Extreme Mechanics Letters最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing centrifugal and Euler forces for tunable buckling of a rotating elastica","authors":"Eduardo Gutierrez-Prieto ,&nbsp;Michael Gomez ,&nbsp;Pedro M. Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102246","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate the geometrically nonlinear deformation and buckling of a slender elastic beam subject to time-dependent ‘fictitious’ (non-inertial) forces arising from unsteady rotation. Using a rotary apparatus that accurately imposes an angular acceleration around a fixed axis, we demonstrate that dynamically coupled centrifugal and Euler forces can produce tunable structural deformations. Specifically, by systematically varying the acceleration ramp in a highly automated experimental setup, we show how the buckling onset of a cantilevered beam can be precisely tuned and its deformation direction selected. In a second configuration, we demonstrate that Euler forces can cause a pre-arched beam to snap-through, on demand, between its two stable states. We also formulate a theoretical model rooted in Euler’s <em>elastica</em> that rationalizes the problem and provides predictions in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental data. Our findings demonstrate an innovative approach to the programmable actuation of slender rotating structures, where complex loading fields can be produced by controlling a single input parameter, the angular position of a rotating system. The ability to predict and control the buckling behaviors under such non-trivial loading conditions opens avenues for designing devices based on rotational fictitious forces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 102246"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wrinkling of compressible magnetic soft plates","authors":"Guozhan Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper establishes an analytical method for the wrinkling of compressible magnetic soft (MS) plates subject to an in-plane biaxial stretching and an out-of-plane magnetic induction field. The bifurcation analysis is performed with external Maxwell stress considered by combining the surface impedance matrix method and the Stroh formulation in terms of true magnetic field variables. We decouple the resulting bifurcation equations into antisymmetric and symmetric modes and provide the explicit expressions within a neo-Hookean ideal magnetoelastic model. Numerical examples show that the antisymmetric wrinkling usually occurs prior to the symmetric one, unless the permeability of the plates <span><math><mi>μ</mi></math></span> is much smaller than that of the surroundings <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>, i.e., the normalized permeability <span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn></math></span>. This observation is consistent with the previous studies on incompressible case. However, for nearly incompressible plates with <span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span>, the compressible constitutive relation may impose an additional deformation constraint that noticeably limits the occurrence and extent of wrinkling in the plates. One intriguing observation in particular is that the critical stretches for the thin-plate instability exhibit a nonmonotonic character as the compressibility of plate varies. Release of compressibility plays a positive role on stabilizing the MS plates when <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mrow><mo>&lt;</mo><mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow><mo>&lt;</mo></mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, yet a negative role when <span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn></math></span>. This phenomenon may be attributed to the coupling effect between the compressibility and the normalized permeability <span><math><mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mo>/</mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math></span>, suggesting a potential way to regulate wrinkling behaviors of MS materials by tuning the surrounding permeability. The present work may serve as benchmark solutions for understanding structural failures in various related functional MS-based devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 102255"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crack-growth inhibition by designing dendritic pattern for soft adhesives","authors":"Yifan Zhang ,&nbsp;Danming Zhong ,&nbsp;Qiuxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Ping Rao ,&nbsp;Shaoxing Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft adhesive layers show promise in various engineering applications, including biomedicine, automotive, semiconductor, and aerospace industries. However, cavities trapped at the interface due to poor contact will significantly inhibit their adhesion capacity, leading to rapid crack-growth failure. Significant efforts in these applications within a confined contact area are focused on mitigating the effects and enhancing the debonding work of the interface without changing the materials, such as using bioinspired micropillars. However, soft adhesives with isolated contact elements face limitations due to manufacturing complexity and the collision of micropillars under large deformation. This study proposes a simple and effective method to reduce the hydrostatic pressure around the crack tips by designing a dendritic pattern within the confined area. This approach inhibited interface crack growth well and improved adhesive performance. As a result, the crack failure was delayed, with the stretch ratio enhanced by more than 36 %, while the debonding work increased by 85 % compared with the circular adhesive layer. This study demonstrates that adhesion capacity can be significantly improved while reducing material usage by designing dendritic patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 102254"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broadband elastic energy harvesting based on achromatic meta-grating","authors":"Yizhou Shen ,&nbsp;Yanlong Xu ,&nbsp;Feng Liu ,&nbsp;Fanglong Wang ,&nbsp;Guan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhichun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy harvesting exploiting the inverse piezoelectric effect has been the subject of much attention and discussion in the field of elastic and structural dynamics. Recently, the ongoing development of elastic metamaterials and metasurfaces has opened up a new way to improve the quality of energy harvesting. Here, we proposed a new strategy for harvesting elastic energy in a plate, which is the use of the inverse piezoelectric effect to convert the elastic energy into electrical energy after the achromatic meta-grating has focused broadband flexural waves. A new theoretical method to design the achromatic meta-grating is proposed based on derived analytical expression of the phase shift of subunit. When a meta-grating, a thin plate and a piezoelectric patch are combined into an energy harvesting system, the elastic energy can be converted into electric energy by the system, and the output voltage can be amplified by twice that of the system without the meta-grating. A theoretical framework is built to analyze the performance of the energy harvesting system, and variational parametric analyses are carried out to obtain the optimal resistance, the optimal length, thickness and position of piezoelectric patch, which are <span><math><mrow><mn>870</mn><mi>Ω</mi></mrow></math></span>, 18 mm, 0.2 mm and 30 mm, respectively. For the optimized system, the power harvested rate of the system is close to 4 in the frequency band of 6–8 kHz. Finally, the design of the system based on the wave focusing principle is extended, and energy harvesters are designed for different frequency bands, which can all work under different excitation conditions (a local and a base excitations). Our work opens up a new route for elastic energy harvesting and may have broad application prospects in the development of self-powered sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 102253"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the role of chain stiffness in the mechanical response of cross-linked polymer: Flexible vs. semi-flexible chains","authors":"Xiangrui Zheng ,&nbsp;Wenjie Xia ,&nbsp;Yao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-linked polymers are widely used in structural, engineering, and biomedical applications due to their lightweight and superior properties. Although chain bending stiffness has been recognized to play an essential role in their thermodynamical and mechanical properties, how it influences these properties of cross-linked polymers with flexible or semi-flexible chains remains under debate. Here, we systematically explore its influences utilizing coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on a bead-spring CG model. It is found that with chain bending stiffness increasing, both density and elastic moduli (i.e., shear modulus and tensile modulus) of cross-linked polymers first decrease slightly and then decrease significantly followed by a gradual increase, along with the polymer transition from a dense cross-linked thermoset to a highly porous fibrous network. The moduli of cross-linked polymers with flexible and semi-flexible chains exhibit distinct scaling laws with the density. For cross-linked polymers with flexible chains, their moduli increase significantly with increasing strain rate, which correlates to the change in potential energy of interchain interaction during deformation. However, the moduli display slight dependence on strain rate for porous cross-linked polymers with sufficiently stiff chains, where the intrachain interactions (i.e., bond stretching and angle bending energies) become dominant and independent of strain rate. Moreover, the elastic moduli exhibit scaling laws with Debye-Waller factor for both dense cross-linked thermosets with flexible chains and highly porous networks with stiff backbones. Our work facilitates a better understanding for mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of cross-linked polymers with variable chain bending stiffness at molecular level, shedding light on tailoring mechanical properties of cross-linked polymers via chain engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 102252"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linear strain gradient-regulated bifurcation of circular bilayer plates","authors":"Ben Cao ,&nbsp;Yuanhang Yang ,&nbsp;Mingchao Liu ,&nbsp;Changjin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bilayer structures with controllable self-folding capability have found applications in a variety of cutting-edge fields such as flexible electrics, wearable devices and soft robotics. The folding of bilayer structures occurs when the mismatch strain between the two layers exceeds the bifurcation threshold, resulting in a deformation transition from an axisymmetric to a folded state. Previous efforts have predominantly focused on bilayer structures with uniform and/or anisotropic strain distributions. However, the role of non-uniform in-plane strain distributions in regulating the bifurcation of bilayer structures has not been fully understood. In this study, the effects of linear in-plane strain gradients on the bifurcation of circular bilayer plates, both with and without geometric mismatch, are systematically investigated by combining theoretical analysis, finite element simulations and experiments. Our results reveal that both the mismatch strain gradient and the geometric mismatch between the two layers play crucial roles in regulating bifurcation. Notably, linear mismatch strain gradients with larger strain at the center delay bifurcation, while those with larger strain along the edge promote bifurcation. This work offers new insights into the design of controllable self-folding bilayer structures, which is of great significance for advanced applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 102250"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional bistable ultrathin composite booms with flexible electronics","authors":"Yao Yao ,&nbsp;Juan M. Fernandez ,&nbsp;Sven G. Bilén ,&nbsp;Xin Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small satellites such as CubeSats pose demanding requirements on the weight, size, and multifunctionality of their structures due to extreme constraints on the payload mass and volume. To address this challenge, we