Extreme Mechanics Letters最新文献_第2页

Ratcheting induced crack growth in semiconductor devices 半导体器件中棘轮引起的裂纹扩展

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-08-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102399

Chenghai Li , Shao-Chen Tseng , Yu Zhou , Chieh-Hao Hsu , Wei-Hsiang Tu , Kuo-Chin Chang , Jun He , Zhigang Suo

{"title":"Ratcheting induced crack growth in semiconductor devices","authors":"Chenghai Li , Shao-Chen Tseng , Yu Zhou , Chieh-Hao Hsu , Wei-Hsiang Tu , Kuo-Chin Chang , Jun He , Zhigang Suo","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102399","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102399","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Semiconductor devices integrate dissimilar materials, including semiconductors, ceramics, metals, and polymers. These materials have different coefficients of thermal expansion, so that the devices develop stresses when temperature changes. Here we study a failure mode caused by cyclic changes in temperature. Under certain conditions, thermal cycling causes a metal to accumulate plastic deformation cycle by cycle, a phenomenon called ratcheting. The ratcheting in the metal can drive a crack to grow in a nearby brittle material. We simulate a representative structure using the finite element method. As the temperature cycles, the plastic deformation in the metal ratchets, and the energy release rate of the crack in the brittle material increases. After a large number of temperature cycles, the metal no longer ratchets, and the energy release rate plateaus. We find that this plateau is well approximated by the energy release rate in a structure where the metal is replaced by a void, calculated by a monotonic change in temperature. This simplification reduces computational cost for modeling ratcheting induced cracking. We also examine the effects of material and geometric parameters. It is hoped that this study will aid the design of semiconductor devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"80 ","pages":"Article 102399"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pull-in instability of droplet amplified electrostatic actuators considering dielectric barrier discharge 考虑介质阻挡放电的液滴放大静电致动器的拉入不稳定性

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102398

Delei Qin , Jianglong Guo , Yanju Liu , Jinsong Leng

{"title":"Pull-in instability of droplet amplified electrostatic actuators considering dielectric barrier discharge","authors":"Delei Qin , Jianglong Guo , Yanju Liu , Jinsong Leng","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102398","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102398","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid-amplified electrostatic actuators can generate greater forces than conventional ones which use air as the dielectric between two electrodes. Dielectric droplet amplified electrostatic actuators, a major type of liquid amplified electrostatic actuator, can be used to provide powerful, fast, energy-efficient, and lightweight actuations. However, the mechanical response of droplet amplified electrostatic actuator and the liquid amplification mechanism remain unexplored in a comprehensive way. Here we present a quasi-static model for droplet amplified electrostatic actuators considering dielectric barrier discharge and capillary force. The Galerkin method and the Newton method were used to numerically solve the model. A customized pull-in voltage measurement setup was established to verify the numerical results and the main influencing parameters were studied. The experimentally validated model can be used to accurately predict the quasi-static response and pull-in voltage of droplet amplified electrostatic actuators. This work highlights that the liquid amplification comes mainly from higher permittivity than air, dielectric barrier discharge elimination, and capillary force, due to the use of liquid dielectrics instead of air. The results in this work may provide useful insights into droplet amplified electrostatic actuator structural optimization, control, and application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144892115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conditional stability in metamaterials: Experiments, modeling, and 3D design 超材料的条件稳定性：实验、建模和3D设计

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102393

G. Risso , L. Pesaresi , A.S. Meeussen , K. Bertoldi

引用次数: 0

Model elasto-plastic metamaterials as generic computing platforms 模拟弹塑性超材料作为通用计算平台

