Ilar Journal最新文献_第10页

Incorporating Laboratory Animal Science into Responsible Biomedical Research. 将实验动物科学纳入负责任的生物医学研究。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2019-11-11 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz017

R. Barbee, P. Turner

{"title":"Incorporating Laboratory Animal Science into Responsible Biomedical Research.","authors":"R. Barbee, P. Turner","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz017","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical research has made great strides in the past century leading to rapid advances in human life expectancy, all derived from improved understanding, prevention, and treatment of many diseases and conditions. Research involving laboratory animals has played a significant role in this medical progress. However, there continues to be controversy surrounding the use of animals in research, and animal models have been questioned regarding their relevance to human conditions. While research fraud and questionable research practices could potentially contribute to this problem, we argue that a relative ignorance of laboratory animal science has contributed to the \"uncontrolled vivarium experiment\" that runs parallel to the more controlled scientific experiment. Several variables are discussed, including husbandry, animal environment, social housing, and more, that can contribute to this uncontrolled experiment, and that can simultaneously decrease quality of life for rodent test subjects when ignored. An argument is put forward that laboratory animal veterinarians and scientists can and should play an important role in better controlling such variables. Similarly, the laboratory animal veterinarian and scientist should play an important role in responsible science by addressing complex interdisciplinary challenges.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47095684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

The Pursuit and Advancement of Knowledge as a Justification for the Use of Animals in Research. 对知识的追求和进步作为在研究中使用动物的正当理由。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2019-10-14 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz013

J. Tannenbaum

{"title":"The Pursuit and Advancement of Knowledge as a Justification for the Use of Animals in Research.","authors":"J. Tannenbaum","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz013","url":null,"abstract":"It is commonly said that animal research is sometimes ethically appropriate because it can lead to knowledge, irrespective of benefits this knowledge might bring to humans or animals. Proponents of this view, which I call the \"knowledge justification,\" have been unclear about what they mean by the term \"knowledge.\" They also omit from the justification other features of animal research that are intimately connected with the pursuit and advancement of knowledge. This article identifies and includes in a modified knowledge justification 5 general elements of the pursuit and advancement of knowledge in animal research: \"knowledge\" in the sense of facts, information, or explanations; \"knowledge\" in the sense of the experience of having knowledge; contemplation; the exercise of intellectual faculties and skills; and pleasures, frustrations, and challenges in the pursuit and advancement of knowledge. The article explains why these elements are valuable and must be given weight in assessing the ethical appropriateness of curiosity-driven animal research. The discussion critiques defenses and applications of current expressions of the knowledge justification. The article offers a preliminary defense of curiosity-driven animal research by arguing that using animals to obtain scientific knowledge and the pleasures of scientific inquiry can be far more valuable for humans and no more harmful to some animals than the use of these animals to produce meat for human consumption. The article presents 2 examples of curiosity-driven animal research to further establish the plausibility of the knowledge justification and suggests questions and guidelines for developing the justification.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48718310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Beyond the 3 Rs to a More Comprehensive Framework of Principles for Animal Research Ethics. 超越3R，建立更全面的动物研究伦理原则框架。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2019-10-10 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz011

D. DeGrazia, T. Beauchamp

{"title":"Beyond the 3 Rs to a More Comprehensive Framework of Principles for Animal Research Ethics.","authors":"D. DeGrazia, T. Beauchamp","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ilz011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilz011","url":null,"abstract":"We have produced a framework of general moral principles for animal research ethics in a book, Principles of Animal Research Ethics, which is forthcoming with Oxford University Press in fall 2019. This book includes a detailed statement and defense of our framework along with critical commentaries on our work from seven eminent scholars: Larry Carbone, Frans de Waal, Rebecca Dresser, Joseph Garner, Brian Hare, Margaret Landi, and Julian Savulescu. In the present paper, we explain the motivation for our project and present our framework of principles. The first section explains why a new framework is both needed and timely, on the basis of six important developments in recent decades. The second section challenges assertions of an unbridgeable gulf dividing the animal-research and animal-protection communities on the issue of animal research. It does so, first, by indicating common ground in the core values of social benefit and animal welfare and, then, by presenting and briefly defending our framework: three principles of social benefit and three principles of animal welfare. These six principles, we argue, constitute a more suitable framework than any other that is currently available, including the canonical 3 Rs advanced in 1959 by William M. S. Russell and Rex L. Burch.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ilz011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45225803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 34

Common Challenges in Safety: A Review and Analysis of AAALAC Findings. 安全性的共同挑战:AAALAC研究结果的回顾和分析。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily011

James R Swearengen

{"title":"Common Challenges in Safety: A Review and Analysis of AAALAC Findings.","authors":"James R Swearengen","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily011","url":null,"abstract":"The 8th edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Guide) is clear in its requirement for each institution to establish and maintain an occupational health and safety (OHS) program as an essential part of the overall program of animal care and use. For over 30 years, AAALAC International has utilized a variety of methods to evaluate this component of OHS programs as part of the accreditation process. AAALAC International began collecting data on site visit findings over 20 years ago using the Guide as a template for establishing the categories and subcategories to which findings are assigned. Data from 1656 findings associated with OHS were identified during calendar years 2014 through 2016. This information was used to provide an overview of the most frequently observed OHS findings that occurred during this time span. The 5 categories representing key OHS areas and the combined percentage of both mandatory findings and suggestions for improvement in each category included: workplace risk/safety assessment (37.3%); personnel protection (36.3%); personnel risk assessment (14.4%); hazard containment (9.4%); and medical services (2.6%). Information on the most commonly observed OHS findings and associated trends may be helpful to animal care and use programs when conducting internal reviews of their own OHS programs.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 2","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36836761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Foreword and Introduction to This Issue on Contemporary Safety Topics in Animal Research. 前言和介绍这期关于当代动物研究安全主题的问题。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz004