introduce a concept of multifunctional deployable space structures for CubeSats based on ultrathin, elastically foldable, and self-deployable bistable composite structures integrated with flexible electronics. The multifunctional bistable booms can be stored in a coiled configuration and self-deploy into a long structure upon initiation by releasing the stored strain energy. The boom demonstrates the capabilities of delivering power and transmitting data from the CubeSat to the flexible devices on the boom tip. The boom also shows the ability to monitor the dynamics and vibration during and after the deployment. A payload boom has been installed in a 3 U CubeSat as flight hardware for in-space testing and demonstration. This effort combines morphable ultrathin composite structures with flexible electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 102247"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strength characterization of ultrathin chips by using large deflection theory of multi-layer plate for three-point bending tests","authors":"Dao-Long Chen ,&nbsp;Chien-Ming Chen ,&nbsp;Chin-I. Tsai ,&nbsp;Ryan Chen ,&nbsp;Hsin-Chih Shih ,&nbsp;Ian Hu ,&nbsp;Sheng-Rui Jian","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed mathematical formulas for a two-layer structure, specifically an ultrathin memory die with a film, which accounted for large deflection effects with Legendre-Jacobi’s elliptic integrals and frictional forces on the supports. The formulas were used to calculate die strength using three-point bending tests and were verified through comparisons with simulated and measured load-deflection curves. The study found that the Poisson's effect cannot be neglected for plate-like structures, and the slip effect was also significant, with accounting for friction improving accuracy. Additionally, the span between supports was found to increase nonlinearity. The study concluded that stress-deflection curves derived in the study can be used to determine die strength, with calculated strengths of 745 MPa and 1296 MPa for film-up and film-down configurations, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 102249"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142535950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical penetration depth and periodic motion of a photomechanical strip","authors":"Neda Maghsoodi ,&nbsp;Kaushik Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102244","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102244","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) containing light-sensitive molecules exhibit large, reversible deformations when subjected to illumination. Here, we investigate the role of optical penetration depth on this photomechanical response. We present a model of the photomechanical behavior of photoactive LCE strips under illumination that goes beyond the common assumption of shallow penetration. This model reveals how the optical penetration depth and the consequent photomechanically induced deformation can depend on the concentration of photoactive molecules, their absorption cross-sections, and the intensity of illumination. Through a series of examples, we show that the penetration depth can quantitatively and qualitatively affect the photomechanical response of a strip. Shallow illumination leads to monotone curvature change while deep penetration can lead to non-monotone response with illumination duration. Further, the flapping behavior (a cyclic wave-like motion) of doubly clamped and buckled strips that has been proposed for locomotion can reverse direction with sufficiently large penetration depth. This opens the possibility of creating wireless light-driven photomechanical actuators and swimmers whose direction of motion can be controlled by light intensity and frequency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"73 ","pages":"Article 102244"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial fatigue fracture of pressure sensitive adhesives","authors":"Yichen Wan ,&nbsp;Qianfeng Yin ,&nbsp;Ping Zhang ,&nbsp;Canhui Yang ,&nbsp;Ruobing Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eml.2024.102248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are viscoelastic polymers that can form fast and robust adhesion with various adherends under fingertip pressure. The rapidly expanding application domain of PSAs, such as healthcare, wearable electronics, and flexible displays, requires PSAs to sustain prolonged loads throughout their lifetime, calling for fundamental studies on their fatigue behaviors. However, fatigue of PSAs has remained poorly investigated. Here we study interfacial fatigue fracture of PSAs, focusing on the cyclic interfacial crack propagation due to the gradual rupture of noncovalent bonds between a PSA and an adherend. We fabricate a model PSA made of a hysteresis-free poly(butyl acrylate) bulk elastomer dip-coated with a viscoelastic poly(butyl acrylate-co-isobornyl acrylate) sticky surface, both crosslinked by poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. We adhere the fabricated PSA to a polyester strip to form a bilayer. The bilayer is covered by another polyester film as an inextensible backing layer. Using cyclic and monotonic peeling tests, we characterize the interfacial fatigue and fracture behaviors of the bilayer. From the experimental data, we obtain the interfacial fatigue threshold (4.6 J/m²) under cyclic peeling, the slow crack threshold (33.9 J/m²) under monotonic peeling, and the adhesion toughness (∼ 400 J/m²) at a finite peeling speed. We develop a modified Lake-Thomas model to describe the interfacial fatigue threshold due to noncovalent bond breaking. The theoretical prediction (2.6 J/m²) agrees well with the experimental measurement (4.6 J/m²). Finally, we discuss possible additional dissipation mechanisms involved in the larger slow crack threshold and much larger adhesion toughness. It is hoped that this study will provide new fundamental knowledge for fracture mechanics of PSAs, as well as guidance for future tough and durable PSAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56247,"journal":{"name":"Extreme Mechanics Letters","volume":"72 ","pages":"Article 102248"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}