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102390

Laura Michel, Frédéric Lechenault

{"title":"Model elasto-plastic metamaterials as generic computing platforms","authors":"Laura Michel, Frédéric Lechenault","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical metamaterials are engineered materials constructed from elementary building blocks, typically arranged in regular patterns. These materials are generally studied for their effective properties, which are determined by the arrangement of their building blocks rather than the material they are made of. However, new functionalities are emerging, with mechanical metamaterials now exhibiting capabilities similar to conventional computers. For instance, they have been used to store binary data and even perform simple computations such as small binary additions and multiplications. These computing devices could be valuable in extreme environments where traditional electronic systems fail to operate. Moreover, they can process data autonomously without requiring a sustained power source. Despite this potential, there are no established design principles for systematically developing such computational materials. In this work, we explore the use of a model elasto-plastic metamaterial – a two-dimensional lattice composed of linear and bistable spring–mass systems – for executing sequential algorithms. While previous studies on mechanical computing mostly focused on small devices, we show that the lattice can be crafted to execute algorithms with many steps and large inputs, such as <span><math><mi>n</mi></math></span>-bit binary number additions. To our knowledge, this model has never been used for computational purposes before. This work thus offers a novel perspective on such models, proposing them as generic computing platforms that can be harnessed to design new computational materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102390"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144830269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Peeling a rigid sphere from a stretched rubber substrate 从拉伸的橡胶基材上剥下坚硬的球体

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102381

Christopher W. Barney , Yue (Luna) Zheng

引用次数: 0

Non-local elastic lattices with PT-symmetry and time modulation: From perfect trapping to the wave boomerang effect 具有pt对称和时间调制的非局部弹性晶格：从完美的俘获到波回旋效应

IF 4.3 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102383

Emanuele Riva

{"title":"Non-local elastic lattices with PT-symmetry and time modulation: From perfect trapping to the wave boomerang effect","authors":"Emanuele Riva","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102383","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102383","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wave motion is fundamentally constrained by the dispersion properties of the medium, often making it challenging — or even impossible — to guide wave packets along desired trajectories, particularly when wave inversion is required. The paper illustrates how one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) non-Hermitian elastic lattices with time-varying non-local feedback interactions offer unprecedented wave guidance. By relaxing the constraint of Hermiticity while preserving <span><math><mi>PT</mi></math></span>-symmetry of the nonlocal interactions, it is herein built a framework where the dispersion transitions from positive to negative group velocity, passing through an intermediate regime characterized by a perfectly flat band across all momenta. This effect, realized within the unbroken <span><math><mi>PT</mi></math></span>-symmetric phase, is further enhanced by the time modulation of lattice parameters, thereby unlocking functionalities such as perfect trapping, where a wave packet is intentionally stopped, and the wave boomerang effect, where the wave packet is reversed or guided back to its initial position. The framework presented in this paper unlocks opportunities that extend beyond wave guidance, including information processing through dispersion engineering in elastic media.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modeling the hardening behavior of rubber-like elastomers under high hydrostatic pressure 模拟类橡胶弹性体在高静水压力下的硬化行为

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102397

Yukai Zhao , Xuxu Yang , Fanghao Zhou , Siyang Li , Tiefeng Li

引用次数: 0

Inverse design of mechanical metamaterials balancing manufacturability and compactness: A case study on lattice cells 平衡可制造性和紧凑性的机械超材料的反设计：以晶格单元为例

IF 4.3 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102395

Jiacheng Xue, Hanmeng Bao, Tengfei Liu, Lingling Wu, Xiaoyong Tian, Dichen Li

{"title":"Inverse design of mechanical metamaterials balancing manufacturability and compactness: A case study on lattice cells","authors":"Jiacheng Xue, Hanmeng Bao, Tengfei Liu, Lingling Wu, Xiaoyong Tian, Dichen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical metamaterials are artificially engineered structures designed to exhibit unique and extraordinary mechanical properties. In recent years, machine learning has provided a more efficient and systematic approach, enabling inverse design of mechanical metamaterials, which allow for a broader exploration of material properties and support the integration of multifunctionality, significantly speeding up the design process. Despite the many advantages of inverse design, metamaterials often involve a trade-off between competing performance metrics-such as manufacturability and structural compactness. Furthermore, these trade-offs should be dynamically adjusted based on different additive manufacturing conditions. To address this, we proposed a regressional and conditional generative adversarial network based multi-objective (RCGAN-MO) architecture, which simultaneously handles the inverse design and adjustable multi-objective optimization of mechanical metamaterials. The RCGAN-MO includes two trained neural networks: a generator and a predictor, along with a weighted multi-objective optimizer. As a case study, the RCGAN-MO architecture is applied to the inverse design of the relative compressive elastic modulus for a metamaterial, and metamaterials with different weight vector values in the multi-objective optimizer are achieved through 3D printed prototypes. This approach achieves high accuracy and could adjust the importance of manufacturability and compactness, offering a flexible, scalable solution for engineering metamaterials tailored to practical application demands.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102395"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144704220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hard-to-soft part ratios in natural crawlers inform hybrid robotic design 自然履带的软硬零件比为混合动力机器人的设计提供了依据

