapy still has room for improvement as many patients remain unresponsive to therapy. Moreover, many of the preclinical results obtained in the widely used mouse models of cancer are lost in translation to human patients. To improve the success rate of immuno-oncology research and preclinical testing of immune-based anticancer therapies, using alternative animal models more closely related to humans is a promising approach. Here, we describe 2 of the major alternative model systems: canine (spontaneous) and porcine (experimental) cancer models. Although dogs display a high rate of spontaneous tumor formation, an increased number of genetically modified porcine models exist. We suggest that the optimal immuno-oncology model may depend on the stage of cancer immunoediting in question. In particular, the spontaneous canine tumor models provide a unique platform for evaluating therapies aimed at the escape phase of cancer, while genetically engineered swine allow for elucidation of tumor-immune cell interactions especially during the phases of elimination and equilibrium.</p>","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 3","pages":"247-262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36715933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}