John Bradfield, Esmeralda Meyer, John N Norton

引用次数: 0

Animal Models for Preclinical Development of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. 异基因造血细胞移植临床前发展的动物模型。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily006

Scott S Graves, Maura H Parker, Rainer Storb

{"title":"Animal Models for Preclinical Development of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.","authors":"Scott S Graves, Maura H Parker, Rainer Storb","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ilar/ily006","url":null,"abstract":"Since its inception in the 1950s, hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has become a highly effective clinical treatment for malignant and nonmalignant hematological disorders. This milestone in cancer therapy was only possible through decades of intensive research using murine and canine animal models that overcame what appeared in the early days to be insurmountable obstacles. Conditioning protocols for tumor ablation and immunosuppression of the recipient using irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs were developed in mouse and dog models as well as postgrafting immunosuppression methods essential for dependable donor cell engraftment. The random-bred canine was particularly important in defining the role of histocompatibility barriers and the development of the nonmyeloablative transplantation procedure, making HCT available to elderly patients with comorbidities. Two complications limit the success of HCT: disease relapse and graft versus host disease. Studies in both mice and dogs have made significant progress toward reducing and to some degree eliminating patient morbidity and mortality associated with both disease relapse and graft versus host disease. However, more investigation is needed to make HCT more effective, safer, and available as a treatment modality for other non-life-threatening diseases such as autoimmune disorders. Here, we focus our review on the contributions made by both the murine and canine models for the successful past and future development of HCT.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 3","pages":"263-275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36314658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Nontraditional Laboratory Animal Species (Cephalopods, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds). 非传统实验动物种类(头足类、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类和鸟类)。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily003

Dorcas P O'Rourke, Cecile L Baccanale, Michael K Stoskopf

引用次数: 2

Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research. 小鼠、狗、猪和人:选择合适的免疫肿瘤研究模型。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily014

Nana H Overgaard, Timothy M Fan, Kyle M Schachtschneider, Daniel R Principe, Lawrence B Schook, Gregers Jungersen

{"title":"Of Mice, Dogs, Pigs, and Men: Choosing the Appropriate Model for Immuno-Oncology Research.","authors":"Nana H Overgaard, Timothy M Fan, Kyle M Schachtschneider, Daniel R Principe, Lawrence B Schook, Gregers Jungersen","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily014","url":null,"abstract":"The immune system plays dual roles in response to cancer. The host immune system protects against tumor formation via immunosurveillance; however, recognition of the tumor by immune cells also induces sculpting mechanisms leading to a Darwinian selection of tumor cell variants with reduced immunogenicity. Cancer immunoediting is the concept used to describe the complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune system. This concept, commonly referred to as the three E's, is encompassed by 3 distinct phases of elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Despite impressive results in the clinic, cancer immunotherapy still has room for improvement as many patients remain unresponsive to therapy. Moreover, many of the preclinical results obtained in the widely used mouse models of cancer are lost in translation to human patients. To improve the success rate of immuno-oncology research and preclinical testing of immune-based anticancer therapies, using alternative animal models more closely related to humans is a promising approach. Here, we describe 2 of the major alternative model systems: canine (spontaneous) and porcine (experimental) cancer models. Although dogs display a high rate of spontaneous tumor formation, an increased number of genetically modified porcine models exist. We suggest that the optimal immuno-oncology model may depend on the stage of cancer immunoediting in question. In particular, the spontaneous canine tumor models provide a unique platform for evaluating therapies aimed at the escape phase of cancer, while genetically engineered swine allow for elucidation of tumor-immune cell interactions especially during the phases of elimination and equilibrium.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 3","pages":"247-262"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36715933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 37

Agricultural Animals as Biomedical Models: Occupational Health and Safety Considerations. 农业动物作为生物医学模型:职业健康和安全考虑。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily013

Gaylen L Edwards, Michael J Azain, Andrew Parks

引用次数: 6

Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Studies With Biohazardous Agents. 替代、改进和减少生物危害剂在动物研究中的应用。

IF 2.5 3区农林科学

Ilar Journal Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ily021

Lon V Kendall, James R Owiny, Erik D Dohm, Katie J Knapek, Erin S Lee, Jennifer H Kopanke, Michael Fink, Sarah A Hansen, Jessica D Ayers

{"title":"Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Studies With Biohazardous Agents.","authors":"Lon V Kendall, James R Owiny, Erik D Dohm, Katie J Knapek, Erin S Lee, Jennifer H Kopanke, Michael Fink, Sarah A Hansen, Jessica D Ayers","doi":"10.1093/ilar/ily021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ily021","url":null,"abstract":"Animal models are critical to the advancement of our knowledge of infectious disease pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. The use of animal models requires thoughtful consideration for their well-being, as infections can significantly impact the general health of an animal and impair their welfare. Application of the 3Rs-replacement, refinement, and reduction-to animal models using biohazardous agents can improve the scientific merit and animal welfare. Replacement of animal models can use in vitro techniques such as cell culture systems, mathematical models, and engineered tissues or invertebrate animal hosts such as amoeba, worms, fruit flies, and cockroaches. Refinements can use a variety of techniques to more closely monitor the course of disease. These include the use of biomarkers, body temperature, behavioral observations, and clinical scoring systems. Reduction is possible using advanced technologies such as in vivo telemetry and imaging, allowing longitudinal assessment of animals during the course of disease. While there is no single method to universally replace, refine, or reduce animal models, the alternatives and techniques discussed are broadly applicable and they should be considered when infectious disease animal models are developed.","PeriodicalId":56299,"journal":{"name":"Ilar Journal","volume":"59 2","pages":"177-194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ilar/ily021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36886137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16