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102394

Jiayi Lei , Changhong Linghu , Min Pan , K. Jimmy Hsia

{"title":"Hard-to-soft part ratios in natural crawlers inform hybrid robotic design","authors":"Jiayi Lei , Changhong Linghu , Min Pan , K. Jimmy Hsia","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Most robots to date consist of either entirely hard parts or entirely soft parts. Nature, however, achieves a balance between hard and soft components, offering both adaptability and strength for adequate load-carrying capacity and locomotion in diverse environments. Inspired by nature, hybrid robotic designs, combining the flexibility of soft robots with the control and load-bearing capacity of hard robots, are being pursued. However, a proper range of the Hard-to-Soft Part Ratio (H2S-R) for the desirable performance of hybrid robots remains unclear. With a focus on crawlers, this study comprehensively compiles the H2S-R in crawling animals of four locomotion mechanisms: two-anchor, peristaltic, undulatory, and multi-legged crawling, and analyzes the trends and scaling in their performances. Results show distinct ranges of H2S-R in natural crawlers: 0.0005–0.003 for two-anchor crawlers, 0.08–0.09 for peristaltic, 0.02–0.08 for undulatory, and 1.0–2.4 for multi-legged. Within these ranges, except for the undulatory locomotion, increasing the H2S-R generally enhances their normalized crawling speed measured in body-lengths per second. Data for natural crawlers also show different ranges of normalized speeds as well as distinct scaling laws for different mechanisms. Comparisons with the performance of natural crawlers indicate that robotic crawlers have yet to achieve their full potential in crawling speed. This study provides guidelines for designing bio-inspired hybrid robots with potential applications in search and rescue, environmental monitoring, space exploration, and medical robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102394"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Determination of high strain-rate, viscoelastic material properties of soft solids using inertial microcavitation in a thin layer 利用惯性微空化在薄层中测定软固体的高应变率粘弹性材料性能

IF 4.5 3区工程技术

Extreme Mechanics Letters Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102378

Surya Sidhartha Kolluri , Elizabeth C. Bremer-Sai , Anastasia Tzoumaka , Christian Franck , David L. Henann

{"title":"Determination of high strain-rate, viscoelastic material properties of soft solids using inertial microcavitation in a thin layer","authors":"Surya Sidhartha Kolluri , Elizabeth C. Bremer-Sai , Anastasia Tzoumaka , Christian Franck , David L. Henann","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2025.102378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the high strain-rate mechanical properties of soft hydrogels and biological tissues is important for a number of biological and engineering applications but remains challenging due to the high compliance of these materials. Inertial microcavitation rheometry (IMR) is a recently developed experimental technique aimed at addressing this need and requires the optical resolution of cavitation bubble kinematics via high-speed videography. While this approach works well for optically transparent samples of dimensions much larger than the typical micron to sub-millimeter bubble sizes, IMR is challenged in highly light scattering media, such as nearly opaque tissues. One remedy to decrease the light scattering within a tissue is to prepare a thinner sample, which facilitates successful recording of the cavitation bubble dynamics. However, the thickness of the required thin samples can approach the size of the microbubbles, and the resulting confinement of the soft material layer between two boundaries changes the fundamental character of the assumed nearly infinite domain of the IMR theoretical framework, leading to erroneous material property estimates. To address this issue and to facilitate successful application of IMR to thin layers of soft materials under confinement, we developed a modified, thin-layer IMR approach for the accurate determination of high strain-rate viscoelastic material properties of soft solids that utilizes axisymmetric finite-element simulations of bubble dynamics in a thin layer. The approach is applied to two transparent, benchmark gels: 6% and 14% gelatin, and the material parameters estimated using the thin-layer IMR approach are validated against experimental data for isolated, spherical bubbles and oversized bubbles in a thin layer. The thin-layer IMR approach provides a robust methodology for applying IMR to nearly opaque, soft materials, such as tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"79 ","pages":"Article 102378"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144771012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0